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Author : Giuseppe Moscarini
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 137 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (352 download)
Download or read book Workers' Heterogeneity and Job Search in the Flow Approach to Labor Markets written by Giuseppe Moscarini and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Etienne Lalé
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (87 download)
Download or read book Worker Heterogeneity and Labor Market Frictions written by Etienne Lalé and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation contains several lines of research in macroeconomics and labor economics conducted during the course of my phd. The unifying theme of this research is the study of labor markets that are subject to macro-search frictions and are populated by heterogeneous workers. Combining these features is important for our understanding of the functioning of labor markets, both from a positive and normative standpoint. The first chapter of this dissertation is resolutely on the positive side. It analyzes how the combination of labor market frictions and worker heterogeneity in skills can shed light on the observed fluctuations in entries into and exits out of the labor force. The second chapter is also on the positive ground, but it brings labor market policies to the fore of the analysis. Along with heterogeneity in human capital over the lifecycle, it shows how some policy tools have contributed to the divergent employment experiences of older workers in Europe and in the United States since the 1980s. The third chapter more naturally lends itself to policy implications. It provides a quantitative study of the employment and welfare effects of statutory severance payments in an economy with wealth heterogeneity reflecting the absence of perfect insurance markets faced by risk-averse workers.
Author : Steven J. Davis
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (255 download)
Download or read book The Flow Approach to Labor Markets written by Steven J. Davis and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New data sources and products developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census highlight the fluid character of U.S. labor markets. Private-sector job creation and destruction rates average nearly 8% of employment per quarter. Worker flows in the form of hires and separations are more than twice as large. The data also underscore the lumpy nature of micro-level employment adjustments. More than two-thirds of job destruction occurs at establishments that shrink by more than 10% within the quarter, and more than one-fifth occurs at those that shut down. Our study also uncovers highly nonlinear relationships of worker flows to employment growth and job flows at the micro level. These micro relations interact with movements over time in the crosssectional density of establishment growth rates to produce recurring cyclical patterns in aggregate labor market flows. Cyclical movements in the layoffs-separation ratio, for example, and the propensity of separated workers to become unemployed reflect distinct micro relations for quits and layoffs. A dominant role for the job-finding rate in accounting for unemployment movements in mild downturns and a bigger role for the job-loss rate in severe downturns reflect distinct micro relations for hires and layoffs.
Author : Olivier J. Blanchard
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 15 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (255 download)
Download or read book The Flow Approach to Labor Markets written by Olivier J. Blanchard and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "flow approach" to labor markets builds up from the flows of workers and of jobs. It is based on three essential components, a specification of labor demand in terms of flows of job creation/destruction, a process of matching between workers and firms, and a process of wage determination where wages depend on the labor market prospects of employed workers and firms, We think that this approach gives the right basic picture of unemployment and unemployment dynamics, and of the relation between wage movements and the state of the labor market. The additional richness it naturally delivers also captures important implications of labor market mechanisms for macroeconomics. Finally, its structure is realistic enough to allow for a productive interaction with - and use of - micro-work and micro-evidence in both labor and product markets. This paper shows the structure of the approach and some of its implications. The first section develops a barebone model; the second adds the flesh.
Author : Robert Shimer
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400835232
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)
Download or read book Labor Markets and Business Cycles written by Robert Shimer and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-12 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Labor Markets and Business Cycles integrates search and matching theory with the neoclassical growth model to better understand labor market outcomes. Robert Shimer shows analytically and quantitatively that rigid wages are important for explaining the volatile behavior of the unemployment rate in business cycles. The book focuses on the labor wedge that arises when the marginal rate of substitution between consumption and leisure does not equal the marginal product of labor. According to competitive models of the labor market, the labor wedge should be constant and equal to the labor income tax rate. But in U.S. data, the wedge is strongly countercyclical, making it seem as if recessions are periods when workers are dissuaded from working and firms are dissuaded from hiring because of an increase in the labor income tax rate. When job searches are time consuming and wages are flexible, search frictions--the cost of a job search--act like labor adjustment costs, further exacerbating inconsistencies between the competitive model and data. The book shows that wage rigidities can reconcile the search model with the data, providing a quantitatively more accurate depiction of labor markets, consumption, and investment dynamics. Developing detailed search and matching models, Labor Markets and Business Cycles will be the main reference for those interested in the intersection of labor market dynamics and business cycle research.
Author : John Haltiwanger
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226314596
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (263 download)
Download or read book Labor Statistics Measurement Issues written by John Haltiwanger and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-12-01 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rapidly changing technology, the globalization of markets, and the declining role of unions are just some of the factors that have led to dramatic changes in working conditions in the United States. Little attention has been paid to the difficult measurement problems underlying analysis of the labor market. Labor Statistics Measurement Issues helps to fill this gap by exploring key theoretical and practical issues in the measurement of employment, wages, and workplace practices. Some of the chapters in this volume explore the conceptual issues of what is needed, what is known, or what can be learned from existing data, and what needs have not been met by available data sources. Others make innovative uses of existing data to analyze these topics. Also included are papers examining how answers to important questions are affected by alternative measures used and how these can be reconciled. This important and useful book will find a large audience among labor economists and consumers of labor statistics.
Author : Timothy Dunne
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226172570
Total Pages : 623 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)
Download or read book Producer Dynamics written by Timothy Dunne and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-05-15 with total page 623 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Census Bureau has recently begun releasing official statistics that measure the movements of firms in and out of business and workers in and out of jobs. The economic analyses in Producer Dynamics exploit this newly available data on establishments, firms, and workers, to address issues in industrial organization, labor, growth, macroeconomics, and international trade. This innovative volume brings together a group of renowned economists to probe topics such as firm dynamics across countries; patterns of employment dynamics; firm dynamics in nonmanufacturing industries such as retail, health services, and agriculture; employer-employee turnover from matched worker/firm data sets; and turnover in international markets. Producer Dynamics will serve as an invaluable reference to economists and policy makers seeking to understand the links between firms and workers, and the sources of economic dynamics, in the age of globalization.
Author : Gonul Sengul
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (436 download)
Download or read book Essays on Heterogeneity in Labor Markets written by Gonul Sengul and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation focuses on the heterogeneity in labor markets. The first chapter proposes an explanation for the unemployment rate difference between skill groups. Low skill workers (workers without a four year college degree) have a higher unemployment rate. The reason for that " ... is mainly because they (low skill workers) are more likely to become unemployed, not because they remain unemployed longer, once unemployed" (Layard, Nickell, Jackman, 1991, p. 44). This chapter proposes an explanation for the difference in job separation probabilities between these skill groups: high skill workers have lower job separation probabilities as they are selected more effectively during the hiring process. I use a labor search model with match specific quality to quantify the explanatory power of this hypothesis on differences in job separation probabilities and unemployment rates across skill groups. The second chapter analyzes the effects of one channel of interaction (job competition) between skill groups on their labor market outcomes. Do skilled workers prefer unskilled jobs to being unemployed? If so, skilled workers compete with unskilled workers for those jobs. Job competition generates interaction between the labor market outcomes of these groups. I use a heterogeneous agents model with skilled and unskilled workers in which the only interaction across groups is the job competition. Direct effects of job competition are reducing skilled unemployment rate (since they have a bigger market) and increasing the unskilled unemployment rate (since they face greater competition). However number of vacancies respond to job competition in equilibrium. For instance, unskilled firms have incentives to open more vacancies since filling a vacancy is easier if there is job competition. Thus how unskilled unemployment and wages are affected by job competition depends on which effect dominates. The results for reasonable parameter values show that job competition does reduce the average unemployment rate. It reduces the skilled unemployment rate more, generating an increase in unemployment rate inequality. However, the employment rate at skilled jobs is unaffected. The third chapter focuses on skill biased technological change. Skill biased technological change is one of the explanations for the asymmetry between labor market outcomes of skill groups over the last few decades. However, during this time period there were also skill neutral shocks that could contribute to these outcomes. The third chapter analyzes the effects of skill biased and neutral shocks on overall labor market variables. I use a model in which skilled and unskilled outputs are intermediate goods, and final good sector receives all the shocks. A numerical exercise shows that both skilled and unskilled unemployment rates respond to shocks in the same direction. The response of unemployment rate to skill neutral shocks is bigger than the response to skill biased shocks for both skill groups. However, the unskilled unemployment changes more than the skilled unemployment rate as a response to skill neutral shocks. Thus, skill neutral shocks reduce the unemployment rate gap between skill groups.
Author : Kevin Lang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)
Download or read book Bilateral Search as an Explanation for Labor Market Segmentation and Other Anomalies written by Kevin Lang and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since applying for jobs is costly, workers prefer applying where their employment probability is high and, therefore, to jobs attracting fewer higher quality applicants. Since creating vacancies is expensive, firms create more vacancies when job-seeking is high. Our model captures these ideas and accounts for worker heterogeneity by assuming three types of nearly identical workers. These infinitesimal quality differences generate a discrete wage distribution. For some parameter values lower quality workers have discretely lower wages and higher unemployment than better workers. Moreover, increasing the number of the lowest quality workers can make all workers better off.
Author : Barbara Petrongolo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (136 download)
Download or read book Looking Into the Black Box written by Barbara Petrongolo and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Chris Benner
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610440439
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)
Download or read book Staircases or Treadmills? written by Chris Benner and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2007-04-13 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globalization, technological change, and deregulation have made the American marketplace increasingly competitive in recent decades, but for many workers this "new economy" has entailed heightened job insecurity, lower wages, and scarcer benefits. As the job market has grown more volatile, a variety of labor market intermediaries—organizations that help job seekers find employment—have sprung up, from private temporary agencies to government "One-Stop Career Centers." In Staircases or Treadmills? Chris Benner, Laura Leete, and Manuel Pastor investigate what approaches are most effective in helping workers to secure jobs with decent wages and benefits, and they provide specific policy recommendations for how job-matching organizations can better serve disadvantaged workers. Staircases or Treadmills? is the first comprehensive study documenting the prevalence of all types of labor market intermediaries and investigating how these intermediaries affect workers' employment opportunities. Benner, Leete, and Pastor draw on years of research in two distinct regional labor markets—"old economy" Milwaukee and "new economy" Silicon Valley—including a first-of-its-kind random survey of the prevalence and impacts of intermediaries, and a wide range of interviews with intermediary agencies' staff and clients. One of the main obstacles that disadvantaged workers face is that social networks of families and friends are less effective in connecting job-seekers to stable, quality employment. Intermediaries often serve as a substitute method for finding a job. Which substitute is chosen, however, matters: The authors find that the most effective organizations—including many unions, community colleges, and local non-profits—actively foster contacts between workers and employers, tend to make long-term investments in training for career development, and seek to transform as well as satisfy market demands. But without effective social networks to help workers locate the best intermediaries, most rely on private temporary agencies and other organizations that offer fewer services and, statistical analysis shows, often channel their participants into jobs with low wages and few benefits. Staircases or Treadmills? suggests that, to become more effective, intermediary organizations of all types need to focus more on training workers, teaching networking skills, and fostering contact between workers and employers in the same industries. A generation ago, rising living standards were broadly distributed and coupled with relatively secure employment. Today, many Americans fear that heightened job insecurity is overshadowing the benefits of dynamic economic growth. Staircases or Treadmills? is a stimulating guide to how private and public job-matching institutions can empower disadvantaged workers to share in economic progress.
Author : Katarina Borovickova
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781267601216
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (12 download)
Download or read book Learning and Labor Market Flows written by Katarina Borovickova and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I study an equilibrium model labor market with firm- and worker- level uncertainty, and evaluate their relative contributions to labor market flows. These flows occur for two reasons. First, firms experience idiosyncratic productivity shocks, to which they react by hiring or shedding workers. In addition, workers switch jobs or leave their current firms for reasons related to their career development. Specifically, workers and firms learn about their match quality while the employment relationship lasts, separating if they infer that their match is poor. Firm-level productivity shocks impact the match quality of the employed workers, which captures the idea that technology is partly embodied in workers and innovation can make some workers less suitable for the new technology. For empirical investigation, I use a large panel dataset of the labor market histories of individuals in Austria. I use the calibrated model to evaluate the contribution of the different mechanisms to the labor market flows. I find that the learning about the match quality drives almost 90% of the separations, while only 10% of the worker separations can be attributed to the firm-level heterogeneity. This suggest that the worker—level heterogeneity and uncertainty is more important for explaining the magnitudes of the worker mobility.
Author : Eunsun Gil
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)
Download or read book Essays on Labor Market with Heterogeneous Workers written by Eunsun Gil and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essays in my dissertation examine how economic downturn and job composition affect heterogeneous workers in the labor market. In Chapter 1, I assert that slow recovery in aggregate employment compared to aggregate output in the United States consist of jobless growth in manufacturing and information industries. I observe the industrial transition of unemployed workers to demonstrate labor reallocation triggered by a decline of middle-wage jobs. I simulate the jobless growth and vertical reallocation in general equilibrium model with sorting and optimal submarket choices. In Chapter 2, I quantify recession effect on annual labor income for heterogeneous workers. I find that low-wage workers earn less annually mostly because of lower working hours through unemployment, whereas high-wage workers lose their annual earnings primarily due to lower hourly rates of job-to-job transition. I explain decreasing layoff risk (extensive margin) and increasing wage-cut risk (intensive margin) to previous wage rate in an on-the-job search model with real business cycles. In Chapter 3, I reassess transitional dynamics of unemployment and vacancy rate in a homogeneous agents search model, by allowing sunk entry costs and discrete productivity process. The entry costs allow a positive outside option for a vacant firm so that an outside firm and vacant firm make different labor market participation and hiring choices. When economy transit between two steady-state equilibria, the vacancy rate is no more a jump variable, and an outward (inward) shift is expected before reaching a low (high) productivity equilibrium.
Author : Eunsun Gil
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Essays on Labor Market with Heterogeneous Workers written by Eunsun Gil and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essays in my dissertation examine how economic downturn and job composition affect heterogeneous workers in the labor market. In Chapter 1, I assert that slow recovery in aggregate employment compared to aggregate output in the United States consist of jobless growth in manufacturing and information industries. I observe the industrial transition of unemployed workers to demonstrate labor reallocation triggered by a decline of middle-wage jobs. I simulate the jobless growth and vertical reallocation in general equilibrium model with sorting and optimal submarket choices. In Chapter 2, I quantify recession effect on annual labor income for heterogeneous workers. I find that low-wage workers earn less annually mostly because of lower working hours through unemployment, whereas high-wage workers lose their annual earnings primarily due to lower hourly rates of job-to-job transition. I explain decreasing layoff risk (extensive margin) and increasing wage-cut risk (intensive margin) to previous wage rate in an on-the-job search model with real business cycles. In Chapter 3, I reassess transitional dynamics of unemployment and vacancy rate in a homogeneous agents search model, by allowing sunk entry costs and discrete productivity process. The entry costs allow a positive outside option for a vacant firm so that an outside firm and vacant firm make different labor market participation and hiring choices. When economy transit between two steady-state equilibria, the vacancy rate is no more a jump variable, and an outward (inward) shift is expected before reaching a low (high) productivity equilibrium.
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309440068
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)
Download or read book Building America's Skilled Technical Workforce written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-06-04 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Skilled technical occupationsâ€"defined as occupations that require a high level of knowledge in a technical domain but do not require a bachelor's degree for entryâ€"are a key component of the U.S. economy. In response to globalization and advances in science and technology, American firms are demanding workers with greater proficiency in literacy and numeracy, as well as strong interpersonal, technical, and problem-solving skills. However, employer surveys and industry and government reports have raised concerns that the nation may not have an adequate supply of skilled technical workers to achieve its competitiveness and economic growth objectives. In response to the broader need for policy information and advice, Building America's Skilled Technical Workforce examines the coverage, effectiveness, flexibility, and coordination of the policies and various programs that prepare Americans for skilled technical jobs. This report provides action-oriented recommendations for improving the American system of technical education, training, and certification.
Author : Julien Pascal
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)
Download or read book Search, Matching and Heterogeneity written by Julien Pascal and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis consists of three chapters that study frictional markets. The first chapter asks the question of what are the sources of labor income shocks, with a special focus on the scarring effects of recessions. I develop and estimate a dynamic frictional model of the labor market with heterogeneous workers and firms. The economic contribution of the first chapter is to show that sorting — the degree of complementarity between firms and workers — is a key component of idiosyncratic labor income risk. A technical contribution is to show that, while the determination of wage is a priori complex in a dynamic search model with heterogeneity, an efficient and robust algorithm exists. The second chapter explores to what extent a localized drop in commuting costs may lead to an increase in local employment. This chapter makes use of a discontinuity introduced by a French reform in September 2015 in the Paris metropolitan area. I find that cities that enjoyed a decrease in commuting costs experienced an increase in local employment. While the first two chapters analyze the labor market, the last chapter focuses on another key frictional market: the housing market. Little is known on the rental market because there are no comprehensive datasets recording rental agreements. To circumvent this issue, I collected data on rental ads in the Paris metropolitan area using web scraping techniques for a period of three months. I show that the rental housing market is well described by a directed search model. However, a non-negligible proportion of landlords use a two-step pricing approach when setting the rent, which raises interesting welfare and modeling questions.
Author : Sun-Bin Kim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Labor Force Participation, Worker Flows and Labor Market Policies written by Sun-Bin Kim and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
