Winning The Battle For Racial Harmony

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Myths of Harmony

Author : Marixa Lasso
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
ISBN 13 : 0822973251
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis Myths of Harmony by : Marixa Lasso

Download or read book Myths of Harmony written by Marixa Lasso and published by University of Pittsburgh Pre. This book was released on 2007-08-12 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book centers on a foundational moment for Latin American racial constructs. While most contemporary scholarship has focused the explanation for racial tolerance-or its lack-in the colonial period, Marixa Lasso argues that the key to understanding the origins of modern race relations are to be found later, in the Age of Revolution.Lasso rejects the common assumption that subalterns were passive and alienated from Creole-led patriot movements, and instead demonstrates that during Colombia's revolution, free blacks and mulattos (pardos) actively joined and occasionally even led the cause to overthrow the Spanish colonial government. As part of their platform, patriots declared legal racial equality for all citizens, and promulgated an ideology of harmony and fraternity for Colombians of all colors. The fact that blacks were mentioned as equals in the discourse of the revolution and later served in republican government posts was a radical political departure. These factors were instrumental in constructing a powerful myth of racial equality-a myth that would fuel revolutionary activity throughout Latin America.Thus emerged a historical paradox central to Latin American nation-building: the coexistence of the principle of racial equality with actual racism at the very inception of the republic. Ironically, the discourse of equality meant that grievances of racial discrimination were construed as unpatriotic and divisive acts-in its most extreme form, blacks were accused of preparing a race war. Lasso's work brings much-needed attention to the important role of the anticolonial struggles in shaping the nature of contemporary race relations and racial identities in Latin America.

We Will Win the Day

Author : Louis Moore
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis We Will Win the Day by : Louis Moore

Download or read book We Will Win the Day written by Louis Moore and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-09-21 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This exceedingly timely book looks at the history of black activist athletes and the important role of the black community in making sure fair play existed, not only in sports, but across U.S. society. Most books that focus on ties between sports, black athletes, and the Civil Rights Movement focus on specific issues or people. They discuss, for example, how baseball was integrated or tell the stories of individuals like Jackie Robinson or Muhammad Ali. This book approaches the topic differently. By examining the connection between sports, black athletes and the Civil Rights Movement overall, it puts the athletes and their stories into the proper context. Rather than romanticizing the stories and the men and women who lived them, it uses the roles these individuals played—or chose not to play—to illuminate the complexities and nuances in the relationship between black athletes and the fight for racial equality. Arranged thematically, the book starts with Jackie Robinson's entry into baseball when he signed with the Dodgers in 1945 and ends with the revolt of black athletes in the late 1960s, symbolized by Tommie Smith and John Carlos famously raising their clenched fists during a medal ceremony at the 1968 Olympics. Accounts from the black press and the athletes themselves help illustrate the role black athletes played in the Civil Rights Movement. At the same time, the book also examines how the black public viewed sports and the contributions of black athletes during these tumultuous decades, showing how the black communities' belief in merit and democracy—combined with black athletic success—influenced the push for civil rights.

Antiracism in Cuba

Author : Devyn Spence Benson
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 146962673X
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Antiracism in Cuba by : Devyn Spence Benson

Download or read book Antiracism in Cuba written by Devyn Spence Benson and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2016-04-05 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzing the ideology and rhetoric around race in Cuba and south Florida during the early years of the Cuban revolution, Devyn Spence Benson argues that ideas, stereotypes, and discriminatory practices relating to racial difference persisted despite major efforts by the Cuban state to generate social equality. Drawing on Cuban and U.S. archival materials and face-to-face interviews, Benson examines 1960s government programs and campaigns against discrimination, showing how such programs frequently negated their efforts by reproducing racist images and idioms in revolutionary propaganda, cartoons, and school materials. Building on nineteenth-century discourses that imagined Cuba as a raceless space, revolutionary leaders embraced a narrow definition of blackness, often seeming to suggest that Afro-Cubans had to discard their blackness to join the revolution. This was and remains a false dichotomy for many Cubans of color, Benson demonstrates. While some Afro-Cubans agreed with the revolution's sentiments about racial transcendence--"not blacks, not whites, only Cubans--others found ways to use state rhetoric to demand additional reforms. Still others, finding a revolution that disavowed blackness unsettling and paternalistic, fought to insert black history and African culture into revolutionary nationalisms. Despite such efforts by Afro-Cubans and radical government-sponsored integration programs, racism has persisted throughout the revolution in subtle but lasting ways.

Friends Disappear

Author : Mary Barr
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022615646X
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Friends Disappear by : Mary Barr

Download or read book Friends Disappear written by Mary Barr and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2014-10-30 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1974, middle-schooler Mary Barr and a dozen of her friends boys and girls, black and white sat for a photograph on a porch in Evanston, Illinois. Barr s book, both history and ethnography, emerges from her thinking about this photograph and its deep background. Using government documents, newspaper articles, and census data, Barr provides a history of Evanston with a particular emphasis on its neighborhoods, its schools, and its families. Barr also tracked down all of the living people in her photograph and interviewed them about their experiences in Evanston and beyond. Ultimately, Barr comes to better understand the stories and the lies people tell about their communities, as well as the ways that inequality begets inequality, both in a historical sense and in the daily lives of her far-flung friends. "

Answering the Call

Author : Nathaniel R. Jones
Publisher : New Press, The
ISBN 13 : 1620970716
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Answering the Call by : Nathaniel R. Jones

Download or read book Answering the Call written by Nathaniel R. Jones and published by New Press, The. This book was released on 2010-03-01 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Jones, a trailblazing African American judge, delivers an urgently needed perspective on American history . . . [A] passionate and informative account” (Booklist, starred review). Answering the Call is an extraordinary eyewitness account from an unsung hero of the battle for racial equality in America—a battle that, far from ending with the great victories of the civil rights era, saw some of its signal achievements in the desegregation fights of the 1970s and its most notable setbacks in the affirmative action debates that continue into the present in Ferguson, Baltimore, and beyond. Judge Nathaniel R. Jones’s groundbreaking career was forged in the 1960s: As the first African American assistant US attorney in Ohio; as assistant general counsel of the Kerner Commission; and, beginning in 1969, as general counsel of the NAACP. In that latter role, Jones coordinated attacks against Northern school segregation—a vital, divisive, and poorly understood chapter in the movement for equality—twice arguing in the pivotal US Supreme Court case Bradley v. Milliken, which addressed school desegregation in Detroit. He also led the national response to the attacks against affirmative action, spearheading and arguing many of the signal legal cases of that effort. Answering the Call is “a stunning, inside story of the contemporary struggle for civil rights . . . Essential reading for understanding where we are today—underscoring just how much work is left to be done” (Vernon E. Jordan Jr., civil rights activist). “A forthright testimony by a witness to history.” —Kirkus Reviews

Victory Without Violence

Author : Mary Kimbrough
Publisher : University of Missouri Press
ISBN 13 : 0826262708
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Victory Without Violence by : Mary Kimbrough

Download or read book Victory Without Violence written by Mary Kimbrough and published by University of Missouri Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Victory without Violence is the story of a small, integrated group of St. Louisans who carried out sustained campaigns from 1947 to 1957 that were among the earliest in the nation to end racial segregation in public accommodations. Guided by Gandhian principles of nonviolent direct action, the St. Louis Committee of Racial Equality (CORE) conducted negotiations, demonstrations, and sit-ins to secure full rights for the African American residents of St. Louis. The book opens with an overview of post-World War II racial injustice in the United States and in St. Louis. After recounting the genesis of St. Louis CORE, the writers vividly relate activities at lunch counters, cafeterias, and restaurants, demonstrating CORE's remarkable success in winning over initially hostile owners, manager, and service employees. A detailed review of its sixteen-month campaign at a major St. Louis department store, Stix, Baer & Fuller, illustrates the groups' patient persistence. Kimbrough and Dagen show after the passage of a public accommodations ordinance in 1961, CORE's goal of equal access was realized throughout the city of St. Louis. On the scene reports drawn from CORE newsletters (1951-1955) and reminiscences by members appear throughout the text. In a closing chapter, the authors trace the lasting effects of the CORE experience on the lives of its members. Victory without Violence casts light on a previously obscured decade in St. Louis civil rights history.

Diversity, Inc.

Author : Pamela Newkirk
Publisher : Bold Type Books
ISBN 13 : 1568588232
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (685 download)

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Book Synopsis Diversity, Inc. by : Pamela Newkirk

Download or read book Diversity, Inc. written by Pamela Newkirk and published by Bold Type Books. This book was released on 2019-10-22 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of Time Magazine's Must-Read Books of 2019 An award-winning journalist shows how workplace diversity initiatives have turned into a profoundly misguided industry--and have done little to bring equality to America's major industries and institutions. Diversity has become the new buzzword, championed by elite institutions from academia to Hollywood to corporate America. In an effort to ensure their organizations represent the racial and ethnic makeup of the country, industry and foundation leaders have pledged hundreds of millions of dollars to commission studies, launch training sessions, and hire consultants and diversity czars. But is it working? In Diversity, Inc., award-winning journalist Pamela Newkirk shines a bright light on the diversity industry, asking the tough questions about what has been effective--and why progress has been so slow. Newkirk highlights the rare success stories, sharing valuable lessons about how other industries can match those gains. But as she argues, despite decades of handwringing, costly initiatives, and uncomfortable conversations, organizations have, apart from a few exceptions, fallen far short of their goals. Diversity, Inc. incisively shows the vast gap between the rhetoric of inclusivity and real achievements. If we are to deliver on the promise of true equality, we need to abandon ineffective, costly measures and commit ourselves to combatting enduring racial attitudes

Diversity, Inc

Author : Pamela Newkirk
Publisher : Bold Type Books
ISBN 13 : 9781568588254
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (882 download)

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Book Synopsis Diversity, Inc by : Pamela Newkirk

Download or read book Diversity, Inc written by Pamela Newkirk and published by Bold Type Books. This book was released on 2020-10-20 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of Time Magazine's Must-Read Books of 2019 An award-winning journalist shows how workplace diversity initiatives have turned into a profoundly misguided industry--and have done little to bring equality to America's major industries and institutions. Diversity has become the new buzzword, championed by elite institutions from academia to Hollywood to corporate America. In an effort to ensure their organizations represent the racial and ethnic makeup of the country, industry and foundation leaders have pledged hundreds of millions of dollars to commission studies, launch training sessions, and hire consultants and diversity czars. But is it working? In Diversity, Inc., award-winning journalist Pamela Newkirk shines a bright light on the diversity industry, asking the tough questions about what has been effective--and why progress has been so slow. Newkirk highlights the rare success stories, sharing valuable lessons about how other industries can match those gains. But as she argues, despite decades of handwringing, costly initiatives, and uncomfortable conversations, organizations have, apart from a few exceptions, fallen far short of their goals. Diversity, Inc. incisively shows the vast gap between the rhetoric of inclusivity and real achievements. If we are to deliver on the promise of true equality, we need to abandon ineffective, costly measures and commit ourselves to combatting enduring racial attitudes

From Here to Equality, Second Edition

Author : William A. Darity Jr.
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469671212
Total Pages : 443 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis From Here to Equality, Second Edition by : William A. Darity Jr.

Download or read book From Here to Equality, Second Edition written by William A. Darity Jr. and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2022-07-27 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Racism and discrimination have choked economic opportunity for African Americans at nearly every turn. At several historic moments, the trajectory of racial inequality could have been altered dramatically. But neither Reconstruction nor the New Deal nor the civil rights struggle led to an economically just and fair nation. Today, systematic inequality persists in the form of housing discrimination, unequal education, police brutality, mass incarceration, employment discrimination, and massive wealth and opportunity gaps. Economic data indicates that for every dollar the average white household holds in wealth the average black household possesses a mere ten cents. This compelling and sharply argued book addresses economic injustices head-on and make the most comprehensive case to date for economic reparations for U.S. descendants of slavery. Using innovative methods that link monetary values to historical wrongs, William Darity Jr. and A. Kirsten Mullen assess the literal and figurative costs of justice denied in the 155 years since the end of the Civil War and offer a detailed roadmap for an effective reparations program, including a substantial payment to each documented U.S. black descendant of slavery. This new edition features a new foreword addressing the latest developments on the local, state, and federal level and considering current prospects for a comprehensive reparations program.

Race Harmony and Black Progress

Author : Mark Ellis
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253010667
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Race Harmony and Black Progress by : Mark Ellis

Download or read book Race Harmony and Black Progress written by Mark Ellis and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2013-10-16 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Founded by white males, the interracial cooperation movement flourished in the American South in the years before the New Deal. The movement sought local dialogue between the races, improvement of education, and reduction of interracial violence, tending the flame of white liberalism until the emergence of white activists in the 1930s and after. Thomas Jackson (Jack) Woofter Jr., a Georgia sociologist and an authority on American race relations, migration, rural development, population change, and social security, maintained an unshakable faith in the "effectiveness of cooperation rather than agitation." Race Harmony and Black Progress examines the movement and the tenacity of a man who epitomized its spirit and shortcomings. It probes the movement's connections with late 19th-century racial thought, Northern philanthropy, black education, state politics, the Du Bois-Washington controversy, the decline of lynching, the growth of the social sciences, and New Deal campaigns for social justice.

Seattle in Black and White

Author : Joan Singler
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295804246
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (958 download)

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Book Synopsis Seattle in Black and White by : Joan Singler

Download or read book Seattle in Black and White written by Joan Singler and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2011-10-17 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seattle was a very different city in 1960 than it is today. There were no black bus drivers, sales clerks, or bank tellers. Black children rarely attended the same schools as white children. And few black people lived outside of the Central District. In 1960, Seattle was effectively a segregated town. Energized by the national civil rights movement, an interracial group of Seattle residents joined together to form the Seattle chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Operational from 1961 through 1968, CORE had a brief but powerful effect on Seattle. The chapter began by challenging one of the more blatant forms of discrimination in the city, local supermarkets. Located within the black community and dependent on black customers, these supermarkets refused to hire black employees. CORE took the supermarkets to task by organizing hundreds of volunteers into shifts of continuous picketers until stores desegregated their staffs. From this initial effort CORE, in partnership with the NAACP and other groups, launched campaigns to increase employment and housing opportunities for black Seattleites, and to address racial inequalities in Seattle public schools. The members of Seattle CORE were committed to transforming Seattle into a more integrated and just society. Seattle was one of more than one hundred cities to support an active CORE chapter. Seattle in Black and White tells the local, Seattle story about this national movement. Authored by four active members of Seattle CORE, this book not only recounts the actions of Seattle CORE but, through their memories, also captures the emotion and intensity of this pivotal and highly charged time in America’s history. A V Ethel Willis White Book For more information visit: http://seattleinblackandwhite.org/

Dream Dancers: E Pluribus Unum— The Battle for American Equality 1924–1947

Author : Spencer Jourdain
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1946717045
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (467 download)

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Book Synopsis Dream Dancers: E Pluribus Unum— The Battle for American Equality 1924–1947 by : Spencer Jourdain

Download or read book Dream Dancers: E Pluribus Unum— The Battle for American Equality 1924–1947 written by Spencer Jourdain and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2016 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In writing (vol. 2), Journey to the Promised Land, Jourdain discovered that, like oral histories and stories, the black Negro spirituals, country blues, and worksongs sung by Tommy McLennon, Blind Willie McTell, Misssippi John Hurt, Huddie Ledbetter and others, lent much deeper understanding of the history-changing post/Civil War era.

The Unsteady March

Author : Philip A. Klinkner
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226443416
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (434 download)

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Book Synopsis The Unsteady March by : Philip A. Klinkner

Download or read book The Unsteady March written by Philip A. Klinkner and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2002-04 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With its insights into contemporary racial politics, "The Unsteady March" offers a penetrating and controversial analysis of American race relations across two centuries.

Organize, Fight, Win

Author : Charisse Burden-Stelly
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1839764996
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (397 download)

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Book Synopsis Organize, Fight, Win by : Charisse Burden-Stelly

Download or read book Organize, Fight, Win written by Charisse Burden-Stelly and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2022-10-04 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black Communist women throughout the early to mid-twentieth century fought for and led mass campaigns in the service of building collective power in the fight for liberation. Through concrete materialist analysis of the conditions of Black workers, these women argued that racial and economic equality can only be achieved by overthrowing capitalism. The first collection of its kind, Organize, Fight, Win brings together three decades of Black Communist women's political writings. In doing so, it highlights the link between Communism and Black liberation. Likewise, it makes clear how Black women fundamentally shaped, and were shaped by, Communist praxis in the twentieth century. Organize, Fight, Win includes writings from card-carrying Communists like Dorothy Burnham, Williana Burroughs, Grace P. Campbell, Alice Childress, Marvel Cooke, Esther Cooper Jackson, Thelma Dale Perkins, Vicki Garvin, Yvonne Gregory, Claudia Jones, Maude White Katz, and Louise Thompson Patterson, and writings by those who organized alongside the Communist Party, like Ella Baker, Charlotta Bass, Thyra Edwards, Lorraine Hansberry, and Dorothy Hunton.

The White Allies Handbook

Author : Lecia Michelle
Publisher : Dafina
ISBN 13 : 1496738373
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (967 download)

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Book Synopsis The White Allies Handbook by : Lecia Michelle

Download or read book The White Allies Handbook written by Lecia Michelle and published by Dafina. This book was released on 2022-07-26 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: You’ve read White Fragility and How to Be an Antiracist, but what comes next? The answer lies in this clear, actionable guide providing a vital 4-week program for becoming an ally who makes a real difference in the racial justice fight. Get the tools you need to get off the sidelines and onto the frontlines of allyship, combat racism while supporting Black women, and avoid common pitfalls white people fall into when they think about and discuss racism. “[T]his timely, no-nonsense handbook offers an important blueprint for White allies to carry out the often uncomfortable but necessary work of promoting racial equality among all marginalized people. Welcome straight talk for a new age in race relations.” —Kirkus Reviews Black women have always been the driving force behind real change in this country—especially when it comes to racial justice work. But they shouldn’t have to do it alone. If you’re ready to stop standing on the sidelines and become anti-racist instead of passively “not racist,” then this book is what you need. You’ll discover: How to have difficult conversations about white supremacy, racism, and white privilege How to listen to criticism without defensiveness Why it’s harmful to ignore race or claim to be colorblind How to expand your racial justice circle by joining groups led by Black women and cultivating a group of like-minded allies Racism can only be defeated if white people educate themselves and actively engage in antiracism work, especially in their inner circles. With this book, you’ll learn how to change from someone who defends and protects racism to someone who fights against it. And you’ll become an example to others that true allies are made, not born. “Recommended for reading groups looking for active discussions of racism. This book will help readers learn more about racism and its lasting effects on society.” —Library Journal

How to Be a (Young) Antiracist

Author : Ibram X. Kendi
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0593461614
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (934 download)

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Book Synopsis How to Be a (Young) Antiracist by : Ibram X. Kendi

Download or read book How to Be a (Young) Antiracist written by Ibram X. Kendi and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2023-09-12 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The #1 New York Times bestseller that sparked international dialogue is now a book for young adults! Based on the adult bestseller by Ibram X. Kendi, and co-authored by bestselling author Nic Stone, How to be a (Young) Antiracist will serve as a guide for teens seeking a way forward in acknowledging, identifying, and dismantling racism and injustice. The New York Times bestseller How to be an Antiracist by Ibram X. Kendi is shaping the way a generation thinks about race and racism. How to be a (Young) Antiracist is a dynamic reframing of the concepts shared in the adult book, with young adulthood front and center. Aimed at readers 12 and up, and co-authored by award-winning children's book author Nic Stone, How to be a (Young) Antiracist empowers teen readers to help create a more just society. Antiracism is a journey--and now young adults will have a map to carve their own path. Kendi and Stone have revised this work to provide anecdotes and data that speaks directly to the experiences and concerns of younger readers, encouraging them to think critically and build a more equitable world in doing so.

Fighting Jim Crow in the County of Kings

Author : Brian Purnell
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813141842
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Fighting Jim Crow in the County of Kings by : Brian Purnell

Download or read book Fighting Jim Crow in the County of Kings written by Brian Purnell and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2013-05 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) established a reputation as one of the most important civil rights organizations of the early 1960s. In the wake of the southern student sit-ins, CORE created new chapters all over the country, including one in Brooklyn, New York, which quickly established itself as one of the most audacious and dynamic chapters in the nation. In Fighting Jim Crow in the County of Kings, historian Brian Purnell explores the chapter's numerous direct-action protest campaigns for economic justice and social equality. The group's tactics evolved from pickets and sit-ins for jobs and housing to more dramatic action, such as dumping trash on the steps of Borough Hall to protest inadequate garbage collection. The Brooklyn chapter's lengthy record of activism, however, yielded only modest progress. Its members eventually resorted to desperate measures, such as targeting the opening day of the 1964 World's Fair with a traffic-snarling "stall-in." After that moment, its interracial, nonviolent phase was effectively over. By 1966, the group was more aligned with the black power movement, and a new Brooklyn CORE emerged. Drawing from archival sources and interviews with individuals directly involved in the chapter, Purnell explores how people from diverse backgrounds joined together, solved internal problems, and earned one another's trust before eventually becoming disillusioned and frustrated. Fighting Jim Crow in the County of Kings adds to our understanding of the broader civil rights movement by examining how it was implemented in an iconic northern city, where interracial activists mounted a heroic struggle against powerful local forms of racism.