Wildland Fire Hose Guide

Download Wildland Fire Hose Guide PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Wildland Fire Hose Guide by : Lois Patricia Sicking

Download or read book Wildland Fire Hose Guide written by Lois Patricia Sicking and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide

Download Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NWCG Training Branch
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide by : NWCG

Download or read book Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide written by NWCG and published by NWCG Training Branch. This book was released on 2014-06-06 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide is a revision of what used to be called the Fireline Handbook, PMS 410-1. This guide has been renamed because, over time, the original purpose of the Fireline Handbook had been replaced by the Incident Response Pocket Guide, PMS 461. As a result, this new guide is aimed at a different audience, and it was felt a new name was in order.

Wildland Fire Fighter: Principles and Practice

Download Wildland Fire Fighter: Principles and Practice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN 13 : 1284224880
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (842 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Wildland Fire Fighter: Principles and Practice by : Joseph D. Lowe

Download or read book Wildland Fire Fighter: Principles and Practice written by Joseph D. Lowe and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2020-04-23 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook is packaged with Navigate 2 Advantage Access which unlocks a complete eBook, Study Center, homework and Assessment Center, and a dashboard that reports actionable data. Experience Navigate 2 today at www.jblnavigate.com/2. Wildland Fire Fighter: Principles and Practice, Second Edition meets and exceeds the job performance requirements and objectives as outlined in the following National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and National Wildland Coordinating Group (NWCG) standards: • NFPA 1051, Standard for Wildland Firefighting Personnel Professional Qualifications, 2020 Edition (Chapters 4 and 5) • NWCG S-190, Introduction to Wildland Fire Behavior, 2019 Edition • NWCG S-130, Firefighter Training, 2008 Edition • NWCG L-180, Human Factors in the Wildland Fire Service, 2014 Edition From wildland fire service history, to safety, to water supply, to firing operations, this single manual covers everything an NFPA Wildland Fire Fighter I and Wildland Fire Fighter II (NWCG Fire Fighter Type 2 and 1) needs to know. In addition, the Second Edition was significantly updated and reorganized to better serve the Wildland Fire Fighter I and Wildland Fire Fighter II. The program now features two distinct sections. Section 1 includes six chapters, which set the foundation for Wildland Fire Fighter I knowledge and understanding. Section 2 comprises eight chapters, which encompass the higher-level competencies required for Wildland Fire Fighter II. This new organization will allow instructors the flexibility to teach their Wildland Fire Fighter I and II course(s) exactly the way they wish. The features in this text will help students take that extra step toward becoming outstanding wildland fire fighters. These features include: • Refined Table of Contents. Now divided by level, the new table of contents addresses NFPA and NWCG requirements and objectives in an easy-to-follow manner. • New Chapters. New chapters including The Wildland Fire Service, Wildland/Urban Interface Considerations, Tools and Equipment, Human Resources, and Radio Communications ensure a comprehensive understanding of history, safety, and operations. • Scenario-Based Learning. You are the Wildland Fire Fighter and Wildland Fire Fighter in Action case scenarios are found in each chapter to encourage and foster critical-thinking skills. • Practical Tips for Wildland Fire Fighters. The Listen Up! and Did You Know? features provide helpful advice and encouragement. • Skill Drills. This feature provides written step-by-step explanations and visuals for important skills and procedures. This clear, concise format enhances student comprehension of complex procedures. • After-Action Review Section. The end-of-chapter review includes detailed chapter summaries and key terms to reinforce important principles. • Updated photos and illustrations. New and improved photos and illustrations enhance learning with visuals of incidents and training simulations, as well as highlighting advances i

Fire Hose Practices

Download Fire Hose Practices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (66 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fire Hose Practices by :

Download or read book Fire Hose Practices written by and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

2017 Field Operations Guide ICS 420-1

Download 2017 Field Operations Guide ICS 420-1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Studio Tiga
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 2017 Field Operations Guide ICS 420-1 by : FIRESCOPE

Download or read book 2017 Field Operations Guide ICS 420-1 written by FIRESCOPE and published by Studio Tiga. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing crucial information to first responders since 1983, Firescope is proud to present the interactive 2017 Field Operations Guide ICS 420-1. All the information from the 2017 FOG ICS 420-1 is included in this eBook. Now you can easily find critical information on Resource Typing, Position Checklists, Organization Charts and examples of how to organize using the Incident Command System (ICS) when facing All-Hazard Incidents. New to this version of the 2017 FIRESCOPE Field Operations Guide is a section on Fire in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) with information on Structure Triage, Structure Protection Guidelines, Actions and Tactics. Easily access other valuable information such as Wildland Fire Management Guiding Principles, Tactical Engagement, Levels of Engagement, Powerline Safety and a Structure Assessment Checklist. Also included is valuable information on these ICS topics: Common Responsibilities, Multi-Agency Coordination System (MACS), Area Command, Complex, Command, Unified Command, Planning Process, Operations, Planning, Logistics, Finance/Administration, Organizational Guides, Resource Types and Minimum Standards, Hazardous Materials, Multi-Casualty, Urban Search and Rescue, Terrorism/Weapons of Mass Destruction, Swiftwater/Flood Search and Rescue, High Rise Structure Fire Incident, Protective Action Guidelines, Firefighter Incident Safety and Accountability Guidelines, Glossary of Terms, Communications, California Agency Designators, and Operational Area Identifiers.

Wildland Fire Qualification Subsystem Guide

Download Wildland Fire Qualification Subsystem Guide PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (384 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Wildland Fire Qualification Subsystem Guide by : National Wildfire Coordinating Group (U.S.). Incident Command System Working Team

Download or read book Wildland Fire Qualification Subsystem Guide written by National Wildfire Coordinating Group (U.S.). Incident Command System Working Team and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa

Download Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : African Minds
ISBN 13 : 191983365X
Total Pages : 446 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (198 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa by : Johann Georg Goldammer

Download or read book Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa written by Johann Georg Goldammer and published by African Minds. This book was released on 2004 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Africa is a fire continent. Since the early evolution of humanity, fire has been harnessed as a land-use tool. Many ecosystems of Sub-Sahara Africa that have been shaped by fire over millennia provide a high carrying capacity for human populations.

Canadian Wildland Fire Strategy

Download Canadian Wildland Fire Strategy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Canadian Wildland Fire Strategy by : Peter L. Fuglem

Download or read book Canadian Wildland Fire Strategy written by Peter L. Fuglem and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In September 2004, the Canadian Council of Forest Ministers established a federal, provincial, and territorial task group of assistant deputy ministers (ADMs) and commissioned the development of the Canadian Wildland Fire Strategy (CWFS). The ADMs created an intergovernmental team of analysts, experienced fire managers, and researchers, known as the CWFS Core Team, to consult with Canadian and international experts, collate information, conduct analyses, and present the findings. This team was directed to assess the current state of wildland fire management in Canada, examine the key influences and trends, and identify possible desired future states and how they could be achieved. This publication comprises a collection of nine reports written by the CWFS Core Team members and their associates. Collectively these papers include syntheses, analyses, and perspective articles that address a variety of the social, economic, and biophysical aspects of wildland fire and its management as well as policy, science, and operational issues in Canada."--Pub. desc.

Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills

Download Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1449641520
Total Pages : 1229 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (496 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills by : David Schottke

Download or read book Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills written by David Schottke and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2014 with total page 1229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Wildland Fire Engine Component Guide

Download Wildland Fire Engine Component Guide PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (489 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Wildland Fire Engine Component Guide by :

Download or read book Wildland Fire Engine Component Guide written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fitness and Work Capacity

Download Fitness and Work Capacity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fitness and Work Capacity by : Brian J. Sharkey

Download or read book Fitness and Work Capacity written by Brian J. Sharkey and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fireground Operational Guides

Download Fireground Operational Guides PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Fire Engineering Books
ISBN 13 : 1593702590
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (937 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fireground Operational Guides by : Frank Viscuso

Download or read book Fireground Operational Guides written by Frank Viscuso and published by Fire Engineering Books. This book was released on 2011 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important new book is designed to serve many purposes in the fire service, ranging from being a starting point and refresher guide for firefighters seeking promotions at any level, to being a field operational guide for on-scene Incident Commanders and Company Officers. It offers an easy-to-follow, step-by-step action plan for firefighters working in Acting Capacities, and can be used when developing SOPís, and when organizing and planning training evolutions. Itís definitely a book every firefighter, officer, and aspiring officer will want to own!

Federal Wildland Fire Management

Download Federal Wildland Fire Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0788146793
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (881 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Federal Wildland Fire Management by : DIANE Publishing Company

Download or read book Federal Wildland Fire Management written by DIANE Publishing Company and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1997-08 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing wildland fire in the U.S. is a challenge increasing in complexity & magnitude. The goals & actions presented in this report encourage a proactive approach to wildland fire to reduce its threat. Five major topic areas on the subject are addressed: the role of wildland fire in resource management; the use of wildland fire; preparedness & suppression; wildland/urban interface protection; & coordinated program management. Also presented are the guiding principle that are fundamental to wildland fire management & recommendations for fire management policies. Photos, graphs, & references.

2014 Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide PMS 210 (Formerly Fireline Handbook PMS 410) - Firefighting Safety, Initial and Extended Attack, Pumps, Foam, Fireline Explosives, Tankers

Download 2014 Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide PMS 210 (Formerly Fireline Handbook PMS 410) - Firefighting Safety, Initial and Extended Attack, Pumps, Foam, Fireline Explosives, Tankers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781549512643
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (126 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 2014 Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide PMS 210 (Formerly Fireline Handbook PMS 410) - Firefighting Safety, Initial and Extended Attack, Pumps, Foam, Fireline Explosives, Tankers by : National Wildfire Coordinating Group

Download or read book 2014 Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide PMS 210 (Formerly Fireline Handbook PMS 410) - Firefighting Safety, Initial and Extended Attack, Pumps, Foam, Fireline Explosives, Tankers written by National Wildfire Coordinating Group and published by . This book was released on 2017-08-16 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide states, references, or supplements wildland fire incident management and operational standards established by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG). The Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide is a revision of what used to be called the Fireline Handbook, PMS 410-1. This guide has been renamed because, over time, the original purpose of the Fireline Handbook had been replaced by the Incident Response Pocket Guide, PMS 461. As a result, this new guide is aimed at a different audience, and it was felt a new name was in order. CHAPTER 1 - FIREFIGHTING SAFETY * Risk Management * Tenets of a High Reliability Organization * Wildland Fire Safety Culture * Wildland Fire Safety Principles * Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment * Fatigue - Work and Rest * Nutrition and Hydration * Driving Limitations * Smoke Impairment of Roads: Assessment and Response * Carbon Monoxide Poisoning * Injury and Fatality Procedures * Serious Injury * Fatality * Burn Injury Procedures * Night Operations * Personnel Transportation * Firing Equipment * Chain Saws * Incident-Generated Hazmat * Media Access Guidelines * General Policy * Guidelines * Safety Responsibilities of Wildland Fire Supervisors * General Responsibilities * CHAPTER 2 - OPERATIONAL GUIDES * Initial Attack * Definition of Initial Attack * Characteristics of an Initial Attack Incident (Type 4 And Type 5 Incidents) * Example of Initial Attack Organization (Type 4 Incident) * Duties of an Initial Attack Incident Commander * Assessing Incident Progress * Updating Incident Status * Fire Suppression Strategies * Initial Attack Safety Checklist * Extended Attack * Definition of Extended Attack * Characteristics of an Extended Attack Incident * Example of an Extended Attack Organization * Change From an Initial Attack Incident to an Extended Attack Incident * Control or Transfer to Type 2 Incident * Extended Attack Safety Checklist * Large Fire Management Teams * Type 2 Organization * Type 1 Organization * Organization Chart for Type 1 and Type 2 Incidents * Area Command * Unified Command * Transfer of Command * Incident Commander Briefing * Incident Commander's Checklist * Agency Administrator(s)' Responsibility for the Transfer of Command and Release of Incident Management Teams * Transfer of Authority * Agency Administrator Briefing * Release of an Incident Management Team * Urban Interface * Wildland/Urban Interface "Watch Out" Situations * Identification of Reduced-Risk Structures and Communities * Structure Triage Guidelines * Structure Assessment Checklist (if Time Permits) * Structure Protection Guidelines * CHAPTER 3 - POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES * Command and General Staff * Organization Chart * Position Checklists * Operations * Organization Chart * Position Checklists * Air Operations * Position Checklists * Helispot Location and Construction * Principles of Retardant Application * Planning * Organization Chart * Position Checklists * Planning Process * Demobilization * Logistics * Organization Chart * Position Checklists * Logistics Guidelines * Factors to Consider When Locating and Laying Out an Incident Base or Camp * Finance/Administration * Organization Chart * Position Checklists * CHAPTER 4 - REFERENCE * Portable Pumps and Hydraulics * Formula for Determining Pump Pressure * Reminders for Using Portable Pumps and Hose Lays * Drafting Guidelines * Expected Output of Commonly Used Portable Pumps at Sea Level * General Rules for Fireline Hydraulics * Friction Loss by Hose Size and Type * Pump Pressures for 50-psi Nozzle Pressure * Pump Pressures for 50-psi Nozzle Pressure * Foam * Foam Use * Foam Mixture Rates * Foam for Direct Attack * Foam for Indirect Attack * Foam for Mop Up * Foam for Exposure Protection * Foam Safety * Use of Fireline Explosives * Advantages * Disadvantages * Hazmat Checklist for Incident Base Management * Use of Inmate Crews

The Feasibility of Using a Garden-type Soaker Hose to Contain Wildland Fire

Download The Feasibility of Using a Garden-type Soaker Hose to Contain Wildland Fire PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (73 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Feasibility of Using a Garden-type Soaker Hose to Contain Wildland Fire by : Surat Kanjanakunchorn

Download or read book The Feasibility of Using a Garden-type Soaker Hose to Contain Wildland Fire written by Surat Kanjanakunchorn and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Wildland Fire Incident Management Guide (2014)

Download Wildland Fire Incident Management Guide (2014) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781495497551
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (975 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Wildland Fire Incident Management Guide (2014) by : National Wildfire Coordinating Group

Download or read book Wildland Fire Incident Management Guide (2014) written by National Wildfire Coordinating Group and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-02-03 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are you ready for the 2014 Wildland Fire Season? The 2014 season may be one of the worst on record. Prepare yourself now with the Wildland Fire Incident Management Guide. It is an essential tool for all firefighting personnel. Topics include: FIREFIGHTING SAFETY Risk Management Wildland Fire Safety Culture and Principles Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment Fatigue, Nutrition, and Hydration Driving Limitations Smoke Impairment of Roads: Assessment and Response Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Injury and Fatality Procedures Burn Injury Procedures Night Operations Firing Equipment Chain Saws Incident-Generated Hazmat Media Access Guidelines: General Policy and Guidelines Safety Responsibilities of Wildland Fire Supervisors OPERATIONAL GUIDES Initial Attack Duties of an Initial Attack Incident Commander Fire Suppression Strategies Initial Attack Safety Checklist Extended Attack Characteristics of an Extended Attack Incident Extended Attack Safety Checklist Large Fire Management Teams Area Command, Unified Command, and Transfer of Command Incident Commander Briefing Incident Commander's Checklist Urban Interface Wildland/Urban Interface "Watch Out" Situations Structure Triage Guidelines Structure Assessment Checklist and Structure Protection Guidelines POSITION RESPONSIBILITIES Command and General Staff, Operations, Air Operations, Planning, Logistics, Finance and Administration, and Demobilization Organization Chart Position Checklists Planning Planning Process Factors to Consider When Locating and Laying Out an Incident Base or Camp REFERENCE Portable Pumps and Hydraulics Formula for Determining Pump Pressure Reminders for Using Portable Pumps and Hose Lays Drafting Guidelines Expected Output of Commonly Used Portable Pumps at Sea Level General Rules for Fireline Hydraulics Friction Loss by Hose Size and Type Foam-Foam Use, Foam Mixture Rates, Foam for Direct Attack, Foam for Indirect Attack, Foam for Mop Up, Foam for Exposure Protection, and Foam Safety Advantages and Disadvantages of Fireline Explosives Hazmat Checklist for Incident Base Management Use of Inmate Crews Interagency Crew Qualifications and Equipment Standards Minimum Crew Standards for National Mobilization Engine and Water Tender Typing (Minimum Requirements) Common Additional Needs for Engines and Tenders Air Tankers Helicopters CLEAR TEXT GUIDES ICS Map Display Symbols Conversion Factors for Map Scale Formula for Area and Circumference of a Circle Acreage Determination Factors Conversion Factors Incident Command System Forms Resource Status Card Distances and Formulas for Estimating Fire Size What the Color and Column of Smoke May Mean Fire Suppression Interpretations from Flame Length Wildland Fire Risk and Complexity Assessment Indicators of Incident Complexity

Fire Service Ethics

Download Fire Service Ethics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN 13 : 1284171655
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (841 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fire Service Ethics by : H. Scott Walker

Download or read book Fire Service Ethics written by H. Scott Walker and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2018-11-14 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fire Service Ethics is the first textbook specifically developed to help fire service personnel deal with ethical dilemmas. Firefighters and fire service leaders will find benefit from this important tool to aid them in dealing with complex issues. No other profession places such discretionary burden on its practitioners as the fire service. The military, law enforcement, the medical profession, and legal profession all provide a robust set of ethical policies and guidelines to their members. Fire Service Ethics provides the foundation for creating ethical boundaries. Fire Service Ethics meets and exceeds the course outcomes and course objectives for the National Fire Academy FESHE Model Curriculum Bachelor's (Non-Core) course called Fire Service Ethics (C0303). It is also well suited for fire officer and administration development programs. Section 1 of the book is entitled Foundations. Its four chapters are intended to provide the reader with the basic understanding of ethics necessary to master the material in the succeeding three sections. Chapter 1 is recommended for all readers, as it addresses the important questions of ethical relevance to the fire service. Chapters 2, 3 & 4 are grounded in academic approaches to ethics and are specifically intended to be used in college courses. The material within the sections encourages critical analysis of ethical systems, and understanding of the basics of human behavior. Section 2 of the book is entitled Ethics on The Line. Its chapters address issues directly related to rank-and-file firefighters, and company officers. The section also deals with diversity; first as an abstract concept, and then as it applies specifically to the fire service. Section 2 is intended to serve dual purposes. First, it is designed to be included in an academic curriculum aimed at future firefighters. Secondly, Section 2 - combined with Section 4 - encompasses the majority of material appropriate for inclusion in fire service training programs. Section 3 of the text is dedicated to Administrative Ethics. The chapters within the section explore ethics issues faced by fire chiefs and senior administrative personnel. Included within the section are chapters on the building and maintenance of an ethical work culture, the ethical responsibilities associated with administration, and finally, ethics laws. Section 3 - combined with Sections 1 and 4 - is especially appropriate for officer development programs and collegiate programs in fire administration. Section 4 of the book is entitled Applied Ethics. The three chapters within the section deal with the application of ethics on the personal and department level. Included within the section are chapters on ethical decision-making, mechanisms by which unethical behavior is engaged, and a review of current ethical issues affecting local fire departments. Section 4 is universal in its application and should be used in all collegiate programs, as well as in firefighter and fire