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Author : Kristina Alexander
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)
Download or read book Whales and Sonar written by Kristina Alexander and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report discusses litigation regarding the use of mid-frequency active sonar training exercises and its effects on marine mammals.
Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437929613
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)
Download or read book Whales and Sonar: Environmental Exemptions for the Navy’s Mid-Frequence Active Sonar Training written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Whales and Sonar written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Actions by the federal government, including the military, require the agency to consult with either the Secretary of Commerce or the Secretary of the Interior to ensure that the project is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened species or result in destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.18. [...] An exemption from the CZMA is provided within the law, giving the President the right to excuse a federal agency from complying with a state CMP if the action is in the paramount interest of the United States. [...] No such exemption shall be granted on the basis of a lack of appropriations unless the President has specifically requested such appropriations as part of the budgetary process, and the Congress has failed to make available the requested appropriations.24 After a court has ruled an action conflicts with a state's CMP, the President may find that the action is of paramount interest to the nation, a [...] The defendants include the Secretary of the Navy and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) of the Department of Commerce. [...] The case was remanded to the district court, with instructions from the Ninth Circuit that the injunction should be fitted to the circumstances.
Download or read book Environmental Exemptions for the Navy's Mid-frequency Active Sonar Training Program written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mid-frequency active (MFA) sonar emits pulses of sound from an underwater transmitter to help determine the size, distance, and speed of objects. The sound waves bounce off objects and reflect back to underwater acoustic receivers as an echo. MFA sonar has been used since World War II, and the Navy finds it the only reliable way to track submarines, especially more recently designed submarines that operate more quietly, making them more difficult to detect. Scientists have found that sonar may harm certain marine mammals under certain conditions, especially beaked whales. Depending on the exposure, the sonar may damage the ears of the mammals, causing hemorrhaging and/or disorientation. The Navy agrees that the sonar may harm some marine mammals, but says it has taken protective measures so that animals are not harmed. MFA testing must comply with a variety of environmental laws, unless an exemption is granted by the appropriate authority. Marine mammals are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and some under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The training program must also comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and in some cases the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA). Each of these laws has provisions where a federal action may be exempted from compliance. The Navy has invoked all of the exemptions to continue its sonar training exercises.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Environmental Exemptions for the Navy's Mid-Frequency Active Sonar Training Program written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Supreme Court did not consider the merits of the action-meaning it did not evaluate whether the Navy had met all of its environmental obligations in preparing for the training-but it held that the Navy could not be enjoined from training in this case based on the evidence of merely the possibility of harming marine life.1 This report will discuss that litigation. [...] The law provides that species may be killed or harmed without penalty if the injury is incidental to a lawful purpose and certain procedures are followed.17 Actions by the federal government, including the military, require the agency to consult with either the Secretary of Commerce or the Secretary of the Interior to ensure that the project is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a [...] An exemption from the CZMA is provided within the law, giving the President the right to excuse a federal agency from complying with a state CMP if the action is in the paramount interest of the United States. [...] Legal challenges to the use of low-frequency sonar were brought before the District Court for the Northern District of California, but were settled by the Navy in 2008.26 The challenges to the use of MFA sonar began in the District Court for the Central District of California. [...] The defendants include the Secretary of the Navy and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) of the Department of Commerce.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 908 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)
Download or read book Atlantic Fleet Active Sonar Training written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 908 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deployment of active sonar by the U.S. Navy and its potential impacts on marine mammals has been an ongoing issue of intense debate; regulatory, legislative, and judicial activity; and international concern. Some peacetime use of military sonar has been regulated under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and other statutes due to concerns that active military sonars are operated at frequencies used by some cetaceans (i.e., whales, porpoises, and dolphins), and their highintensity sound pulses may travel long distances in the ocean. There is also concern that sonar transmissions of sufficiently high intensity might physically damage the hearing in cetaceans or cause them to modify their behavior in ways that are detrimental. Although mid-frequency sonar has been implicated in several beaked whale strandings, there is scientific uncertainty surrounding the totality of the effects active sonar transmissions may have on marine mammals. This report summarizes legal and political events related to active sonar and marine mammals since 1994. Prior to the late 1990s, concerns focused primarily on the use of underwater sound as a research tool. While strandings and mortality of marine mammals, primarily beaked whales, have been observed in concurrence with mid-frequency sonar operation, additional controversy has focused on the development of low-frequency active (LFA) sonar. Environmental interests are concerned with LFA sonar because low-frequency sound travels farther than midfrequency sound and is closer in frequency to those known to be used by baleen whales. Additional questions involve how to balance obligations of the military to comply with MMPA provisions (as well as provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act and the Endangered Species Act) with national security concerns. In 2003, Congress passed P.L. 108-136, wherein §319 amended the MMPA to authorize exemptions from restrictions on harassing and otherwise taking marine mammals for "national defense." Generally speaking, concern about the environmental effects of ocean noise is now principally focused on three activities -- military sonar exercises, oil and gas exploration, and commercial shipping. This report summarizes some of the more significant recent events pertaining to active military sonar, in particular.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 14 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (66 download)
Download or read book Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deployment of active sonar by the U.S. Navy and its potential impacts on marine mammals has been an ongoing issue of intense debate; regulatory, legislative, and judicial activity; and international concern. Some peacetime use of military sonar has been regulated under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and other statutes due to concerns that active military sonars are operated at frequencies used by some cetaceans (i.e., whales, porpoises, and dolphins), and their high-intensity sound pulses may travel long distances in the ocean. There is also concern that sonar transmissions of sufficiently high intensity might physically damage the hearing in cetaceans or cause them to modify their behavior in ways that are detrimental. Although mid-frequency sonar has been implicated in several beaked whale strandings, there is scientific uncertainty surrounding the totality of the effects active sonar transmissions may have on marine mammals. This report summarizes legal and political events related to active sonar and marine mammals since 1994. Prior to the late 1990s, concerns focused primarily on the use of underwater sound as a research tool. While strandings and mortality of marine mammals, primarily beaked whales, have been observed in concurrence with mid-frequency sonar operation, additional controversy has focused on the development of low-frequency active (LFA) sonar. Environmental interests are concerned with LFA sonar because low-frequency sound travels farther than mid-frequency sound and is closer in frequency to those known to be used by baleen whales. Additional questions involve how to balance obligations of the military to comply with MMPA provisions (as well as provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act and the Endangered Species Act) with national security concerns. Generally speaking, concern about the environmental effects of ocean noise is now principally focused on three activities -- military sonar exercises, oil and gas exploration, and commercial shipping. This report summarizes some of the more significant recent events pertaining to active military sonar, in particular.
Author : Meegan Brianna Corcoran
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 55 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)
Download or read book U.S. Navy Sonar and Marine Mammals written by Meegan Brianna Corcoran and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National security and environmental health have been at odds in America for decades. An example is the competing interests regarding Navy active sonar and marine mammal impacts. Navy sonar is essential for submarine detection, identification, and tracking. However, active sonar has been correlated to behavioral changes, deafness, hemorrhaging, stranding and death of marine mammals throughout the oceans. The U.S. Navy is currently proposing to increase active sonar testing and training off the Pacific Northwest coast in a range complex known as the Northwest Testing and Training (NWTT) Study Area. The Navy presently employs several marine mammal mitigation measure in order to limit negative impacts. However, additional mitigation measures exist that the Navy may utilize to further decrease harm. I have developed and evaluated five additional measures which support national security and environmental health. It is imperative the Navy assesses alternative mitigation measures that increase environmental protection while maintaining readiness standards.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)
Download or read book Naval Law Review written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Randall Abate
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0199368740
Total Pages : 748 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)
Download or read book Climate Change Impacts on Ocean and Coastal Law written by Randall Abate and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean and coastal law has grown rapidly in the past three decades as a specialty area within natural resources law and environmental law. The protection of oceans has received increased attention in the past decade because of sea-level rise, ocean acidification, the global overfishing crisis, widespread depletion of marine biodiversity such as marine mammals and coral reefs, and marine pollution. Paralleling the growth of ocean and coastal law, climate change regulation has emerged as a focus of international environmental diplomacy, and has gained increased attention in the wake of disturbing and abrupt climate change related impacts throughout the world that have profound implications for ocean and coastal regulation and marine resources. Climate Change Impacts on Ocean and Coastal Law effectively unites these two worlds. It raises important questions about whether and how ocean and coastal law will respond to the regulatory challenges that climate change presents to resources in the oceans and coasts of the U.S. and the world. This comprehensive work assembles the insights of global experts from academia and major NGOs (e.g., Center for International Environmental Law, Ocean Conservancy, and Environmental Law Institute) to address regulatory challenges from the perspectives of U.S. law, foreign domestic law, and international law.
Author : The Law Library
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781793347633
Total Pages : 74 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (476 download)
Download or read book Taking and Importing Marine Mammals - U.S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet Active Sonar Training (Afast) (Us National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Reg written by The Law Library and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-01-07 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Law Library presents the complete text of the Taking and Importing Marine Mammals - U.S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet Active Sonar Training (AFAST) (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (NOAA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 NMFS, upon application from the U.S. Navy (Navy), is issuing regulations to govern the unintentional taking of marine mammals incidental to activities conducted off the U.S. Atlantic Coast and in the Gulf of Mexico for the period of January 2009 through January 2014. The Navy's activities are considered military readiness activities pursuant to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), as amended by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (NDAA). These regulations, which allow for the issuance of "Letters of Authorization" (LOAs) for the incidental take of marine mammals during the described activities and specified timeframes, prescribe the permissible methods of taking and other means of affecting the least practicable adverse impact on marine mammal species and their habitat, as well as requirements pertaining to the monitoring and reporting of such taking. This ebook contains: - The complete text of the Taking and Importing Marine Mammals - U.S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet Active Sonar Training (AFAST) (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (NOAA) (2018 Edition) - A dynamic table of content linking to each section - A table of contents in introduction presenting a general overview of the structure
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 7 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (713 download)
Download or read book Automatic Detection of Beaked Whales from Acoustic Seagliders written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Navy's use of tactical mid-frequency active sonar has been linked to marine mammal strandings and fatalities [Evans and England, 2001]. These events have generated legal challenges to the Navy's peacetime use of mid-frequency sonar, and have limited the Navy's at-sea anti-submarine warfare training time. Beaked whales may be particularly sensitive to mid-frequency sonar. A mobile, persistent surveillance system that could detect, classify and localize beaked whales will help resolve the conflict between the Navy's need for realistic training of mid-frequency sonar operators and the Navy's desire to protect marine mammal populations worldwide. Underwater gliders equipped with appropriate acoustic sensors, processing, and detection systems may offer a partial solution to the problem. The Acoustic Seaglider (ASG) from the Applied Physics Laboratory of the University of Washington (APL-UW) is one such platform. An ASG can travel about 20 km/day through the water for a period of weeks to months, dive from the surface to 1000 m and back in a few hours, and use two-way satellite (Iridium) telemetry for data and command transfer. This makes it potentially highly useful for the long-term goal of this project, mitigating impacts of Navy operations on marine mammals.
Author : Paul Midford
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031519892
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (315 download)
Download or read book Navigating East Asian Maritime Conflicts written by Paul Midford and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “This volume brings together leading experts to examine the potentials for maritime conflict and cooperation in a region where geopolitical rivalries are intensifying. I highly recommend it to scholars, practitioners, and students alike.” —Miranda A. Schreurs, Professor, Technical University of Munich. “With an original approach to maritime conflicts that focuses on the effects of technological and environmental change, this is a must-read for anyone interested in East Asian peace and security!” — Stein Tønnesson, Research Professor Emeritus, Peace Research Institute Oslo “A crucial read for anyone interested in understanding the complexities of maritime conflicts in East Asia and their broader global implications.” —Yurika Ishii, Associate Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan “The volume offers multi-disciplinary perspectives that reach across disciplinary boundaries and connect perspectivesfrom natural sciences and engineering to social sciences and policy.” —Clive Schofield, Professor, University of Wollongong, Australia As technological development and diffusion have greatly increased the resources states can recover from maritime space, the stakes of these conflicts have grown. Nowhere is this clearer than in East Asia. This book examines how technological change and diffusion impact East Asian maritime conflicts, and approaches for conflict management and resolution. Paul Midford is Professor of Political Science, Meiji Gakuin University, Japan. Jennifer L. Bailey is Professor of Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. Katja Levy is Associate Professor of Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. Espen Moe is Professor of Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 698 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)
Download or read book Hawaii Range Complex written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : John H. Adams
Publisher : Chronicle Books
ISBN 13 : 0811878759
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (118 download)
Download or read book A Force for Nature written by John H. Adams and published by Chronicle Books. This book was released on 2010-07-01 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pioneering environmental activist recounts his decades-long fight for our planet through the NDRC—with a foreword by Robert Redford. In 1970, John H. Adams was fed up with the levels of pollution in New York City. How could he raise children in a place where layers of soot covered the windows? Working as a lawyer for the U.S. Attorney’s office, he and fellow lawyers teamed up to form Natural Resources Defense Council, a grassroots environmental advocacy group. Over the years, NDRC has grown into an international powerhouse with 1.2 million members and a staff of scientists and lawyers whose mission is to safeguard the planet. This inspiring memoir tells the story of the NRDC and the environmental movement it sparked.
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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 9 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (713 download)
Download or read book Monitoring Beaked Whale Movements During Submarine Commanders Course Using Satellite Telemetry Tags written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project is focused on the effects of mid-frequency active sonar and, in particular, the effects of the 53C sonar used by the U.S. Navy on deep-diving odontocetes. In response to this concern, satellite telemetry is being used to do the following: (1) monitor the movements of beaked whales and other odontocete cetacean species on the U.S. Navy's Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) range before, during, and after sonar exercises; and (2) to study the movement patterns of odontocetes more widely in the canyons of the northern Bahamas to obtain baseline data on the movement patterns of species that may be encountered on the AUTEC range. The primary goal of the project is to measure the potential effects of military operations using mid-frequency active sonar on the movements of beaked whales. The specific objectives are as follows: (1) to deploy satellite telemetry tags before the May 2009 Submarine Commanders Course (SCC) to track the movements of beaked whales before, during, and after the SCC and compare movement patterns with and without the presence of MFA tactical sonars; (2) to photo-identify individuals within each beaked whale group to match to an existing catalogue and assess their age and sex classes to determine if movement differs by individual, age, or sex class and to aid in resighting of tagged animals post-tagging (as a future separate effort); and (3) to obtain biopsy samples from beaked whales using remote sampling techniques to contribute towards a study of their population structuring, and to examine possible genetic covariates for movement patterns. Secondary objectives are to deploy satellite tags, collect biopsy samples, and photo-identify non-beaked whale species, including sperm whales, pilot whales, false killer whales, and melon-headed whales.
