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Weld Metal Hydrogen Cracking Behaviour Microstructure And Hardness Of Mma Welded 9cr 1mo Steels
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Book Synopsis Weld metal hydrogen cracking behaviour, microstructure and hardness of MMA welded 9%Cr-1%Mo steels by : R. Panton-Kent
Download or read book Weld metal hydrogen cracking behaviour, microstructure and hardness of MMA welded 9%Cr-1%Mo steels written by R. Panton-Kent and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Welding Steels Without Hydrogen Cracking by : Norman Bailey
Download or read book Welding Steels Without Hydrogen Cracking written by Norman Bailey and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 1993-08-03 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide to avoiding hydrogen cracking which serves as an essential problem-solver for anyone involved in the welding of ferritic steels. The authors provide a lucid and thorough explanation of the theoretical background to the subject but the main emphasis throughout is firmly on practice.
Book Synopsis Weld Cracking in Ferrous Alloys by : R Singh
Download or read book Weld Cracking in Ferrous Alloys written by R Singh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-12-12 with total page 581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Weld cracks are unacceptable defects that can compromise the integrity of welded structures. Weld cracking can lead to structural failures which at best will require remedial action and at worst can lead to loss of life. Weld cracking in ferrous alloys reviews the latest developments in the design, evaluation, prevention and repair of weld cracks. Part one reviews the fundamentals as well as recent advances in the areas of welding technology, design and material selection for preventing weld cracking. Part two analyses weld crack behaviour, evaluation and repair of cracking/cracked welds. The book benefits from an extensive and robust chapter on the topic of NDE and quality control that was contributed by one of the most respected non-destructive evaluation and development groups in the world. Part three covers environment assisted weld cracking. With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Weld cracking in ferrous alloys is a valuable source of reference for all those concerned with improving the quality of welding and welded components. In the planning and development of this book, particular care has been taken to make the chapters suitable for people from other disciplines who need to understand weld cracking and failure. Reviews the latest developments in the design, evaluation, prevention and repair of weld cracks Assesses recent advances in welding technology, design and material selection Analyses weld crack behaviour, evaluation and repair including environment assisted weld cracking
Book Synopsis On the Relationship Between Microstructure Mechanical Properties and Weld Metal Hydrogen Assisted Cold Cracking by : Walter L. Costin
Download or read book On the Relationship Between Microstructure Mechanical Properties and Weld Metal Hydrogen Assisted Cold Cracking written by Walter L. Costin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen introduced during shielded metal arc welding with cellulosic welding consumables can severely degrade the fracture resistance of the deposited weld metal and promote Weld Metal Hydrogen Assisted Cold Cracking (WM HACC), which is a particular type of weld defect with distinctive characteristics. Failure typically occurs after the deposited weld has cooled down to temperatures below 200°C and can initiate within minutes to even days after welding. Due to its time-delayed nature the onset of WM HACC may be undetected and can result in catastrophic failure. Many important properties of weld metal such as strength, toughness and the resistance to WM HACC are a function of its microstructure, comprised of diverse constituents with characteristic features and different mechanical properties, which co-exist and interact at the smallest microstructural dimensions. Hence, conventional test methods used to determine the bulk material's properties are not suitable to evaluate the intrinsic properties of its individual microstructural constituents. Because of these experimental limitations, there is a lack of understanding of microstructural aspects that control the mechanical properties and the resistance to HACC at the micro-scale. Therefore, a major objective of the current work was to address these limitations by employing advanced characterisation and micro-mechanical testing techniques to evaluate the fundamental link between microstructure, mechanical properties and HACC susceptibility for individual weld metal microstructural constituents.
Book Synopsis EUROMAT 91: Advanced structural materials by : T. W. Clyne
Download or read book EUROMAT 91: Advanced structural materials written by T. W. Clyne and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds II by : Thomas Böllinghaus
Download or read book Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds II written by Thomas Böllinghaus and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-07 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Failure of welded components can occur during service as well as during fabrication. Most common, analyses of the resistance of welded components against failure are targeted at crack avoidance. Such evaluations are increasingly carried out by modern weldability studies, i. e. considering interactions between the selected base and filler materials, structural design and welding process. Such weldability investigations are particularly targeted to prevent hot cracking, as one of the most common cracking phenomena occurring during weld fabrication. To provide an international information and discussion platform to combat hot cracking, an international workshop on Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds has been created, based on an initiative of the Institute for Materials and Joining Technology at the Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg and the Division V. 5 – Safety of Joined Components at the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) in Berlin, Germany. The first workshop was organized in Berlin under the topics mechanisms and phenomena, metallurgy and materials, modelling and simulations as well as testing and standardization. It consisted of 20 individual contributions from eight countries, which were compiled in a book that found a very ready market, not only in the welding community. As a consequence of increasing interest, it has been decided to establish the Workshop on Hot Cracking Phenomena in Welds as a regular event every three years embedded in the International Institute of Welding (IIW). Attached to the IIW Commission IX and II Spring intermediate meetings, the second workshop was organized in March 2007.
Book Synopsis Effect of Microstructure on Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in Dissimilar Welds of Low Alloy Steel Pipes Joined with Nickel Based Filler Metals by : Ryan Buntain
Download or read book Effect of Microstructure on Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in Dissimilar Welds of Low Alloy Steel Pipes Joined with Nickel Based Filler Metals written by Ryan Buntain and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research investigated the HAC susceptibility of LAS butter welds joined to F65 steel pipes using nickel based Alloy 625 filler wire in the as-welded condition. Four different weld mock ups were investigated in this work. Each of the weld mock ups utilized slightly different closure welding procedures. Metallurgical characterization along with environmental testing using the Delayed Hydrogen Cracking Test (DHCT) was used to investigate the hydrogen assisted cracking behavior of the different interfaces.
Book Synopsis Parsons 2000 Advanced Materials for 21st Century Turbines and Power Plant by : A. Strang
Download or read book Parsons 2000 Advanced Materials for 21st Century Turbines and Power Plant written by A. Strang and published by Maney Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 1194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Economic Avoidance of Weld Metal Hydrogen Cracking when Welding C-Mn Steels by :
Download or read book Economic Avoidance of Weld Metal Hydrogen Cracking when Welding C-Mn Steels written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Economic Avoidance of Weld Metal Hydrogen Cracking when Welding C-Mn Steels by : D.J. Abson
Download or read book Economic Avoidance of Weld Metal Hydrogen Cracking when Welding C-Mn Steels written by D.J. Abson and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Recovery of Boron and Weld Metal and Its Effects on Steel Weld Metal Hardness and Microstructure by : Atchyut Prasad Venumbaka Reddy
Download or read book Recovery of Boron and Weld Metal and Its Effects on Steel Weld Metal Hardness and Microstructure written by Atchyut Prasad Venumbaka Reddy and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Predictive model for the prevention of weld metal hydrogen cracking in high-strength multipass welds by : Pekka Nevasmaa
Download or read book Predictive model for the prevention of weld metal hydrogen cracking in high-strength multipass welds written by Pekka Nevasmaa and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evaluation and Prediction of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking of Dissimilar Metal Welds by : James R. Rule
Download or read book Evaluation and Prediction of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking of Dissimilar Metal Welds written by James R. Rule and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work builds upon the previous research regarding hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) of low alloy steel to nickel-base filler dissimilar metal welds (DMWs). In particular, this work is focused on DMWs commonly experienced in offshore oil and gas production systems in subsea use. The HAC tendency of these welds has been attributed to formation of susceptible microstructures at the fusion boundary during welding. As such, a post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) is utilized to temper these microstructures as well as relieve residual stresses. However, these microstructures can persist even after PWHT due to the steep compositional gradient driving migration of carbon from the base metal toward the fusion boundary and into the partially mixed zone (PMxZ) of the weld. The degree to which this migration occurs is a function of materials selection (base metal and filler metal) as well as weld and PWHT procedure. Due to this phenomenon, there is a balance that must be found to provide tempering of the susceptible microstructures that form during welding and limiting the formation of new susceptible microstructures during PWHT. Previous research has established a test method in the form of the delayed hydrogen cracking test (DHCT) which can delineate the effects of materials combination, weld procedure, and PWHT on HAC of DMWs. This test's qualitative ranking of susceptibility agreed well with industry experience. The current study worked towards refining the test methodology investigating the effects of test parameter influence on realized results. Of the investigated variables, it was found that how the test samples are coated is of primary importance where a consistently exposed fusion boundary scheme providing the most repeatable result in test. Additionally, a comparison was made between the test hydrogen charging condition which uses a dilute acid and constant current density of 10mA/cm2 and the service environment which is seawater with a constant potential (-850 to -1100mVAgIAgCl). Through this comparison it was understood that the dilute acid is indeed an accelerated charging environment where the level of acceleration scales with nascent hydrogen concentration differences as indicated by pH and charging current density differences with the dilute acid providing roughly a 1000x acceleration factor. Further work focused on establishing a pass/fail criterion which would transform the DHCT method from qualitative to quantitative. This was done by measuring the diffusible hydrogen content of each DMW at various charging times to find the saturation time. This diffusible hydrogen saturation time was then compared with DHCT results from previous and current work to show that samples which sustain load beyond saturation do not fail due to HAC. This methodology proved successful for sound welds without prior defects and correlated well with service experience. The final focus of the work related to modeling and prediction of DMW microstructures towards predicting HAC susceptibility. The modeling involved thermodynamic and kinetic simulations to model the diffusion of alloying elements both during weld and PWHT thermal cycles. The model was validated using quantitative measurements of the composition through electron probe microanalysis as well as through hardness and microstructural evaluation. The results were correlated with HAC experience to provide a microstructural/character map to facilitate identifying trends which led to susceptibility. The findings confirmed previous research showing fresh martensite to be the main driver for behavior followed by precipitation of M7C3 carbides. This model was applied to a previously untested DMW to predict the microstructure and gauge the relative HAC susceptibility. The predictions proved to be accurate and aligned with both microstructure and HAC susceptibility. The framework of the model can be used as an engineering tool early in the design stage for materials selection and weld procedure development. The final focus of the work related to modeling and prediction of DMW microstructures towards predicting HAC susceptibility. The modeling involved thermodynamic and kinetic simulations to model the diffusion of alloying elements both during weld and PWHT thermal cycles. The model was validated using quantitative measurements of the composition through electron probe microanalysis as well as through hardness and microstructural evaluation. The results were correlated with HAC experience to provide a microstructural/character map to facilitate identifying trends which led to susceptibility. The findings confirmed previous research showing fresh martensite to be the main driver for behavior followed by precipitation of M7C3 carbides. This model was applied to a previously untested DMW to predict the microstructure and gauge the relative HAC susceptibility. The predictions proved to be accurate and aligned with both microstructure and HAC susceptibility. The framework of the model can be used as an engineering tool early in the design stage for materials selection and weld procedure development.
Book Synopsis Weld Metal Hydrogen Cracking During Welding 450 N/mm2 Yield Strength Steel Using Tubular Cored Electrodes by : A. J. Kinsey
Download or read book Weld Metal Hydrogen Cracking During Welding 450 N/mm2 Yield Strength Steel Using Tubular Cored Electrodes written by A. J. Kinsey and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Relationship of Weld Metal Hardness, Residual Stress and Susceptibility to Stress-corrosion Cracking in a Hydrogen Sulphide Environment in A 516 GR 70 Carbon Steel Shielded Metal-arc Welded Joints by : Deon Johan De Beer
Download or read book The Relationship of Weld Metal Hardness, Residual Stress and Susceptibility to Stress-corrosion Cracking in a Hydrogen Sulphide Environment in A 516 GR 70 Carbon Steel Shielded Metal-arc Welded Joints written by Deon Johan De Beer and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the petrochemical industry, carbon steels exposed to H2S environments may be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking. A tensile residual stress and high hardness increases the risk of cracking in H2S environments. NACE SP 0472 limits weld metal hardness to 210 HV10 (200 HB) and heat-affected zone hardness to 250 HV10 to prevent stress-corrosion cracking of carbon steel welds in H2S. The hardness is controlled by the weld thermal cycle or by a post-weld heat treatment. In this project, the effect of hardness on the susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking was investigated by increasing electrode strength systematically and measuring residual stress in the weld metal in the as-welded state. Samples were manufactured from SA 516 Gr 70, a carbon steel used extensively in the petrochemical industry. Heavily clamped plates were welded to minimise distortion and to maximise residual stress. The weld metal hardness was increased by using E6013, E7018-1, E8018-B2 and E9018-B3 electrodes without a post-weld heat treatment. Mechanical tests included all-weld and transverse tensile tests, impact strength and hardness testing. As the nominal strength of the weld metal increased, the all-weld tensile strength increased from 512 to 829 MPa, while the yield strength increased from 443 to 659 MPa. The average weld metal hardness increased from 177 to 317 HV10. The transverse tensile strength was between 511-517 MPa, while the yield strength (in the transverse direction) was between 360 and 382 MPa. Residual stresses of the welded joint were measured by neutron diffraction in the through-thickness, longitudinal and transverse direction. The Von Mises theorem evaluated the principle residual stress. Results indicate that the residual stress in the weld metal may be up to 99% of the yield strength. For stress-corrosion cracking, the samples were submerged in the standard TM0177-2005 test solution for 30 days. The only sample to crack was the E9018, with an average weld metal hardness of 317 HV10. The study results were consistent with the NACE SP0472 specification and earlier publications.
Book Synopsis Hydrogen Assisted Crack in Dissimilar Metal Welds for Subsea Service Under Cathodic Protection by : Desmond Bourgeois
Download or read book Hydrogen Assisted Crack in Dissimilar Metal Welds for Subsea Service Under Cathodic Protection written by Desmond Bourgeois and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) are routinely used in the oil and gas industries for structural joining of high strength steels in order to eliminate the need for post weld heat treatment (PWHT) after field welding. There have been reported catastrophic failures in these DMWs, particularly the AISI 8630 steel - Alloy 625 DMW combination, during subsea service while under cathodic protection (CP). This is due to local embrittlement that occurs in susceptible microstructures that are present at the weld fusion boundary region. This type of cracking is known as hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) and it is influenced by base/filler metal combination, and welding and PWHT procedures. DMWs of two material combinations (8630 steel - Alloy 625 and F22 steel - Alloy 625), produced with two welding procedures (BS1 and BS3) in as welded and PWHT conditions were investigated in this study. The main objectives included: 1) evaluation of the effect of materials composition, welding and PWHT procedures on the gradients of composition, microstructure, and properties in the dissimilar transition region and on the susceptibility to HAC; 2) investigation of the influence of microstructure on the HAC failure mechanism and identification of microstructural constituents acting as crack nucleation and propagation sites; 3) assessment of the applicability of two-step PWHT to improve the resistance to HAC in DMWs; 4) establishment of non-failure criterion for the delayed hydrogen cracking test (DHCT) that is applicable for qualification of DMWs for subsea service under cathodic protection (CP).
Book Synopsis The Effect of Welding Process on the Microstructure of HY-130 Steel Weldments by : Teresa M. McNutt
Download or read book The Effect of Welding Process on the Microstructure of HY-130 Steel Weldments written by Teresa M. McNutt and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HY-130 is a high-strength, low-carbon steel used in the quenched an d tempered condition. It is designed for high performance and marine applications where good weldability is a requirement. Optimum welding parameters are currently under investigation. In this study, 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) HY-130 steel weldments produced by submerged arc welding (SAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes are compared by means of a systematic microstructural characterization of the base metal, weld metal, and heat affected zone (HAZ). The microstructures are characterized by optical and electron microscopy and microhardness measurements are performed in the weld metal and across the HAZ to relate the microstructure with the microhardness profiles. The weld metal microstructure of both weldments showed a predominantly martensitic structure. The GMAW weld metal had a finer lath martensite structure and contained more retained austenite and twinned martensite. The SAW weld metal had a less defined lath structure which was more bainitic. The microhardness values were higher in the GMAW weld metal. No significant differences in microstructure and hardness were observed in the HAZ of the two weldments. (jes).
