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Wave Breaking At High Wind Speeds And Its Effects On Air Sea Gas Transfer
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Book Synopsis Wave Breaking at High Wind Speeds and Its Effects on Air-sea Gas Transfer by : Sophia Eleonora Brumer
Download or read book Wave Breaking at High Wind Speeds and Its Effects on Air-sea Gas Transfer written by Sophia Eleonora Brumer and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uncertainties remain in the quantification of bubble cloud which are at the core of the formulation of the bubble mediated transfer and additional field measurements are necessary to characterize bubble plume properties in the open ocean.
Book Synopsis Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles by : Peter S. Liss
Download or read book Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles written by Peter S. Liss and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oceans and atmosphere interact through various processes, including the transfer of momentum, heat, gases and particles. In this book leading international experts come together to provide a state-of-the-art account of these exchanges and their role in the Earth-system, with particular focus on gases and particles. Chapters in the book cover: i) the ocean-atmosphere exchange of short-lived trace gases; ii) mechanisms and models of interfacial exchange (including transfer velocity parameterisations); iii) ocean-atmosphere exchange of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide; iv) ocean atmosphere exchange of particles and v) current and future data collection and synthesis efforts. The scope of the book extends to the biogeochemical responses to emitted / deposited material and interactions and feedbacks in the wider Earth-system context. This work constitutes a highly detailed synthesis and reference; of interest to higher-level university students (Masters, PhD) and researchers in ocean-atmosphere interactions and related fields (Earth-system science, marine / atmospheric biogeochemistry / climate). Production of this book was supported and funded by the EU COST Action 735 and coordinated by the International SOLAS (Surface Ocean- Lower Atmosphere Study) project office.
Book Synopsis Airborne Observations of the Kinematics and Statistics of Breaking Waves by : Jessica M. Kleiss
Download or read book Airborne Observations of the Kinematics and Statistics of Breaking Waves written by Jessica M. Kleiss and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Breaking waves play an important role in air-sea interaction : enhancing momentum flux from the atmosphere to the ocean, dissipating wave energy that is then available for turbulent mixing, injecting aerosols and sea spray into the atmosphere, and affecting air-sea gas transfer due to air entrainment. In this thesis observations are presented of the occurrence of breaking waves under conditions of strong winds (10-25ms−1) and fetch-limited seas (0-500km) in the Gulf of Tehuantepec Experiment in 2004. An airborne nadir-looking video camera, along with a global positioning system (GPS) and inertial motion unit (IMU), provided digital videos of the breaking sea surface in an earth frame. In particular, we present observations of [Lambda] (c)dc, which is the distribution of breaking wave crest lengths per unit sea surface area, binned by breaking velocity increments dc. Methods of analyzing visible images of the sea surface to yield [Lambda](c) are studied. The results from previous field observations of [Lambda](c) give qualitatively different results : Melville and Matusov (2002) find an exponential form for [Lambda](c), while Gemmrich et al. (2008) obtain a function that peaks at intermediate speeds and falls of for high and low speeds, and at higher speeds is up to an order of magnitude higher than Melville and Matusov (2002). Two independent processing techniques for determining [Lambda](c) from video images are implemented, and it is shown that the results from both studies can qualitatively be obtained when the assumptions built into the processing of the previous studies are used. The effects of surface currents, long wave orbital velocity, and the relationship between the speed of the foam patch and the underlying intrinsic phase speed are addressed. The appropriateness and limitations of comparison of the first moment of [Lambda](c) to the breaking rate are explored. The spectrally resolved [Lambda](c) as well as bulk measurements of whitecap coverage and breaking rate are presented for a range of wind speeds and sea states. Observations are compared to Phillips' (1985) model of [Lambda](c) in the equilibrium range of the wave spectrum. The observed [Lambda](c) distributions are described well by the Rayleigh distribution for slow and intermediate speeds, yet fall above the Rayleigh distribution for the fastest breaking speeds. The dimensionless width of the [Lambda](c) distribution increases weakly with dimensionless fetch, while the total length of breaking per unit sea surface area decreases with dimensionless fetch for intermediate to fully-developed seas. The integral and the first two moments of [Lambda](c) show a strong correlation with the active whitecap coverage and active breaking rate. The active whitecap coverage falls in the range of previous observations, but with a stronger dependence on wind speed. The breaking rate plotted against the spectral peak steepness is in agreement with previous observations (Banner et al., 2000).
Book Synopsis Quantifying Air-sea Gas Exchange at High Wind Speeds Using Noble Gas Measurements by : Lumi Kinjo
Download or read book Quantifying Air-sea Gas Exchange at High Wind Speeds Using Noble Gas Measurements written by Lumi Kinjo and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas exchange at high wind speed is not well understood—few studies have been conducted at wind speeds above 15 m s-1, and significant disagreement exists between gas exchange models at high wind speeds. In particular, the flux due to bubbles is not explicitly included in many gas exchange models, despite the fact that bubble-mediated gas exchange becomes increasingly important at higher wind speeds. The goal of my thesis project is to quantify air-sea gas exchange under high wind speeds and to examine the relationship between noble gas measurements, bubble spectra, wave-type, and water temperature. Noble gases serve as excellent tracers for this purpose, as they are biologically and chemically inert, and have a wide range of solubility and diffusivity that responds differently to physical forcing. Over the course of five days, we conducted 35 experiments at the SUrge STructure Atmospheric InteractioN (SUSTAIN) wind-wave tank with wind speeds at 20 - 50 m s-1, water temperatures at 20°C, 26°C, and 32°C, and wave conditions including uniform (regularly breaking) waves and JONSWAP (random, real ocean-like) waves. Continuous Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe ratio measurements were obtained by a Gas Equilibration Mass Spectrometer (GEMS). Additionally, discrete noble gas measurements were collected at the beginning of select experiments and at the end of all experiments for He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. Bubble size and volume spectra were obtained using an underwater shadowgraph imaging device. Other physical measurements such as continuous salinity, water temperature, wind/wave velocities, and atmospheric pressure were also obtained. Our result from the conditions with the highest saturation anomalies suggests that steady state saturation anomalies of gases level off as wind speed increases. Additionally, both the temperature dependence of noble gas saturation anomalies and the coherence between bubble surface area spectra and saturation anomalies suggest that partially dissolving bubbles may have an important flux contribution at higher wind speeds. Since the SUSTAIN wind-wave tank is much shallower than the real ocean, we cannot directly apply our results to the ocean to make predictions. Nonetheless, the relationship between gas flux and bubble size spectra, wind, and wave conditions learned from this work provide us with important insights to improve gas exchange models.
Book Synopsis The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling by : Patrick Buat-Ménard
Download or read book The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling written by Patrick Buat-Ménard and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book arises from a NATO-sponsored Advanced Study Institute on 'The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling' held at Bombann@§. near Bordeaux, France. from 16 to 27 September 1985. The chapters of the book are the written versions of the lectures given at the Institute. The aim of the book is to give a comprehensive up-to-date coverage of the subject. presented in a teaching mode. The chapters contain much recent research material and attempt to give the reader an understanding of how the role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling can be quantitatively assessed. In the last decade, major advances in the fields of marine and atmospheric chemistry have underlined the role of physical, chemical and biological processes at and near the air-sea interface in a number of geochemical cycles (C. S, N, metals etc ... ). Further, there is strong concern over the anthropogenic perturbation of these cycles on both regional and global scales. The first part of the book (Chapters 1 to 8) provides a review of topics fundamental to such studies. These topics include concepts in geochemical modelling, assessment of atmospheric transport from sources to the oceans. description of mixing and transport processes within the ocean for both dissolved and particulate materials, quantification of air-sea fluxes for both gases and particles, photochemical transformations in the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers.
Book Synopsis The Sea Surface and Global Change by : Peter S. Liss
Download or read book The Sea Surface and Global Change written by Peter S. Liss and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1997-03-20 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thorough review of sea-surface microlayer properties and role in global change.
Book Synopsis The Interaction of Ocean Waves and Wind by : Peter Janssen
Download or read book The Interaction of Ocean Waves and Wind written by Peter Janssen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-10-28 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book was published in 2004. The Interaction of Ocean Waves and Wind describes in detail the two-way interaction between wind and ocean waves and shows how ocean waves affect weather forecasting on timescales of 5 to 90 days. Winds generate ocean waves, but at the same time airflow is modified due to the loss of energy and momentum to the waves; thus, momentum loss from the atmosphere to the ocean depends on the state of the waves. This volume discusses ocean wave evolution according to the energy balance equation. An extensive overview of nonlinear transfer is given, and as a by-product the role of four-wave interactions in the generation of extreme events, such as freak waves, is discussed. Effects on ocean circulation are described. Coupled ocean-wave, atmosphere modelling gives improved weather and wave forecasts. This volume will interest ocean wave modellers, physicists and applied mathematicians, and engineers interested in shipping and coastal protection.
Book Synopsis Breaking and Dissipation of Ocean Surface Waves by : Alexander Babanin
Download or read book Breaking and Dissipation of Ocean Surface Waves written by Alexander Babanin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-05-19 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wave breaking represents one of the most interesting and challenging problems for fluid mechanics and physical oceanography. Over the last fifteen years our understanding has undergone a dramatic leap forward, and wave breaking has emerged as a process whose physics is clarified and quantified. Ocean wave breaking plays the primary role in the air-sea exchange of momentum, mass and heat, and it is of significant importance for ocean remote sensing, coastal and ocean engineering, navigation and other practical applications. This book outlines the state of the art in our understanding of wave breaking and presents the main outstanding problems. It is a valuable resource for anyone interested in this topic, including researchers, modellers, forecasters, engineers and graduate students in physical oceanography, meteorology and ocean engineering.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Breaking Waves on Dual-tracer Gas Exchange Experiments by :
Download or read book The Effects of Breaking Waves on Dual-tracer Gas Exchange Experiments written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantification of air-sea gas fluxes is important in understanding the global ocean carbon cycle, determining the effect of biologically produced gases on remote marine tropospheric aerosol production, and measuring the atmospheric lifetimes of trace gases. Direct measurement of the flux, F, of a sparingly soluble gas through the air-sea interface is extremely difficult in general, and F is often calculated as F= k[sub L][delta]C where k[sub L] is the transfer velocity of the gas and AC is its air-sea concentration difference. In the absence of bubbles, k[sub L] is a function of the near-surface aqueous-phase turbulence and the molecular diffusivity of the gas. Although direct measurement of[delta]C is relatively simple, oceanic measurements of k[sub L] are problematical. Because of this, k[sub L] is usually estimated from empirical parameterizations for k[sub L] in terms of wind speed, U. The linear relation between F and k[sub L] at a constant[delta]C implies that the accuracy of the parameterization of k[sub L] in terms of U is critical in calculating F. This is especially true when U is large, since experiments in wind tunnels, lakes, and the ocean suggest that k[sub L] increases quadratically with U (Wanninkhof, 1992). With the exact functional form of the relation between U and k[sub L] not definitively known at present, estimation of k[sub L] at high U could be inaccurate. This problem could be resolved with further oceanic measurements of k[sub L] at high U. However, increases in U are also associated with increases in the frequency of wave breaking. Whitecaps are known to generate bubble plumes, and these bubbles could have a significant effect on the measurement of k[sub L].
Book Synopsis Improving Models for Air-Sea Gas Exchange Using Measurements of Noble Gas Ratios in a Wind-Wave Tank by : Callan Krevanko
Download or read book Improving Models for Air-Sea Gas Exchange Using Measurements of Noble Gas Ratios in a Wind-Wave Tank written by Callan Krevanko and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas flux at high wind speeds is not fully understood, and bubbles are rarely accounted for in models of air-sea gas exchange. Observing noble gas fluxes under bubble-rich and high wind conditions provides needed insight into fundamental gas exchange laws. The noble gases are ideal tracers for measuring gas exchange because they are inert and only respond to physical forcing; their range of physical properties results in unique responses to environmental changes for each gas. To quantify the effect of physical processes on gas fluxes, we took discrete and continuous measurements of noble gas ratios at the University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science's SUrge STructure Atmospheric InteractioN (SUSTAIN) wind-wave tank. Over five days of experiments, we implemented 10-meter (U10) equivalent wind speeds ranging from 10-36 m s-1, water temperatures ranging from 18 to 27.5 degrees Celsius, and wave conditions including regularly breaking waves, irregularly breaking waves, and waves targeted to break at our sampling location. We used a Gas Equilibration Mass Spectrometer (GEMS) system to continuously measure noble gas ratios (with Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe), with a temporal resolution of ~15 minutes, during the experiments. The GEMS was calibrated using cold-welded copper tube discrete samples, which also yield concentrations of the noble gases, including helium. Bubbles were imaged during the experiments with a submerged shadowgraph, and physical parameters such as short-scale surface roughness, wave amplitude and water velocity were continuously monitored. Although the SUSTAIN tank cannot truly replicate oceanic processes, we can use the data to make direct links between physical conditions and gas fluxes. These links should prove useful to increasing our mechanistic understanding of air-sea gas exchange and improving gas transfer parameterizations, especially for bubble-rich and high wind conditions.
Book Synopsis The Influence of Bubble Plumes on Air-seawater Gas Transfer Velocities by :
Download or read book The Influence of Bubble Plumes on Air-seawater Gas Transfer Velocities written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air-sea gas exchange is an important process in the geochemical cycling of carbon dioxide (CO2). The air-sea flux of CO2 is determined in part by the physical forcing functions, which are parameterized in terms of the air-sea transfer velocity, k{sub L}. Past studies have attempted to correlate k{sub L} with wind speed, U. Because strong winds occur in ocean regions thought to be important sources or sinks of CO2, accurate knowledge of k{sub L} at high U is important in estimating the global air-sea flux of CO2. Better understanding of the physical processes affecting gas transfer at large U will increase the accuracy in estimating k{sub L} in ocean regions with high CO2, fluxes. Increased accuracy in estimating k{sub L} will increase the accuracy in calculating the net global air-sea CO2 flux and provide more accurate boundary and initial conditions for global ocean carbon cycle models. High wind speeds are associated with the presence of whitecaps, which can increase the gas flux by generating turbulence, disrupting surface films, and creating bubble plumes. Bubble plumes will create additional turbulence, prolong the surface disruption, and transfer gas to or from individual bubbles while they are beneath the surface. These turbulence and bubble processes very effectively promote gas transfer. Because of this, it is postulated that breaking waves, if present, will dominate non-whitecap related gas exchange. Under this assumption, k{sub L} Will increase linearly with increasing fractional area whitecap coverage, W{sub c}. In support of this, researchers found k{sub L} measured in a whitecap simulation tank (WSI) was linearly correlated with bubble plume coverage, B{sub c} (the laboratory analog of W{sub c}). However, it is not definitively known how the presence of breaking waves and bubble plumes affect the dependence of k{sub L} on Schmidt number, Sc, and aqueous-phase solubility, [alpha].
Book Synopsis Ocean Waves Breaking and Marine Aerosol Fluxes by : Stanislaw R. Massel
Download or read book Ocean Waves Breaking and Marine Aerosol Fluxes written by Stanislaw R. Massel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-10 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book fills a gap in knowledge of breaking waves and their influence on the generation of marine fluxes from ocean surfaces. Based on published data as well as on the author's experience, the text explores in detail the relationship chain of breaking waves, whitecaps coverage, rate of wave energy dissipation, amount of aerosol fluxes rising from a given sea basin, and possible seasonal variations.
Download or read book Oceanic Whitecaps written by E.C. Monahan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1986-04-30 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While various volumes havepreviously been de bable, answer to this question lies in the obser vation that while whitecaps are some of the voted to such topics as droplets and bubbles, it is our conceit that this is the first volume dedi most apparent features associated with high sea cated to the description of the phenomenon states, they have also pro\'ed to be someofthe of oceanic whitecapping, and to a considera most difficult objects to measure and describe tion of the role these whitecapsplay in satellite quantitatively, and while scientists as a group marine remote sensing, in sea-salt aerosol gene may like to tackle difficult problems, we ration, and in a broad range ofother sea surface should not be accused ofundue modesty when processes. This observation, reOecting in part we observe that as a group we also have a finite the relatively modest attention paid until re tolerance for frustration and ahuman,perhaps cently by the scientific community to white aesthetic, prejudice in favour ofnatural pheno caps, is noteworthy when one considers that mena that are amcnable to detailed description. collectively whitecaps are to thegeneral public It is appropriate to note that Professor Wood one of the most striking features of the sea cock, to whom this volume is dedicated, ap scape.
Book Synopsis Recent Advances in the Study of Oceanic Whitecaps by : Penny Vlahos
Download or read book Recent Advances in the Study of Oceanic Whitecaps written by Penny Vlahos and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-17 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the reader with the a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in the study of whitecaps. It is the first major publication focusing specifically on whitecaps and their role in a variety of climate-relevant air-sea interaction processes since the publication, in 1986, of Oceanic Whitecaps, and Their Role in Air-Sea Exchange Processes, edited by Edward Charles Monahan and Gearoid Mac Niocaill (published by Springer). This book also provides the interested reader with a review of the initial work done on this topic in the second half of the 20th Century.
Book Synopsis Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces by : W. Brutsaert
Download or read book Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces written by W. Brutsaert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transfer across the surface of environmental waters is of interest as an important phase in the geophysical and natural biochemical cycles of numer ous substances; indeed it governs the transition, one way or the other, be tween the dissolved state in the water and the gaseous state in the atmo sphere. Especially with increasing population and industrialization, gas transfer at water surfaces has become a critical factor in the understanding of the various pathways of wastes in the environment and of their engineering management. This interfacial mass transfer is, by its very nature, highly complex. The air and the water are usually in turbulent motion, and the interface be tween them is irregular, and disturbed by waves, sometimes accompanied by breaking, spray and bubble formation. Thus the transfer involves a wide variety of physical phenomena occurring over a wide range of scales. As a consequence, scientists and engineers from diverse disciplines and problem areas, have approached the problem, often with greatly differing analytical and experimental techniques and methodologies.
Book Synopsis Transport at the Air-Sea Interface by : Christoph S. Garbe
Download or read book Transport at the Air-Sea Interface written by Christoph S. Garbe and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-06-30 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One key uncertainty in predictions of future climate is caused by the lack of knowledge of transport processes in the air-water interface; this poses the main transfer resistance between oceans and atmosphere. This book reviews recent progress in the domains of experimental process studies as well as computer stimulation. It represents an early approach of merging insights gained in both fields and broadens our understanding of air-water gas and heat exchange.
Book Synopsis Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces by : W. Brutsaert
Download or read book Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces written by W. Brutsaert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1983-12-31 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transfer across the surface of environmental waters is of interest as an important phase in the geophysical and natural biochemical cycles of numer ous substances; indeed it governs the transition, one way or the other, be tween the dissolved state in the water and the gaseous state in the atmo sphere. Especially with increasing population and industrialization, gas transfer at water surfaces has become a critical factor in the understanding of the various pathways of wastes in the environment and of their engineering management. This interfacial mass transfer is, by its very nature, highly complex. The air and the water are usually in turbulent motion, and the interface be tween them is irregular, and disturbed by waves, sometimes accompanied by breaking, spray and bubble formation. Thus the transfer involves a wide variety of physical phenomena occurring over a wide range of scales. As a consequence, scientists and engineers from diverse disciplines and problem areas, have approached the problem, often with greatly differing analytical and experimental techniques and methodologies.
