War Humanitarian Crises Population Displacement And Fertility

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War, Humanitarian Crises, Population Displacement, and Fertility

Author : Program on Forced Migration and Health at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309165997
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis War, Humanitarian Crises, Population Displacement, and Fertility by : Program on Forced Migration and Health at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University

Download or read book War, Humanitarian Crises, Population Displacement, and Fertility written by Program on Forced Migration and Health at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-07-02 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fertility and reproductive health issues more broadly have tended to be of low priority in humanitarian crises. Public attention is drawn by information concerning the magnitude of refugee flows, of death tolls, and of numbers of injuries. Reproductive health has been regarded as a longer term issue that could safely be put on the back burner during the crisis phase of an emergency, when issues of providing adequate food, clean water, and shelter, plus treating acute infectious diseases of crowding, take priority. This report reviews what evidence there is concerning the effects of humanitarian crisis on fertility, with a view to identifying common patterns that may exist across settings and be of value in guiding responses to future crises.

Supporting Local Health Care in a Chronic Crisis

Author : Program on Forced Migration and Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309180678
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Supporting Local Health Care in a Chronic Crisis by : Program on Forced Migration and Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University

Download or read book Supporting Local Health Care in a Chronic Crisis written by Program on Forced Migration and Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-11-23 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing medical support to the local population during a chronic crisis is difficult. The crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which is characterized by high excess mortality, ongoing armed violence, mass forced displacement, interference by neighboring countries, resource exploitation, asset stripping, and the virtual absence of the state, has led to great poverty and a dearth of funds for the support of the health system. International nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have stepped in to address the dire humanitarian situation. This study looks at four organizations that support local health care in the eastern DRC: the International Rescue Committee (IRC), Malteser, Medical Emergency Relief International (Merlin), and the Association Régionale d'Approvisionnement en Médicaments Essentiels (ASRAMES). The study makes a comparison of the management and financing approaches of these four organizations by collecting and comparing qualitative and quantitative data on their interaction with the (remaining) local health providers and the local population. Specific objectives of the study are: 1. To identify which management and financing approaches, including the setting of fees, are used by the four NGOs supporting healthcare in the eastern DRC. 2. To determine how these financing approaches affect utilization rates in the health zones supported by the four NGOs. 3. To assess how these utilization rates compare with donor and humanitarian standards. 4. To determine at what level fees must be set to allow for cost recovery or cost sharing in health facilities. 5. To identify the managerial problems confronting the four NGOs. Many epidemiological and public health studies focus on the interaction between health providers and target groups. Supporting Local Health Care in a Chronic Crisis: Management and Financing Approaches in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo concentrates more on how the relationship between the supporting NGOs and the local health system actually develops. In addition, a common aspect of many of the epidemiological and public health studies is the search for an optimal, or at least appropriate, management and financing approach.

Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration

Author : Graeme Hugo
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319671472
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration by : Graeme Hugo

Download or read book Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration written by Graeme Hugo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative and comprehensive edited volume presents current research on how demography can contribute to generating scientific knowledge and evidence concerning refugees and forced migration, developing evidence based policy recommendations on protection for forced migrants and reception of refugees, and revealing the determinants and consequences of migration for origin and destination regions and communities. Refugee and other forced migrations have increased substantially in scale, complexity and diversity in recent decades. These changes challenge traditional approaches in response to refugee and other forced migration situations, and protection of refugees. Demography has an important contribution to make in this analytic space. While other disciplines (especially anthropology, law, geography, political science and international relations) have made major contributions to refugee and forced migration studies, demography has been less present with most research focusing on issues of refugee mortality and morbidity. This book specifies the range of topics for which a demographic approach is highly appropriate, and identifies findings of demographic research which can contribute to ever more effective policy making in this important arena of human welfare and international policy.

The World's Population

Author : Fred M. Shelley
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis The World's Population by : Fred M. Shelley

Download or read book The World's Population written by Fred M. Shelley and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2014-12-16 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This one-volume encyclopedia examines key topics, major world players, and imminent problems pertaining to the world's ever-growing population. According to the United Nations, the population of our planet reached 7 billion people in 2011. What areas of the world have the most people? What measures, if any, are in place to control the population? Why is Europe's population shrinking, while the rest of the world is growing? This eye-opening encyclopedia answers questions like these by examining significant issues and topics relating to the population and exploring profiles of the most populated countries and cities of the world. More than 100 alphabetically arranged entries focus on such topics as census, demography, megacity, overpopulation, and urban sprawl. Author Fred M. Shelley, an accomplished academic in the field of environmental sustainability, reveals the steps taken by major cities such as Rio de Janeiro, Paris, Tokyo, Beijing, Mexico City, Seoul, Manila, and New Delhi in handling their population, and what is being done in China and other countries to prevent overcrowding. The text includes a discussion of how factors like migration patterns, war, and disease impact population change. This comprehensive encyclopedia also includes primary document excerpts from court cases, legislation, and political speeches relating to population issues.

Fertility of Malian Tamasheq Repatriated Refugees

Author : Program on Forced Migration and Health at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309092388
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Fertility of Malian Tamasheq Repatriated Refugees by : Program on Forced Migration and Health at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University

Download or read book Fertility of Malian Tamasheq Repatriated Refugees written by Program on Forced Migration and Health at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-08-02 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Africa many of the refugee flows in recent years have had a strong ethnic dimension; interethnic conflict or conflict between politically powerful groups with minority populations is often an important aspect of who is forced to flee. In most cases the origins of conflict occur in a multiethnic environment, and repatriation (if it happens) occurs in that multiethnic context, with implications for subsequent relationships between the groups in terms of political, economic, and numeric power. As the primary source of recruitment to a population, fertility is an essential component of postconflict restructuring. The disruption of fertility during the disorder of forced migration can itself be seen as part of the disintegration of society and identity; the impact of conflict and flight on reproduction may be an important indicator of the degree of crisis faced by the population. Postcrisis fertility and changes from the reproductive regime prior to the forced migration indicate not only how the population has responded to the multiplicity of changes and traumas, but also its ability to adapt and manipulate its new sociopolitical position. This report focuses on the specific experience of a single persecuted population whose sociopolitical history, along with their underlying marital and fertility regimes, will inevitably condition responses to conflict.

Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Prevention

Author : Charles H. Anderton
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190606991
Total Pages : 729 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Prevention by : Charles H. Anderton

Download or read book Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Prevention written by Charles H. Anderton and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-09 with total page 729 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alongside other types of mass atrocities, genocide has received extensive scholarly, policy, and practitioner attention. Missing, however, is the contribution of economists to better understand and prevent such crimes. This edited collection by 41 accomplished scholars examines economic aspects of genocides, other mass atrocities, and their prevention. Chapters include numerous case studies (e.g., California's Yana people, Australia's Aborigines peoples, Stalin's killing of Ukrainians, Belarus, the Holocaust, Rwanda, DR Congo, Indonesia, Pakistan, Colombia, Mexico's drug wars, and the targeting of suspects during the Vietnam war), probing literature reviews, and completely novel work based on extraordinary country-specific datasets. Also included are chapters on the demographic, gendered, and economic class nature of genocide. Replete with research- and policy-relevant findings, new insights are derived from behavioral economics, law and economics, political economy, macroeconomic modeling, microeconomics, development economics, industrial organization, identity economics, and other fields. Analytical approaches include constrained optimization theory, game theory, and sophisticated statistical work in data-mining, econometrics, and forecasting. A foremost finding of the book concerns atrocity architects' purposeful, strategic use of violence, often manipulating nonrational proclivities among ordinary people to sway their participation in mass murder. Relatively understudied in the literature, the book also analyzes the options of victims before, during, and after mass violence. Further, the book shows how well-intended prevention efforts can backfire and increase violence, how wrong post-genocide design can entrench vested interests to reinforce exclusion of vulnerable peoples, and how businesses can become complicit in genocide. In addition to the necessity of healthy opportunities in employment, education, and key sectors in prevention work, the book shows why new genocide prevention laws and institutions must be based on reformulated incentives that consider insights from law and economics, behavioral economics, and collective action economics.

External Interventions for Disaster Risk Reduction

Author : Imon Chowdhooree
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811549486
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis External Interventions for Disaster Risk Reduction by : Imon Chowdhooree

Download or read book External Interventions for Disaster Risk Reduction written by Imon Chowdhooree and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-29 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a case study-based analysis of the consequences of external interventions, critically evaluating them from community perspectives. Communities – from rural to urban, and around the world – that are experiencing disasters and changes in climatic variables can perceive the associated risks and evaluate the impacts of interventions. Accordingly, community perspectives, including their perceptions, concerns, awareness, realizations, reactions and expectations, represent a valuable resource. The case-based analysis of impacts on communities can provide a ‘means of learning’ from the experiences of others, thus expanding professionals’ knowledge base, especially regarding disaster mitigation and climate change adaptation practices in varied settings. This book offers valuable insights and lessons learned, in an effort to promote and guide innovative changes in the current planning, management and governance of human settlements, helping them face the future challenges of a changing environment.

Power to the Population

Author : Tadeusz Kugler
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820364169
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Power to the Population by : Tadeusz Kugler

Download or read book Power to the Population written by Tadeusz Kugler and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2023-05-01 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Demographic changes directly affect political and socioeconomic dynamics. Whether they are the nationalities of migrating refugees, the percentage of women in the workforce, or aging as a phenomenon (population decline, age of marriage, number of children, or the resources of youth), demographics can change the political dynamics of a country, creating in some cases increased freedoms but also potentially causing conflict or civil war. Power to the Population is a comprehensive guide to predicting and evaluating different possible futures for humanity. These differing scenarios are of particular importance to decision makers, and Tadeusz Kugler focuses on the optimism of what can be created by and for the population. The book investigates the dynamic relationship between political choices and changing populations. Kugler explores how government policies seemingly focused on localized power and economic development profoundly shape the demographic makeup on local and global scales. The demographic future of a population—not only regarding numbers but also in its diversity and how historically marginalized communities are undermined—is not merely about one place, time, or people. Demography has the potential to change the economic and political future of the world.

Health in Humanitarian Emergencies

Author : David Townes
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108576850
Total Pages : 509 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Health in Humanitarian Emergencies by : David Townes

Download or read book Health in Humanitarian Emergencies written by David Townes and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-31 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fields of Global Health and Global Emergency Response have attracted increased interest and study. There has been tremendous growth in the educational opportunities around humanitarian emergencies; however, educational resources have not yet followed the same growth. This book corrects this trend, offering a comprehensive single resource dedicated to health in humanitarian emergencies. Providing an introduction to the public health principles of response to humanitarian emergencies, the text also emphasizes the need to coordinate the public health and emergency clinical response within the architecture of the greater response effort. With contributing authors among some of the world's leading health experts and policy influencers in the field, the content is based on best practices, peer reviewed evidence, and expert consensus. The text acts as a resource for clinical and public health practitioners, graduate-level students, and individuals working in response to humanitarian emergencies for government agencies, international agencies, and NGOs.

Gender and the Political Economy of Conflict in Africa

Author : Meredeth Turshen
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317636554
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender and the Political Economy of Conflict in Africa by : Meredeth Turshen

Download or read book Gender and the Political Economy of Conflict in Africa written by Meredeth Turshen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-01-29 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Violence affects the economy of production and the ecology of reproduction— the production of economic goods and services and the generational reproduction of workers, the regeneration of the capacity to work and maintenance of workers on a daily basis, and the renewal of culture and society through community relations and the education of children Gender and the Political Economy of Conflict in Africa explores the persistence of violence in conflict zones in Africa using a political economy framework. This framework employs an analysis of violence on both edges of the spectrum—a macro-economic analysis of violence against workers and a micro-political analysis of the violence in women’s reproductive lives. These analyses come together to create a new explanation of why violence persists, a new political economy of violence against women, and a new theoretical understanding of the relation between production and reproduction. Three case studies are discussed: the Democratic Republic of the Congo (violence in an era of conflict), Sierra Leone (violence post-conflict), and Tanzania (which has not seen armed conflict on the mainland). This book fills a significant gap on the political economy of war and women/gender for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as researchers in African Studies, Gender Studies, and Peace and Conflict Studies.

The Demography of Forced Migration

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309173892
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Demography of Forced Migration by : National Research Council

Download or read book The Demography of Forced Migration written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-07-10 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because forced migration situations are often physically dangerous and politically complicated, estimates of these populations are often difficult to make. Estimates of forced migration vary, but it is probable that there are about 23 million refugees and more than 30 million internally displaced people.In order to assist specific groups of forced migrants and also to better understand the general plight of forced migrants, good demographic data are needed. However, collecting data on forced migration presents tremendous challenges for normal data collection processes and standards.To explore a range of issues about internally displaced persons and refugees, the Committee on Population of the National Research Council organized a Workshop on the Demography of Forced Migration in Washington, D.C., in November 1997. The purpose of the workshop was to investigate the ways in which population and other social scientists can produce more useful demographic information about forced migrant populations and how they differ. This report summarizes the background papers prepared for the meeting, the presentations, and the general discussion.

The New European Union and Its Global Strategy

Author : Valentin Naumescu
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527541827
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis The New European Union and Its Global Strategy by : Valentin Naumescu

Download or read book The New European Union and Its Global Strategy written by Valentin Naumescu and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2019-10-17 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a relatively short period of time, the European Project has faced an incredibly diverse spectrum of crises and challenges. From the Eurozone crisis to the sovereign debt crisis, and from the migration crisis to Brexit, the European Union has found itself confronted with unprecedented internal and external threats and pressures. The Global Strategy of 2016 and the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in the field of defence of 2017 are just two of the new strategies and policies to which it has turned. Whether the Franco-German engine will succeed in surpassing this critical moment and trigger a deep reform of the European Union remains to be seen. Raising its level of strategic ambition, the European Union projects itself as a global actor in the system of international relations, reshaping its ties with the United States, China, and Russia. However, European security, along with the topics of European politics and society, remain subjects of intense debate. This volume offers a number of possible answers to various questions regarding the future of the European Union and its relationships with the rest of the world. Based on a variety of perspectives from international relations, European studies, political science, economics, and cultural studies, the contributions here address the “conundrum” of the EU’s transformations.

Health Information in a Changing World

Author : W. Bernard Luckenbill
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1598843990
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Health Information in a Changing World by : W. Bernard Luckenbill

Download or read book Health Information in a Changing World written by W. Bernard Luckenbill and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2010-06-14 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This holistic guide explains how school librarians and teachers can successfully integrate relevant health concepts and life skills throughout the curriculum for students K through 12. In the United States, convenience food and soft drink-based diets, increasingly sedentary lifestyles, and obesity have become common in youth culture. The importance of health education merits integration throughout school curricula; unfortunately, research shows that many teachers do not feel prepared to teach health issues within their subject areas. This book will encourage all librarians and teachers—no matter their specific area of instruction—to include health lessons in their teaching. Health Information in a Changing World: Practical Approaches for Teachers, Schools, and School Librarians provides a complete action plan for librarians and teachers who want to provide better health information to students and their caregivers. It contains an extensive discussion of teaching health within curriculum areas such as literature, history and biography, art, science and mathematics, industrial technology, and agriculture. Tips on accessing and evaluating health information in print and electronic media are presented, as well as practical suggestions for effective instructional methods, including ideas on conducting demonstrations, field trips, speaker programs, and online distance education. New findings regarding teaching effectiveness assessment are also presented.

Religion and Genocide

Author : Steven Leonard Jacobs
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000774511
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Religion and Genocide by : Steven Leonard Jacobs

Download or read book Religion and Genocide written by Steven Leonard Jacobs and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-10-31 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Religion and Genocide: Changing the Conversation is a cutting-edge introduction to the complex and controversial relationship between religion and genocide. This book aims to widen the reader’s understanding of religion and those who practice it, the nexus of religion and violence, and those who legitimate their violence by framing it in religious terms by looking at notions of holy wars, religious wars, and genocide and the practitioners of such. This book delves into our current thinking of ourselves as biological entities, our relationship to genocide, and the impact of geography (including climate change) and diseases on our humanity and our ability to commit genocide. Tying together all these seemingly disparate threads, this text concludes with the significant and still largely unanswered question: "Where do we go from here?". Highlighting the complex relationship between religion and genocide, this is an essential read for students and academics studying religion and violence, Judaism, Judaic studies, and holocaust and genocide studies. Religion and Genocide will also be of interest to researchers in related subjects such as history, politics, sociology, and anthropology.

The Other Population Crisis

Author : Steven Philip Kramer
Publisher : Johns Hopkins University Press
ISBN 13 : 1421411709
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis The Other Population Crisis by : Steven Philip Kramer

Download or read book The Other Population Crisis written by Steven Philip Kramer and published by Johns Hopkins University Press. This book was released on 2014-01-31 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In many developed countries, population decline poses economic and social strains and may even threaten national security. Through historical-political case studies of Sweden, France, Italy, Japan, and Singapore, The Other Population Crisis explores the motivations, politics, programming, and consequences of national efforts to promote births. Steven Philip Kramer finds a significant government role in stopping declines in birth rates. Sweden’s and France’s pro-natalist programs, which have succeeded, share the characteristics of being universal, not means-tested, and based on gender equality and making it easy for women to balance work and family. The programs in Italy, Japan, and Singapore, which have failed so far, have not devoted sufficient resources consistently enough to make a difference and do not support gender equality and women’s work-family balance, Kramer finds.

Adolescents in Humanitarian Crisis

Author : Nicola Jones
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000388743
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Adolescents in Humanitarian Crisis by : Nicola Jones

Download or read book Adolescents in Humanitarian Crisis written by Nicola Jones and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-06-02 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolescents in Humanitarian Crisis investigates the experiences of adolescents displaced by humanitarian crisis. The world is currently seeing unprecedented levels of mass displacement, and almost half of the world’s 70 million displaced people are children and adolescents under the age of 18. Displacement for adolescents comes with huge disruption to their education and employment prospects, as well as increased risks of poor psychosocial outcomes and sexual and gender-based violence for girls. Considering these intersectional vulnerabilities throughout, this book explores the experiences of adolescents from refugee, internally displaced persons and stateless communities in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and Rwanda. Drawing on innovative mixed-methods research, the book investigates adolescent capabilities, including education, health and nutrition, freedom from violence and bodily integrity, psychosocial wellbeing, voice and agency, and economic empowerment. Centring the diverse voices and experiences of young people and focusing on how policy and programming can be meaningfully improved, this book will be a vital guide for humanitarian students and researchers, and for practitioners seeking to build effective, evidence-based policy. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781003167013, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

The Economic Impact of Conflicts and the Refugee Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa

Author : Mr.Bjoern Rother
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1475535783
Total Pages : 43 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (755 download)

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Book Synopsis The Economic Impact of Conflicts and the Refugee Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa by : Mr.Bjoern Rother

Download or read book The Economic Impact of Conflicts and the Refugee Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa written by Mr.Bjoern Rother and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-09-16 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent decades, the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) has experienced more frequent and severe conflicts than in any other region of the world, exacting a devastating human toll. The region now faces unprecedented challenges, including the emergence of violent non-state actors, significant destruction, and a refugee crisis bigger than any since World War II. This paper raises awareness of the economic costs of conflicts on the countries directly involved and on their neighbors. It argues that appropriate macroeconomic policies can help mitigate the impact of conflicts in the short term, and that fostering higher and more inclusive growth can help address some of the root causes of conflicts over the long term. The paper also highlights the crucial role of external partners, including the IMF, in helping MENA countries tackle these challenges.