Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Variation In Morphology Hygroscopicity And Optical Properties Of Soot Particles Coated By Dicarboxylic Acids
Download Variation In Morphology Hygroscopicity And Optical Properties Of Soot Particles Coated By Dicarboxylic Acids full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Variation In Morphology Hygroscopicity And Optical Properties Of Soot Particles Coated By Dicarboxylic Acids ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Variation in Morphology, Hygroscopicity, and Optical Properties of Soot Particles Coated by Dicarboxylic Acids by : Huaxin Xue
Download or read book Variation in Morphology, Hygroscopicity, and Optical Properties of Soot Particles Coated by Dicarboxylic Acids written by Huaxin Xue and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot aerosols are well known to be atmospheric constituents, but the hydrophobic nature of fresh soot likely prohibits them from encouraging cloud development. Soot aged through contact with oxygenated organic compounds may become hydrophilic enough to promote water uptake. In this study, the tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) and differential mobility analyzer-aerosol particle mass analyzer (DMA-APM) were employed to measure the changes in morphology and hygroscopicity of soot aerosol particles upon coating with succinic and glutaric acids. The effective densities, fractal dimensions and dynamic shape factors of fresh and coated soot aerosol particles have been determined. Significant size-dependent increases of soot particle mobility diameter, mass, and effective density ([rho]eff) were observed upon coating of aggregates with succinic acid. These properties were restored back to their initial states once the acid was removed by heating, suggesting no restructuring of the soot core had occurred. Coating of soot with glutaric acid, on the other hand, leads to a strong size shrinking with a diameter growth factor ~0.60, even after the acid has been removed by heating suggesting the strong restructuring of the soot agglomerate. The additional 90% RH cycle can evidently enhance the restructuring process. The extinction and scattering properties at 532 nm of soot particles internally mixed with dicarboxylic acids were investigated experimentally using a cavity ring-down spectrometer and an integrating nephelometer, respectively, and the absorption is derived as the difference between extinction and scattering. It was found that the organic coatings significantly affect the optical and microphysical properties of the soot aggregates. The size-dependent amplification factors of light scattering were as much as 3.8 and 1.7 with glutaric and succinic acids coatings, respectively. Additional measurements with soot particles that are first coated with glutaric acid and then heated to remove the coating show that both scattering and absorption are enhanced by irreversible restructuring of soot aggregates to more compact globules. These results reveal the microphysical state of soot aerosol with incomplete restructuring in the atmosphere, and advance the treatment of atmospheric aged soot aerosol in the Mie theory shell-and-core model.
Book Synopsis MORPHOLOGY AND MIXING STATE OF SOOT AND TAR BALLS by :
Download or read book MORPHOLOGY AND MIXING STATE OF SOOT AND TAR BALLS written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Soot particles form during incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials. These particles strongly absorb light and directly affect Earth's climate by warming our atmosphere. When freshly emitted, soot particles have a fractal-like morphology consisting of aggregates of carbon spherules. During atmospheric processing, soot aggregates interact with other materials present in our atmosphere (i.e., other aerosol or condensable vapors) and these interactions can result in the formation of coated, mixed or compacted soot particles with different morphologies. Any process that alters the morphology (shape, size and internal structure) and mixing state of soot also affects its optical properties, which in turn affect the soot radiative forcing in the atmosphere. The complex morphology and internal mixing state of soot makes it difficult to estimate the soot's radiative properties. A detailed investigation of soot at the single particle level using electron microscopy, thus, becomes essential to provide accurate information for climate models, which generally assumes simple spherical morphologies. Tar balls are another type of carbonaceous aerosol, in the brown carbon family, commonly formed during smoldering combustion of biomass materials. Like soot, tar balls can also form aggregates. Tar balls aggregates have different optical properties from those of individual tar balls. During my doctorate studies, I made extensive use of electron microscopy and image analysis tools to investigate the morphology and mixing state of soot and tar balls collected during different laboratory and field studies. In one of my research projects, I explored the morphology of cloud processed soot. For this, I investigated the morphology of soot particles collected from the Po Valley in Italy where fog often forms, especially in winter. Our investigation showed that soot particles became compacted after fog processing. The compaction of soot was further corroborated by a laboratory study, in which cloud processing was carried out within the Michigan Technological University cloud chamber. In another research project, I studied the effects of thermodenuding on the morphology of soot. I investigated the morphology of five sets of soot samples of different sizes before xiii and after themodenuding. Our investigation showed no significant change in the morphology of soot by thermodenuding, a result that is important for those who attempt to measure the optical properties of internally mixed coated particles. In a third study, I used T-Matrix and Lorenz-Mie models to calculate the optical properties and then estimate the radiative forcing of tar ball aggregates and individual tar balls. In fact, in a recent publication, we reported a significant fraction of tar ball aggregates from different locations on Earth. My numerical calculations showed that the optical properties of tar ball aggregates are different from those of individual tar balls and are not always well approximated by Lorentz-Mie calculations. These findings highlight the necessity to account for the aggregation of tar balls in global models. My doctorate research provides detailed information on the morphology and mixing state of soot and tar ball aggregates. This information can be used to improve global climate models and reduce uncertainties in the radiative forcing of these aerosol particles.
Book Synopsis Laboratory Investigation of Chemical and Physical Properties of Soot-containing Aerosols by : Dan Zhang
Download or read book Laboratory Investigation of Chemical and Physical Properties of Soot-containing Aerosols written by Dan Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot particles released from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning have a large impact on the regional/global climate by altering the atmospheric radiativeproperties and by serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). However, the exact forcing is affected by the mixing of soot with other aerosol constituents, such as sulfuric acid. In this work, experimental studies have been carried out focusing on three integral parts: (1) heterogeneous uptake of sulfuric acid on soot; (2) hygroscopic growth of H2SO4-coated soot aerosols; (3) effect of H2SO4 coating on scattering and extinction properties of soot particles. A low-pressure laminar-flow reactor, coupled to ion drift chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ID-CIMS) detection, is used to study uptake coefficients of H2SO4 on combustion soot. The results suggest that uptake of H2SO4 takes place efficiently on soot particles, representing an important route to convert hydrophobic soot to hydrophilic aerosols. A tandem differential mobility analyzing (TDMA) system is employed to determine the hygroscopicity of freshly generated soot in the presence of H2SO4 coating. It is found that fresh soot particles are highly hydrophobic, while coating of H2SO4 significantly facilitates water uptake on soot even at sub-saturation relative humidities. The results indicate that aged soot particles in the atmosphere can potentially be an efficient source of CCN. Scattering and extinction coefficient measurements of the soot-H2SO4 mixed particles are conducted using a three wave length Nephelometer and a multi-path extinction cell. Coating of H2SO4 is found to increase the single scattering albedo (SSA) of soot particles which has impact on the aerosol direct radiative effect. Other laboratory techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) are utilized to examine the morphology and chemical composition of the soot-H2SO4 particles. This work provides critical information concerning the heterogeneous interaction of soot and sulfuric acid, and how their mixing affects the hygroscopic and optical properties of soot. The results will improve our ability to model and assess the soot direct and indirect forcing and hence enhance our understanding of the impact of anthropogenic activities on the climate.
Book Synopsis Optical Investigations and Characterization of Soot of Different Morphology and Maturity by : Sandra Török
Download or read book Optical Investigations and Characterization of Soot of Different Morphology and Maturity written by Sandra Török and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The formation path from small poorly absorbing incipient soot to larger fractal-like strongly absorbing black soot is extensive, and along this path the optical and physicochemical properties of the soot evolve. Soot emitted into the atmosphere may originate from some stage of this process, which will result in a wide spectrum of carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere which may interact with the sun and influence the radiative balance of the earth.?In this work, differently matured soot from a mini-CAST soot generator was studied in terms of optical properties and the relation to its physicochemical properties. Various optical diagnostic tools, mainly multi-wavelength extinction, elastic light scattering (ELS), and laser-induced incandescence (LII), but also complementary aerosol instrumentation, were used for these purposes. These tools have provided generic information about soot properties, and additionally the applicability of the methods for soot analysis has been evaluated.?Soot from the mini-CAST was found to have properties which range from nm-sized soot with optical properties of brown carbon (BrC) to larger soot aggregates of black carbon (BC) type. It was shown that the BrC type of soot had a refractory soot core with properties similar to young soot. Hence, it was shown to not consist of a BC core with a BrC like coating. Also it was shown that upon heating during thermo-optical analysis in an inert atmosphere that the BrC soot transformed and became more absorbing.?LII was used to study the optical properties of soot, and it was shown that the optical properties of mature soot agreed well with results from extinction measurements, but for young soot LII results indicated absorption of slightly more mature soot character. Further analysis of the temperature evolution of the soot in the low fluence regime allowed for estimation of the soot absorption efficiency. Results showed large differences in absorption efficiencies for the differently matured soot and values for the mature soot agreed well with values presented in the literature.?Double-pulse LII experiments showed how rapid laser heating induced changes in soot of different maturity. It was shown that the absorption properties were enhanced as a result of thermal annealing for all soot with the strongest effect for young soot. Another effect for young soot (using LII at 532 nm excitation) was an increased fluorescence from vaporized fragments that potentially can interfere with the detection of LII signals.?A nephelometer was used to study the elastic scattering by soot particles, and it was investigated if scattering theory could be used to solve the inverse problem and obtain information on the morphological properties. The method appeared feasible as tests revealed good results when compared to results based on micrograph image analysis. The method may be useful for estimation of morphological properties of fractal-like soot, as it provides a faster and less elaborate estimation than microscopy analysis.?The findings of this work contribute to the understanding of how differently matured soot interact with electromagnetic radiation, especially for the laser-induced incandescence method. Hence information has been gained on how to optimise the diagnostic potential of LII as well as on limitations in the diagnostics of soot of different maturity.?
Book Synopsis Optical Properties of Soot Particles as Function of Relative Humidity by : Boyang Zhao
Download or read book Optical Properties of Soot Particles as Function of Relative Humidity written by Boyang Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optical properties, i.e. scattering coefficient and absorption coefficient, of soot aerosol particles were investigated as they restructure during a simulated atmospheric ageing process. The soot particles were generated by a McKenna burner and injected into a smog chamber after being denuded and size selected. In the smog chamber, the soot restructuring process was induced by formation of a secondary organic aerosol (SOA) coating, which was generated by the photo-oxidation reaction of the SOA precursor p-xylene with OH radical. The particle diameter, mass, scattering and absorption coefficients were monitored with a scanning mobility particle sizer, a centrifugal particle mass analyzer, and a photoacoustic extinctiometer, respectively. Effective density and shape factor for the particles were determined to assess the degree of restructuring. Experiments were done at different relative humidities (RH) and I found that higher RH leads to a faster restructuring process. Mass scattering cross-section, mass absorption cross-section, and mass absorption cross-section with respect to bare soot particles were calculated to show how scattering and absorption are affected by the restructuring process. Under all RH conditions, the mass scattering cross-section increased for both coated and denuded soot particles. The mass absorption cross-section with respect to bare soot particle shows an increasing trend for coated soot particles as the mass growth factor increases. High and low RH conditions give rise to a higher value of mass absorption cross-section with respect to bare soot particles compared to intermediate RH conditions (RH=40%). The mass absorption cross-section value with respect to bare soot particles for intermediate RH is about 30% less than those for low and high RH. The overall work can provide optical information to the process of soot particles restructuring induced by SOA coating under different RH conditions.
Book Synopsis Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles by : Craig F. Bohren
Download or read book Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles written by Craig F. Bohren and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-09-26 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles Treating absorption and scattering in equal measure, this self-contained, interdisciplinary study examines and illustrates how small particles absorb and scatter light. The authors emphasize that any discussion of the optical behavior of small particles is inseparable from a full understanding of the optical behavior of the parent material-bulk matter. To divorce one concept from the other is to render any study on scattering theory seriously incomplete. Special features and important topics covered in this book include: * Classical theories of optical properties based on idealized models * Measurements for three representative materials: magnesium oxide, aluminum, and water * An extensive discussion of electromagnetic theory * Numerous exact and approximate solutions to various scattering problems * Examples and applications from physics, astrophysics, atmospheric physics, and biophysics * Some 500 references emphasizing work done since Kerker's 1969 work on scattering theory * Computer programs for calculating scattering by spheres, coated spheres, and infinite cylinders
Book Synopsis Dissertation Abstracts International by :
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 846 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Aerosols by : Claudio Tomasi
Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols written by Claudio Tomasi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ein Blick auf die morphologischen, physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von Aerosolen aus den unterschiedlichsten natürlichen und anthropogenen Quellen trägt zum besseren Verständnis der Rolle bei, die Aerosolpartikel bei der Streuung und Absorption kurz- und langwelliger Strahlung spielen. Dieses Fachbuch bietet Informationen, die sonst schwer zu finden sind, und vermittelt ausführlich die Kenntnisse, die erforderlich sind, um die mikrophysikalischen, chemischen und Strahlungsparameter zu charakterisieren, die bei der Wechselwirkung von Sonnen- und Erdstrahlen so überaus wichtig sind. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf den indirekten Auswirkungen von Aerosolen auf das Klima im Rahmen des komplexen Systems aus Aerosolen, Wolken und der Atmosphäre. Auch geht es vorrangig um die Wirkungen natürlicher und anthropogener Aerosole auf die Luftqualität und die Umwelt, auf die menschliche Gesundheit und unser kulturelles Erbe. Mit einem durchgängig lösungsorientierten Ansatz werden nicht nur die Probleme und Gefahren dieser Aerosole behandelt, sondern auch praktikable Lösungswege aufgezeigt.
Book Synopsis Copper and Bronze in Art by : David A. Scott
Download or read book Copper and Bronze in Art written by David A. Scott and published by Getty Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a review of 190 years of literature on copper and its alloys. It integrates information on pigments, corrosion and minerals, and discusses environmental conditions, conservation methods, ancient and historical technologies.
Book Synopsis Aerosol Pollution Impact on Precipitation by : Zev Levin
Download or read book Aerosol Pollution Impact on Precipitation written by Zev Levin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-09-30 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life on Earth is critically dependent upon the continuous cycling of water between oceans, continents and the atmosphere. Precipitation (including rain, snow, and hail) is the primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere back to the Earth’s surface. It is also the key physical process that links aspects of climate, weather, and the global hydrological cycle. Changes in precipitation regimes and the frequency of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, severe ice/snow storms, monsoon fluctuations and hurricanes are of great potential importance to life on the planet. One of the factors that could contribute to precipitation modification is aerosol pollution from various sources such as urban air pollution and biomass burning. Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric aerosols might have important implications for precipitation by influencing the hydrological cycle, which in turn could feed back to climate changes. From an Earth Science perspective, a key question is how changes expected in climate will translate into changes in the hydrological cycle, and what trends may be expected in the future. We require a much better understanding and hence predictive capability of the moisture and energy storages and exchanges among the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, continents and biological systems. This book is a review of our knowledge of the relationship between aerosols and precipitation reaching the Earth's surface and it includes a list of recommendations that could help to advance our knowledge in this area.
Book Synopsis Soot Formation in Combustion by : Henning Bockhorn
Download or read book Soot Formation in Combustion written by Henning Bockhorn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot Formation in Combustion represents an up-to-date overview. The contributions trace back to the 1991 Heidelberg symposium entitled "Mechanism and Models of Soot Formation" and have all been reedited by Prof. Bockhorn in close contact with the original authors. The book gives an easy introduction to the field for newcomers, and provides detailed treatments for the specialists. The following list of contents illustrates the topics under review:
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Aerosols by : Rekha Kale
Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols written by Rekha Kale and published by Scitus Academics LLC. This book was released on 2015-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric Aerosols is a vital problem in current environmental research due to its importance in atmospheric optics, energetics, radiative transfer studies, chemistry, climate, biology and public health. Aerosols can influence the energy balance of the terrestrial atmosphere, the hydrological cycle, atmospheric dynamics and monsoon circulations. Because of the heterogeneous aerosol field with large spatial and temporal variability and reduction in uncertainties in aerosol quantification is a challenging task in atmospheric sciences. Keeping this in view the present study aims to assess the impact of aerosols on coastal Indian station Visakhapatnam and the adjoining Bay of Bengal. An aerosol is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. Aerosols can be natural or not. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, forest exudates and geyser steam.
Book Synopsis Measurement, Analysis and Remediation of Environmental Pollutants by : Tarun Gupta
Download or read book Measurement, Analysis and Remediation of Environmental Pollutants written by Tarun Gupta and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-08 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses contamination of water, air, and soil media. The book covers health effects of such contamination and discusses remedial measures to improve the situation. Contributions by experts provide a comprehensive discussion on the latest developments in the detection and analysis of contaminants, enabling researchers to understand the evolution of these pollutants in real time and develop more accurate source apportionment of these pollutants. The contents of this book will be of interest to researchers, professionals, and policy makers alike.
Book Synopsis The Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric Aerosol by : Kenneth A. Rahn
Download or read book The Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric Aerosol written by Kenneth A. Rahn and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Alexander A. Kokhanovsky Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :3540376720 Total Pages :509 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (43 download)
Book Synopsis Light Scattering Reviews by : Alexander A. Kokhanovsky
Download or read book Light Scattering Reviews written by Alexander A. Kokhanovsky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-09-03 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an account of recent developments in light scattering media optics. Leading researchers focus on both the theoretical and experimental results in the area. In particular, light scattering by ice crystals, soil particles and biological particles is considered. This volume first discusses single light scattering, followed by multiple light scattering and finally examines possible applications in combustion and marine research.
Book Synopsis Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human Hair by : Clarence R. Robbins
Download or read book Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human Hair written by Clarence R. Robbins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-05-26 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human hair is the subject of a wide range of scientific investigations. Its chemical and physical properties are of importance to the cosmetics industry, forensic scientists, and to biomedical researchers. This updated and enlarged fourth edition continues the tradition of its predecessor as being the definitive monograph on the subject. It now contains new information on various topics including: chemical hair damage, the cause of dandruff, skin and eye irritation, hair straightening, and others. Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human Hair is a teaching guide and reference volume for cosmetic chemists and other scientists in the hair products industry, academic researchers studying hair and hair growth, textile scientists, and forensic specialists.
Book Synopsis Automotive Paints and Coatings by : Hans-Joachim Streitberger
Download or read book Automotive Paints and Coatings written by Hans-Joachim Streitberger and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-09-08 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in its second edition and still the only book of its kind, this is an authoritative treatment of all stages of the coating process -- from body materials, paint shop design, and pre-treatment, through primer surfacers and top coats. New topics of interest covered are color control, specification and testing of coatings, as well as quality and supply concepts, while valuable information on capital and legislation aspects is given. Invaluable for engineers in the automotive and paints and coatings industry as well as for students in the field.
