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Value Added Exports And Us Local Labor Markets
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Book Synopsis Value Added Exports and U.S. Local Labor Markets by : Leilei Shen
Download or read book Value Added Exports and U.S. Local Labor Markets written by Leilei Shen and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measuring the effects of international trade on labor market outcomes has never been more important given the increasing interconnections among economies around the globe. However, using measures of exposure to trade flows based on gross exports may lead to a misleading picture given that production processes have essentially become globalized, allowing firms to have access to imported inputs as an example. We consider the effects of international trade by building a model with firm heterogeneity where firms have the ability to offshore the production of inputs. Our model highlights that international trade offers an opportunity for firms to become more productive by engaging in off-shoring activities while they face competition from imports of final goods in the domestic market. We then construct a measure of U.S. exposure to Chinese goods using value added trade to analyze its effects on U.S. local labor markets. Using value added trade, we find that continuously rising exports from China to the U.S. do not have significant effects on employment and wages. We further decompose the measure of exposure into value added trade in intermediate and in final goods. In line with the theoretical framework, we find that an increase in value added exports from China in final goods leads to a decrease in employment across U.S. local labor markets, while the effects from a change in the exposure to trade in intermediate goods are not significant.
Book Synopsis Increasing Chinese Exports and U.S Labor Market Outcomes by : Jorge Eduardo Caceres Alegre
Download or read book Increasing Chinese Exports and U.S Labor Market Outcomes written by Jorge Eduardo Caceres Alegre and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China's major economic upraise over the last decades has created both positive and negative consequences (economically speaking) for other countries. Perhaps the country who has gotten affected the most by this sudden change of hub for world manufacturing is the U.S. It is well known by both scholars and policy makers that the progressive shrinking the U.S manufacturing sector has experienced over the last 20 years or so is in part a product of China's astonishingly rapid economic development. This paper touches on the subject of estimating the impact of such rapid economic development (particularly increasing Chinese exports) on U.S labor markets specifically. The purpose of this paper is to exemplify some of the more notable methods used in the economic literature through the last decade to estimate the impact of increasing Chinese exports on U.S labor markets. The first strategy discussed is "The Commuting Zone approach" used by Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (ADH 2013) for estimating the impact of increasing Chinese import penetration by relating changes in labor-market outcomes throughout a specific period of time across US local labor markets to changes in exposure to import competition. The second strategy relies on adding what is known as "Input-Output Linkages", which is what Autor, Dorn, Hanson, and Price (AADHP 2016) used to estimate the impact of increasing Chinese exports on U.S labor markets depending on the position of industries on the production chain. And finally, the last strategy mentioned in this paper relies on "Accounting for Value-Added Exports" in which Da Silva and Shen (DS 2018) compare the magnitude of Chinese exports on U.S labor markets when considering value-added exports instead of gross exports as well as incorporating input-output linkages like AADHP (2016) did. All three studies find increasing Chinese exports to have a negative effect on U.S labor markets. Even though their specifications for such general claim are slightly different from each other (the last two build up on the specifics provided by ADH 2013). ADH (2013) finds that increasing import penetration of Chinese goods yields negative effects on manufacturing employment as well as non-manufacturing. AADHP (2016) find the same results as ADH (2013), and their further specifications suggest that industries with higher degree of upstreamness are the ones more negatively affected, and that the effect of industries with a high degree of downstreamness is ambiguous. Finally, DS (2018) find the same results as ADH (213) but their further specifications imply that industries with high degree of downstreamness are the ones more negatively affected by increasing Chinese imports, and also that accounting for gross exports (instead of value-added) overstates the negative impact caused by increasing Chinese exports on U.S labor markets. As I move on into the latter sections of this paper, I will explain in greater detail the models and strategies (with their respective results) each study used to reach such conclusions.
Download or read book Exports to Jobs written by Erhan Artuc and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-02-25 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: South Asia has grown rapidly with significant reductions in poverty, but it has not been able to match the fast-growing working age population, leading to lingering concerns about jobless growth and poor job quality. Could export growth in South Asia result in better labor market outcomes? The answer is yes, according to our study, which rigorously estimates—using a new methodology—the potential impact from higher South Asian exports per worker on wages and employment over a 10-year period. Our study shows the positive side of trade. It finds that increasing exports per worker would result in higher wages—mainly for better-off groups, like more educated workers, males, and more-experienced workers—although less-skilled workers would see the largest reduction in informality. How can the benefits be spread more widely? Our study suggests that scaling up exports in labor-intensive industries could significantly lower informality for groups like rural and less-educated workers in the region. Also, increasing skills, and participation of women and young workers in the labor force could make an even bigger dent in informal employment. The region could achieve these gains by: (i) boosting and connecting exports to people (e.g., removing trade barriers and investment in infrastructure); (ii) eliminating distortions in production (e.g., by more efficient allocation of inputs); and (iii) protecting workers (e.g., by investing in education and skills).
Book Synopsis Immigration, Trade, and the Labor Market by : John M. Abowd
Download or read book Immigration, Trade, and the Labor Market written by John M. Abowd and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-12-01 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are immigrants squeezing Americans out of the work force? Or is competition wth foreign products imported by the United States an even greater danger to those employed in some industries? How do wages and unions fare in foreign-owned firms? And are the media's claims about the number of illegal immigrants misleading? Prompted by the growing internationalization of the U.S. labor market since the 1970s, contributors to Immigration, Trade, and the Labor Market provide an innovative and comprehensive analysis of the labor market impact of the international movements of people, goods, and capital. Their provocative findings are brought into perspective by studies of two other major immigrant-recipient countries, Canada and Australia. The differing experiences of each nation stress the degree to which labor market institutions and economic policies can condition the effect of immigration and trade on economic outcomes Contributors trace the flow of immigrants by comparing the labor market and migration behavior of individual immigrants, explore the effects of immigration on wages and employment by comparing the composition of the work force in local labor markets, and analyze the impact of trade on labor markets in different industries. A unique data set was developed especially for this study—ranging from an effort to link exports/imports with wages and employment in manufacturing industries, to a survey of illegal Mexican immigrants in the San Diego area—which will prove enormously valuable for future research.
Book Synopsis International Trade and Labor Markets by : Carl Davidson
Download or read book International Trade and Labor Markets written by Carl Davidson and published by W.E. Upjohn Institute. This book was released on 2004 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Summary: Exporting America by : BusinessNews Publishing,
Download or read book Summary: Exporting America written by BusinessNews Publishing, and published by Primento. This book was released on 2017-01-30 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The must-read summary of Lou Dobbs's book “Exporting America: Why Corporate Greed Is Shipping American Jobs Overseas”. This complete summary of "Exporting America" by Lou Dobbs, a well-known American media personality, presents his argument that corporate America has endangered the economy and the American dream by exporting white-collar jobs. Added-value of this summary: • Save time • Understand how American corporations have outsourced jobs • Expand your knowledge of American economics and geopolitics To learn more, read "Exporting America" and discover how corporate America has outsourced jobs and endangered the American dream.
Book Synopsis Essays in Value-added Trade and U.S. Labor Market Outcomes by : Han Wang
Download or read book Essays in Value-added Trade and U.S. Labor Market Outcomes written by Han Wang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation contains three essays on how value-added trade affect the U.S. labor market outcomes. In the most recent presidential competition, we observed how voter angst against economic globalization had a considerable impact on the election results. This dissertation seeks to shed light on how the changes in exposure to value-added trade affect individual wages, the probability of being unemployed as well as the likelihood of being married with consideration of each worker's occupation, the level of skill, and gender. In the first essay, we link U.S. industry-level value-added trade data with U.S. worker-level data from the Current Population Surveys from 1995 to 2009. We find that U.S. occupational exposure to value-added imports has a negative effect on the wages earned by intermediate-routine workers, which leads to wage polarization among American workers. In particular, the polarization of wages is driven by occupational exposure to value-added imports of final goods from middle-income countries, while exposure to final goods imported from high-income countries has a negative, albeit more fairly distributed, effect across U.S. workers' wages. On the other hand, occupational exposure to value-added imports of intermediate goods from middle-income countries is associated with a positive wage effect for least-routine workers, signaling to the presence of strong complementarities between the group of least-routine workers and imports of intermediate goods from this group of countries. In the second essay, we investigate the contribution of the degree of occupation routineness and the level of a worker's skill in determining the effects of U.S. exposure to value-added trade on U.S. labor market outcomes. We apply three main approaches to examine how the interplay between routineness and skills is essential in explaining the effects of U.S. exposure to value-added trade flows. First, we find that the increase in occupational exposure to value-added imports of final goods from middle-income countries is the primary driver of polarization of wages in the U.S. labor market within each skill group, where the effect on workers in the occupations with moderate levels of routineness is most adversely affected. Comparing the wage effects for workers within each routineness group, we find that skilled workers tend to face smaller pressure on their wages from import competition than the unskilled. Second, we examine the impact of exposure to value-added trade on the probability of being unemployed at the worker level. We show that an increase in exposure to value-added imports will raise the employment-related uncertainty for unskilled workers relative to skilled workers. Third, we estimate the transition costs across workers who have trade-induced occupation switches between two consecutive periods. Results suggest that occupation switch is very costly for all unskilled workers as well as for the skilled workers who are involved with the least-routine occupations. Notice that the effect of trade might not be gender-neutral. In the third paper, we complement the existing literature by providing evidence that increasing import exposure has differential effects on individual outcomes depending on the workers' gender and on the degree of routineness of their occupations. We explore the effects of gender-specific exposure to value-added trade on individual outcomes such as wages, the probability of being unemployed, and the likelihood of being married. Despite that the male-specific exposures to value-added trade are highly comparable to those female-specific measures, we find it is powerful enough to distinguish their differential effects across gender. We find that the effect of trade is symmetric across genders when it comes to wage effects but asymmetric in terms of the probability of being unemployed and in the likelihood of being married. Our findings on wages suggest that an increase in exposure to value-added imports has the most negative effect on intermediate-routine workers for both gender groups, which results in wage polarization for both groups. As for the probability of being unemployed, we find that the greater the male-specific exposure to value-added imports, the greater the chances of being unemployed for male workers in the intermediate-routine occupations, while the effects for other men are insignificant. In the case of female workers, rising import exposure is associated with an increase in the uncertainty related to unemployment for those in least-routine occupations. Finally, for the likelihood of getting married, the effect for female workers is insignificant regardless of the degree of routineness. In the case of men, the likelihood of getting married decreases for males in intermediate-routine occupations when exposure to imported final goods increases, while, on the other hand, males in least-routine occupations are more likely to get married with an increase in exposure to intermediate inputs.
Book Synopsis Uncovering Value Added In Trade: New Approaches To Analyzing Global Value Chains by : Yuqing Xing
Download or read book Uncovering Value Added In Trade: New Approaches To Analyzing Global Value Chains written by Yuqing Xing and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2015-07-13 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Value chain trade has challenged economic implications of conventional trade statistics and transformed bilateral trade relationships into multilaterals. Conventional trade statistics exaggerate trade volumes and bilateral trade imbalances. It is imperative to measure trade in value-added and examine trade relations in the context of global value chains. This book is a collection of research papers on new approaches to measure trade in value added and the role of global value chains in modern international trade. It introduces the input output method for measuring trade and a direct approach for measuring the domestic value added of the People's Republic of China — the center of global assembly. In addition, it shows how to analyze trade relations in the context of global value chains.
Book Synopsis The Factory-free Economy by : Lionel Fontagné
Download or read book The Factory-free Economy written by Lionel Fontagné and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An economic analysis of de-industrialization that considers the ongoing transformation of the industrial economies and the consequences for economic policy.
Book Synopsis The Labor Market and Economic Adjustment by : Pierre-Richard Agénor
Download or read book The Labor Market and Economic Adjustment written by Pierre-Richard Agénor and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1995-11-01 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the role of the labor market in the transmission process of adjustment policies in developing countries. It begins by reviewing the recent evidence regarding the functioning of these markets. It then studies the implications of wage inertia, nominal contracts, labor market segmentation, and impediments to labor mobility for stabilization policies. The effect of labor market reforms on economic flexibility and the channels through which labor market imperfections alter the effects of structural adjustment measures are discussed next. The last part of the paper identifies a variety of issues that may require further investigation, such as the link between changes in relative wages and the distributional effects of adjustment policies.
Book Synopsis Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of GVCs on Economic Development by : World Trade Organization
Download or read book Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of GVCs on Economic Development written by World Trade Organization and published by World Trade Organization. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is about a huge contribution to our deepening understanding of what the global economy really means and how it is changing. The report helpfully distinguishes elements of an economy that are tradable and the large set that are non-tradable. Clearly the tradables set is expanding with the support of enabling technology. The report argues that connectivity in the networks that define the evolving architecture of GVCs is important. This Global Value Chain Development Report is the result of intensive and detailed work in assembling and analyzing data on the structure of economies and on how they are linked. It creates a much clearer picture of evolving patterns of independence. It also presents a much clearer picture of comparative advantage. --Publisher description.
Book Synopsis Does What You Export Matter? by : Daniel Lederman
Download or read book Does What You Export Matter? written by Daniel Lederman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-06-18 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does what economies export matter for development? If so, can industrial policies improve on the export basket generated by the market? This book approaches these questions from a variety of conceptual and policy viewpoints. Reviewing the theoretical arguments in favor of industrial policies, the authors first ask whether existing indicators allow policy makers to identify growth-promoting sectors with confidence. To this end, they assess, and ultimately cast doubt upon, the reliability of many popular indicators advocated by proponents of industrial policy. Second, and central to their critique, the authors document extraordinary differences in the performance of countries exporting seemingly identical products, be they natural resources or 'high-tech' goods. Further, they argue that globalization has so fragmented the production process that even talking about exported goods as opposed to tasks may be misleading. Reviewing evidence from history and from around the world, the authors conclude that policy makers should focus less on what is produced, and more on how it is produced. They analyze alternative approaches to picking winners but conclude by favoring 'horizontal-ish' policies--for instance, those that build human capital or foment innovation in existing and future products—that only incidentally favor some sectors over others.
Book Synopsis World Development Report 2020 by : World Bank
Download or read book World Development Report 2020 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global value chains (GVCs) powered the surge of international trade after 1990 and now account for almost half of all trade. This shift enabled an unprecedented economic convergence: poor countries grew rapidly and began to catch up with richer countries. Since the 2008 global financial crisis, however, the growth of trade has been sluggish and the expansion of GVCs has stalled. Meanwhile, serious threats have emerged to the model of trade-led growth. New technologies could draw production closer to the consumer and reduce the demand for labor. And trade conflicts among large countries could lead to a retrenchment or a segmentation of GVCs. World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains examines whether there is still a path to development through GVCs and trade. It concludes that technological change is, at this stage, more a boon than a curse. GVCs can continue to boost growth, create better jobs, and reduce poverty provided that developing countries implement deeper reforms to promote GVC participation; industrial countries pursue open, predictable policies; and all countries revive multilateral cooperation.
Book Synopsis U.S. Trade and Investment Policy by : Andrew H. Card
Download or read book U.S. Trade and Investment Policy written by Andrew H. Card and published by Council on Foreign Relations. This book was released on 2011 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From American master Ward Just, returning to his trademark territory of "Forgetfulness "and "The Weather in Berlin," an evocative portrait of diplomacy and desire set against the backdrop of America's first lost war
Download or read book Mass Layoffs in ... written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Making It Big written by Andrea Ciani and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic and social progress requires a diverse ecosystem of firms that play complementary roles. Making It Big: Why Developing Countries Need More Large Firms constitutes one of the most up-to-date assessments of how large firms are created in low- and middle-income countries and their role in development. It argues that large firms advance a range of development objectives in ways that other firms do not: large firms are more likely to innovate, export, and offer training and are more likely to adopt international standards of quality, among other contributions. Their particularities are closely associated with productivity advantages and translate into improved outcomes not only for their owners but also for their workers and for smaller enterprises in their value chains. The challenge for economic development, however, is that production does not reach economic scale in low- and middle-income countries. Why are large firms scarcer in developing countries? Drawing on a rare set of data from public and private sources, as well as proprietary data from the International Finance Corporation and case studies, this book shows that large firms are often born large—or with the attributes of largeness. In other words, what is distinct about them is often in place from day one of their operations. To fill the “missing top†? of the firm-size distribution with additional large firms, governments should support the creation of such firms by opening markets to greater competition. In low-income countries, this objective can be achieved through simple policy reorientation, such as breaking oligopolies, removing unnecessary restrictions to international trade and investment, and establishing strong rules to prevent the abuse of market power. Governments should also strive to ensure that private actors have the skills, technology, intelligence, infrastructure, and finance they need to create large ventures. Additionally, they should actively work to spread the benefits from production at scale across the largest possible number of market participants. This book seeks to bring frontier thinking and evidence on the role and origins of large firms to a wide range of readers, including academics, development practitioners and policy makers.
Book Synopsis Labor Market Imperfections and Thick Market Externalities from Innovation by : Daron Acemoglu
Download or read book Labor Market Imperfections and Thick Market Externalities from Innovation written by Daron Acemoglu and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
