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Utilization Of Molten Nitrate Salt Nonomaterials For Heat Capacity Enhancement In Solar Power Applications
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Book Synopsis Utilization of Molten Nitrate Salt Nonomaterials for Heat Capacity Enhancement in Solar Power Applications by : Ramaprasath Devaradjane
Download or read book Utilization of Molten Nitrate Salt Nonomaterials for Heat Capacity Enhancement in Solar Power Applications written by Ramaprasath Devaradjane and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concentrated solar power (CSP) system use general thermodynamic cycle to produce electricity and thus the system efficiency is mainly determined by the working temperature of heat transfer fluid (HTF). Organic-based HTFs (e.g., mineral oil, ethylene glycol, etc.) were firstly used for this application. However, this has limited the working temperature of CSP around 300 °C since these organic material starts to decompose below 400 °C. Typical liquid salts are thermally stable to high temperatures (500~600 °C). Using these salts as HTF can significantly increase the working temperature and as a result the system efficiency can also be highly enhanced. For example increasing working temperature from 300 °C to 500 °C can simply increase Carnot efficiency from 48 % to 61 %. Moreover, these salts are eco-friendly and using them as HTF can reduce the potential environmental cost caused by the conventional HTF. These salts also have very low vapor pressure that can reduce the potential mechanical stress on the pipe / storage system caused by using the conventional HTF. Recently a binary liquid salt (NaNO3-KNO3; also termed as "solar salt") has been introduced and adapted in the most recent CSP plants. This solar salt is also used as thermal energy storage (TES) medium. Extra thermal energy collected in the daytime is stored in solar salt and kept in a TES for later use. When electricity demand peaks (e.g., evening time) solar salt in TES provide thermal energy to continue electricity production. One of the major challenges to use solar salt as HTF / TES is its high freezing point at 220 [degree]C. This has the potential risk of crystallization in a pipe / storage system in a harsh condition (e.g., rainy season) and can result in high maintenance & operation costs for extra freezing protection system (e.g., insulation, auxiliary heater, etc.). Adding Ca(NO3)2 to solar salt can dramatically decrease the freezing point (down to 120 [degree]C). However, this ternary salt mixture has relatively low thermo-physical properties. Doping this material with oxidized nanoparticles can improve these properties. Nanofluids are liquids doped with nanoparticles. They have been proposed for large enhanced thermo-physical properties. In this report, the low thermo-physical properties were highly enhanced by doping with nanoparticles (19 % increase by 1 % nanoparticle concentration by weight). The result of this study will be useful to develop advance HTF / TES material for CSP plants. This will also applicable for other high temperature HTF applications such as geothermal energy, nuclear energy, and other energy generation technologies using thermodynamic cycle.
Book Synopsis Effect of Nanoparticle Dispersions in Binary Nitrate Salt as Thermal Energy Storage Material in Concentrated Solar Power Applications by : Bharath Dudda
Download or read book Effect of Nanoparticle Dispersions in Binary Nitrate Salt as Thermal Energy Storage Material in Concentrated Solar Power Applications written by Bharath Dudda and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the huge improvements in the field of solar energy to produce electricity, the high cost of production has been one of the major problems in this field. Concentrated solar power (CSP) uses a number of mirrors to concentrate solar radiant energy onto a single focal point. Electrical power is produced when the concentrated light is converted to heat, which drives a heat engine connected to an electrical power generator. This heat is first stored in a thermal energy storage (TES) and transferred to a heat engine to be converted to electricity and thus TES can provide heat even after the sunset for extended hour of power production. Hence, the key for reducing the cost of electricity mainly relies on the operating temperature of TES, since it will determine the thermal to electric conversion e ciency. Increasing TES operating temperature can enhance the cycle efficiency and as a result the cost of electricity can be reduced. However, traditional TESs such as paraffin wax and fatty acid are likely to decompose at high temperatures (300 400 C). Molten salts can achieve higher temperatures leading to higher efficiency and lower costs. Hence, they have caught the attention of researchers as a potential substitute for traditional TESs. Molten salts can achieve higher temperatures leading to higher efficiency and lower cost However, poor thermo-physical properties of molten salts were one of the most challenging problems. It has been recently found that doping of nanoparticles in molten salts significantly enhance their thermo-physical properties. In this study, eutectic of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate at 60:40 by weight were chosen as the base molten salt and silica nanoparticles were used to enhance the specific heat capacity of the salts. A modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC) was employed to measure the specific heat capacity of the TESs. Different sizes (5, 10, 30 and 60 nanometers) of nanoparticles were considered to investigate if the size of the nanoparticle had an effect on the specific heat capacity. It was seen that the doping of nanoparticles enhanced the specific heat capacity by approximately 27% for 60nm. Material characterization was carried out using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to explore the cause of the enhanced specific heat capacity and it was found that the nano-engineered molten salts were lled with distinct nanostructures. It was observed that as the amount of nanostructures increased the enhancement of specific heat capacity also increased. This finding would lead to decrease in amount of TES used in the power plants which leads to a decrease in the size of the thermal storage tank and eventually reduces this total cost.
Book Synopsis Molten Salt Nanomaterials for Thermal Energy Storage and Concentrated Solar Power Applications by : Donghyun Shin
Download or read book Molten Salt Nanomaterials for Thermal Energy Storage and Concentrated Solar Power Applications written by Donghyun Shin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thermal efficiency of concentrated solar power (CSP) system depends on the maximum operating temperature of the system which is determined by the operating temperature of the TES device. Organic materials (such as synthetic oil, fatty acid, or paraffin wax) are typically used for TES. This limits the operating temperature of CSP units to below 400°C. Increasing the operating temperature to 560°C (i.e., the creeping temperature of stainless steel), can enhance the theoretical thermal efficiency from 54% to 63%. However, very few thermal storage materials are compatible for these high temperatures. Molten salts are thermally stable up to 600°C and beyond. Using the molten salts as the TES materials confers several benefits, which include: (1) Higher operating temperature can significantly increase the overall cycle efficiency and resulting costs of power production. (2) Low cost of the molten salt materials can drastically reduce the cost. (3) The molten salts, which are environmentally safe, can also reduce the potential environmental impact. However, these materials suffer from poor thermo-physical properties. Impregnating these materials with nanoparticles can enhance these properties. Solvents doped with nanoparticles are termed as nanofluids. Nanofluids have been reported in the literature for the anomalous enhancement of their thermo-physical properties. In this study, the poor thermal properties of the molten salts were enhanced dramatically on mixing with nanoparticles. For example the specific heat capacity of these molten salt eutectics was found to be enhanced by as much as ~ 26% on mixing with nanoparticles at a mass fraction of ~ 1%. The resultant properties of these nanomaterials were found to be highly sensitive to small variations in the synthesis protocols. Computational models were also developed in this study to explore the fundamental transport mechanisms on the molecular scale for elucidating the anomalous enhancements in the thermo-physical properties that were measured in these experiments. This study is applicable for thermal energy storage systems utilized for other energy conversion technologies - such as geothermal energy, nuclear energy and a combination of energy generation technologies.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Thermophysical Properties of Enhanced Molten Salt Nanofluids for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Systems by : Joohyun Seo (Ph.D.)
Download or read book Investigation of Thermophysical Properties of Enhanced Molten Salt Nanofluids for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Systems written by Joohyun Seo (Ph.D.) and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies have a great economical and technical potential for energy production in future. Its incorporation with thermal energy storage (TES) overcomes one of the biggest challenges in most renewable energy technologies, the intermittency of energy supply by natural resources. TES with 15-hour storage capacity is already commercialized to operate a CSP plant for 24 hours a day. When the sunlight is concentrated by mirrors into a small focal point, a heat transfer fluid (HTF) transfers the collected heat to a turbine or an engine to produce electricity and any surplus heat to a TES unit for later use. Typical CSP plants used two different materials for HTF and TES, and thus several heat exchangers were necessary between HTF and TES. These heat exchangers can cause a significant temperature drop and associated thermodynamic penalties. The potential capital cost increase is also not negligible. Using a binary nitrate salt (termed as "solar salt") as a single storage fluid for both HTF and TES can not only simplifies the heat transport/storage system but also minimize a potential energy loss. Its high-temperature stability (over 500 °C) can also increase the overall thermodynamic efficiency. However, solar salt has a relatively high melting point (220 °C), and it is likely to freeze under a harsh condition such as nighttime, rainy, or cloudy day. As a result, an auxiliary heater is required for a freeze protection and can significantly decrease the power output. Hence, it is necessary to investigate alternative storage fluid whose melting point is low enough to minimize the energy loss. A ternary nitrate salt mixture (LiNO3-NaNO3-KNO3) has a very low melting point (~100 °C). Using this mixture as a single storage fluid for both HTF and TES in a CSP can significantly reduce the energy loss by the freeze protection but also enhance CSP's energy conversion efficiency. However, the heat storage density of these molten salts is typically low. Literature study shows that dispersing appropriate nano particles can enhance salts' heat capacity. This can not only reduce the required HTF and TES amount, but also reduce the size of thermal transport and storage systems (e.g., pipes, heat exchanger, and storage tanks). In this study, several commercial SiO2 nanoparticles were first dispersed into a ternary nitrate salt to see if it can enhance its effective heat capacity. Several SiO2 nanoparticles at different sizes were tested to investigate the effect of nanoparticle size. Fresh nanoparticles, then, were in-situ synthesized in a binary and ternary nitrate salts. Al(NO3)3·9H2O (aluminum nitrate nonahydrate) and Mg(NO3)2·6H2O (magnesium nitrate hexahydrate) were induced to decompose in a molten nitrate salt to produce Al2O3 and MgO nanoparticles. The new method (Liquid to Liquid) for the sample preparation was used to increase the enhancement of specific heat of a binary nitrate salt with SiO2 nanoparticle. A modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC; Q20, TA Instrument Inc.) was used to measure the effective heat capacity. A discovery hybrid rheometer (HR2, TA Instruments Inc.) was employed to measure the mixture's viscosity. A customized apparatus was built to measure its effective thermal conductivity. A figure of merit analysis was performed to predict the performance of the mixture. A scanning electron microscope (SEM: Hitachi S-3000N and S-5000H) was used for material characterization. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation was performed to investigate the effect of nanoparticles on the observed property measurements.
Book Synopsis Experimental Investigation of Thermophysical Properties of Enhanced Nitrate Salt Nanofluids for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Systems by : Vamsikiran Eruvaram
Download or read book Experimental Investigation of Thermophysical Properties of Enhanced Nitrate Salt Nanofluids for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Systems written by Vamsikiran Eruvaram and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main source for energy production right now is from thermal, nuclear energy. But in the near future we might have crisis of coal so we need alternate renewable source for energy production the solution for that is sun, since solar energy is renewable and abundantly available. Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies is one of the best solution to overcome this energy crisis, because it works from solar energy. If the CSP is incorporated with thermal energy storage (TES) we can produce energy even during night. TES with 15-hour storage capacity (Gemasolar) is already commercialized to operate a CSP plant for 24 hours a day. When the sunlight is concentrated by mirrors into a small focal point, a heat transfer fluid transfers the collected heat to a turbine or an engine to produce electricity and any surplus heat to a TES unit for later use. Typical CSP plants used two different materials for heat transfer fluid and TES, and thus several heat exchangers were necessary between HTF and TES. These heat exchangers can cause a significant temperature drop due to the thermal heat transfer losses because of this efficiency of the cycle gets reduced. Thermo physical properties of the HTF are one of the important factors in transferring thermal energy. Different specific heat measurement techniques have been determined in this work for finding theoptimum method for Cp measurement. One of the promising chemicals for the purpose of HTF is mixture of molten salts. However, low thermal properties of molten salts, such as specific heat capacity (Cp around 1.5 kJ/kg°C) constrains thermal performance of CSP systems. Recently, many studies have been conducted to overcome this difficulty, by adding minute concentration of nanoparticles. In this work, the selected molten salt eutectic is a mixture of LiNO3- NaNO3 by composition of (54:46 mol. %) plus dispersing Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles with 40nm particle size. A standard differential scanning calorimeter (SDSC) is employed to measure the Cp of pure and nanomaterial samples. The results from this work shows a 18.3% Cp enhancement. Economic analysis of CSP has been performed to know the effect of impact of specific heat enhancement on CSP by using System Advisor Model as base tool for simulation.
Book Synopsis Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Inorganic Nanomaterials for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Applications by : Seunghwan Jung
Download or read book Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Inorganic Nanomaterials for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Applications written by Seunghwan Jung and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this study is to synthesize nanomaterials by mixing molten salt (alkali nitrate salt eutectics) with inorganic nanoparticles. The thermo-physical properties of the synthesized nanomaterials were characterized experimentally. Experimental results allude to the existence of a distinct compressed phase even for the solid phase (i.e., in the nanocomposite samples). For example, the specific heat capacity of the nanocomposites was observed to be enhanced after melting and re-solidification - immediately after their synthesis; than those of the nanocomposites that were not subjected to melting and re-solidification. This shows that melting and re-solidification induced molecular reordering (i.e., formation of a compressed phase on the nanoparticle surface) even in the solid phase - leading to enhancement in the specific heat capacity. Numerical models (using analytical and computational approaches) were developed to simulate the fundamental transport mechanisms and the energy storage mechanisms responsible for the observed enhancements in the thermo-physical properties. In this study, a simple analytical model was proposed for predicting the specific heat capacity of nanoparticle suspensions in a solvent. The model explores the effect of the compressed phase--that is induced from the solvent molecules - at the interface with individual nanoparticles in the mixture. The results from the numerical simulations indicate that depending on the properties and morphology of the compressed phase--it can cause significant enhancement in the specific heat capacity of nanofluids and nanocomposites. The interfacial thermal resistance (also known as Kapitza resistance, or "Rk") between a nanoparticle and the surrounding solvent molecules (for these molten salt based nanomaterials) is estimated using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. This exercise is relevant for the design optimization of nanomaterials (nanoparticle size, shape, material, concentration, etc.). The design trade-off is between maximizing the thermal conductivity of the nanomaterial (which typically occurs for nanoparticle size varying between ~ 20-30nm) and maximizing the specific heat capacity (which typically occurs for nanoparticle size less than 5nm), while simultaneously minimizing the viscosity of the nanofluid. The specific heat capacity of nitrate salt-based nanomaterials was measured both for the nanocomposites (solid phase) and nanofluids (liquid phase). The neat salt sample was composed of a mixture of KNO3: NaNO3 (60:40 molar ratio). The enhancement of specific heat capacity of the nanomaterials obtained from the salt samples was found to be very sensitive to minor variations in the synthesis protocol. The measurements for the variation of the specific heat capacity with the mass concentration of nanoparticles were compared to the predictions from the analytical model. Materials characterization was performed using electron microscopy techniques (SEM and TEM). The rheological behavior of nanofluids can be non-Newtonian (e.g., shear thinning) even at very low mass concentrations of nanoparticles, while (in contrast) the pure undoped (neat) molten salt may be a Newtonian fluid. Such viscosity enhancements and change in rheological properties of nanofluids can be detrimental to the operational efficiencies for thermal management as well as energy storage applications (which can effectively lead to higher costs for energy conversion). Hence, the rheological behavior of the nanofluid samples was measured experimentally and compared to that of the neat solvent (pure molten salt eutectic). The viscosity measurements were performed for the nitrate based molten salt samples as a function of temperature, shear rate and the mass concentration of the nanoparticles. The experimental measurements for the rheological behavior were compared with analytical models proposed in the literature. The results from the analytical and computational investigations as well as the experimental measurements performed in this proposed study--were used to formulate the design rules for maximizing the enhancement in the thermo-physical properties (particularly the specific heat capacity) of various molten salt based inorganic nanomaterials. The results from these studies are summarized and the future directions are identified as a conclusion from this study.
Book Synopsis Computational Analysis of Nanostructures Formed in Molten Salt Nanofluids by : Vidula B. Pawar
Download or read book Computational Analysis of Nanostructures Formed in Molten Salt Nanofluids written by Vidula B. Pawar and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Meeting the continuously increasing demand of 'clean' energy is the biggest challenge of the energy research field. Amongst the many renewable sources of energy, energy from the Sun is one of the biggest sources in the form of light and heat. Photovoltaic cells and concentrated solar power are few of the solar energy harnessing technologies. Photovoltaic cells use semiconductor materials to directly convert energy from sun into electricity. CSP uses a combination of solar receivers (mirrors or lenses) to concentrate the solar thermal energy which is further converted into electricity using the common thermodynamic cycle. One of the Photovoltaic (PV) technology's disadvantages over CSP is that it delivers power only in direct sunlight and it cannot store excess amounts of produced energy for later use. This is overcome by CSP. Thermal energy storage (TES) devices are used in CSP which store large amount of thermal energy for later use. TES use organic materials like paraffin wax, synthetic oils etc. as their heat transfer fluids (HTF). One of the drawbacks of CSP technology is the limiting operating temperatures of HTF (up to 400 °C), which affects the theoretical thermal efficiency. Increasing this operating temperature up to 560 °C, which is the creeping temperature of stainless steel, can enhance the efficiency (from 54% to 63%). Hence, the uses of molten salts, which are thermally stable up to 600 °C, have been proposed to use as TES. With advantages of high operating temperature, low cost and environmentally safe these salts have disadvantage of poor thermo-physical properties like low specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity. A lot of experimental results of enhancements in the thermo-physical properties of molten-salt embedded with nanofluids have been reported. Nanofluids are solvents doped with nanoparticles. These reports suggest formation of nanostructures with liquid layer separations in the base salts as possible cause of enhancements. But there has been very limited computational analysis study to support these findings. Tiznobaik et al saw nanostructure formed near nanoparticles and concluded it to be the primary cause for the enhanced specific heat capacity in carbonate nanofluids, (Li2CO3-K2CO3/SiO2). The formation of nanostructure was reasoned with dense layers and concentration gradient seen within the surrounding molten salt mixture. In this study an attempt has been made to elucidate and support this finding using computational analysis. Molecular Dynamic simulations have been performed using LAMMPS to analyze the cause of nanostructure formations. For the simulation, a periodic box of Li2CO3-K2CO3 (62:38) and a SiO2 nanocluster was made in Material Studio. After lot of initializations, a stable system was achieved and analysis showed concentration gradient around the nanocluster. Same analysis will help to prove the theory of concentration gradient in other combination of salts and nanomaterials. This will also act as a base for finding the thermo-physical properties like heat capacity, thermal conductivity, density etc. of such salts to further validate the experimental results showing their enhancements.
Book Synopsis Emerging Nanotechnologies for Renewable Energy by : Waqar Ahmed
Download or read book Emerging Nanotechnologies for Renewable Energy written by Waqar Ahmed and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-02-16 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Nanotechnologies for Renewable Energy offers a detailed overview of the benefits and applications of nanotechnology in the renewable energy sector. The book highlights recent work carried out on the emerging role of nanotechnology in renewable energy applications, ranging from photovoltaics, to battery technology and energy from waste. Written by international authors from both industry and academia, the book covers topics including scaling up from laboratory to industrial scale. It is a valuable resource for students at postgraduate and advanced undergraduate levels, researchers in industry and academia, technology leaders, and policy and decision-makers in the energy and engineering sectors. Offers insights into a wide range of nanoscale technologies for the generation, storage and transfer of energy Shows how nanotechnology is being used to create new, more environmentally friendly energy solutions Assesses the challenges involved in scaling up nanotechnology-based energy solutions to an industrial scale
Book Synopsis Nano Enhanced Phase Change Materials by : Zafar Said
Download or read book Nano Enhanced Phase Change Materials written by Zafar Said and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-10-14 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides information on thermal energy storage systems incorporating phase change materials (PCMs) which are widely preferred owing to their immense energy storage capacity. The thermal energy storage (TES) potential of PCMs has been deeply explored for a wide range of applications, including solar/electrothermal energy storage, waste heat storage, and utilization, building energy-saving, and thermal regulations. The inherent shortcomings like leakage during phase transition and poor thermal conductivity hamper their extensive usage. Nevertheless, it has been addressed by their shape stabilization with porous materials and dispersing highly conductive nanoparticles. Nanoparticles suspended in traditional phase change materials enhance the thermal conductivity. The addition of these nanoparticles to the conventional PCM enhances the storage. In this book, the history of Nano Enhanced Phase Change Materials (NEPCM), preparation techniques, properties, theoretical modeling and correlations, and the effect of all these factors on the potential applications such as: solar energy, electronics cooling, heat exchangers, building, battery thermal management, thermal energy storage are discussed in detail. Future challenges and future work scope have been included. The information from this book can enable the readers to come up with novel techniques, resolve existing research limitations, and come up with novel NEPCM, that can be implemented for various applications.
Book Synopsis Thermal Energy Storage by : Hafiz Muhammad Ali
Download or read book Thermal Energy Storage written by Hafiz Muhammad Ali and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-12 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers various aspects of thermal energy storage. It looks at storage methods for thermal energy and reviews the various materials that store thermal energy and goes on to propose advanced materials that store energy better than conventional materials. The book also presents various thermophysical properties of advanced materials and the role of thermal energy storage in different applications such as buildings, solar energy, seawater desalination and cooling devices. The advanced energy storage materials have massive impact on heat transfer as compared to conventional energy storage materials. A concise discussion regarding current status, leading groups, journals and the countries working on advanced energy storage materials has also been provided. This book is useful to researchers, professionals and policymakers alike.
Book Synopsis Enhanced Specific Heat of Molten Salt Nanofluids by : Hani Tiznobaik
Download or read book Enhanced Specific Heat of Molten Salt Nanofluids written by Hani Tiznobaik and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concentrated solar power uses general thermodynamic cycles (such as Rankine or Gas turbine cycle) to produce electricity and thus its efficiency primarily relies on the operating temperature of thermal energy storage. Current thermal energy storage medium is organic material such as synthetic oil or fatty acid. However, these materials are not stable at high temperatures due to their thermal decomposition. Using molten salts as thermal energy storage medium is a very attractive option since they are thermally stable at high temperatures (over 600 °C). They also have very lower vapor pressure (for reducing mechanical stress on structure materials), less reactive, and abundant in nature in comparison with the conventional thermal energy storage materials. However, their low specific heat hinders the use of molten salts as thermal energy storage materials. The low specific heat of molten salts can be enhanced by doping with nanoparticles. Solvents doped with nanoparticles (termed as nanofluids) are well known for their large enhancement of thermal conductivity. In this study, the low specific heat of molten salts were enhanced by doping with nanoparticles. SiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in a mixture of Li2CO3-K2CO3 at 1% concentration by weight showed 25% enhanced specific heat. From the subsequent material characterization study, a large amount of special fractal-like nanostructures was observed all over the nanofluids. Four different sizes of nanoparticles were tested to prepare nanofluids to verify the effect of nanoparticles on specific heat and the result showed almost no variation in specific heat with nanoparticle size. This implies that nanoparticles may not have direct effect on the enhanced specific heat but may help the formation of the fractal-like nanostructures. The fractal-like nanostructures are formed by molten salt molecules electrostatically interacting with nearby nanoparticles and may be responsible for the enhanced specific heat of nanofluids. To verify this, two batches of nanofluids were prepared and one was treated with a very small amount of hydroxide to interrupt the proposed electrostatic interaction. The result showed that the one treated with hydroxide did not form the fractal-like nanostructures and no specific heat enhancement was observed, while the other nanofluid showed constant 25 % enhanced specific heat. In order to have a better understanding of the effects of the formed nanostructures in nanofluid sample, the rheological properties of the pure and nanofluid samples were studied. The results shows increase not only in the average value of viscosity on the nanofluid sample, but also changing in the behavior of the fluids. That is, the nanofluid samples shows high amount of non-Newtonian behavior compare to the one of pure samples which shows Newtonian behavior. Based on the experimental results, and applying proposed theories to have a better understanding of thermophysical properties of nanostructures, this study proposes a new specific heat mechanism theories of molten salt. A comparison study was conducted using the proposed mechanism to explain the difference between conventional nanofluids whose specific heat decreases and molten salt-based nanofluids whose specific heat increases. The result of this study is expected to not only help to design advanced thermal energy storage for concentrated solar power applications but also help to answer unsolved questions in the field of nanofluids.
Book Synopsis Advances in New Heat Transfer Fluids by : Alina Adriana Minea
Download or read book Advances in New Heat Transfer Fluids written by Alina Adriana Minea and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heat transfer enhancement has seen rapid development and widespread use in both conventional and emerging technologies. Improvement of heat transfer fluids requires a balance between experimental and numerical work in nanofluids and new refrigerants. Recognizing the uncertainties in development of new heat transfer fluids, Advances in New Heat Transfer Fluids: From Numerical to Experimental Techniques contains both theoretical and practical coverage.
Book Synopsis Developments in Strategic Materials and Computational Design II, Volume 32, Issue 10 by : Andrew Gyekenyesi
Download or read book Developments in Strategic Materials and Computational Design II, Volume 32, Issue 10 written by Andrew Gyekenyesi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-11-11 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society's 35th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 23-28, 2011. This issue includes papers presented in the Thermal Management Materials and Technologies; Advanced Sensor Technology; Geopolymers; and Computational Design, Modeling, and Simulation of Ceramics and Composites symposia.
Book Synopsis Energy-Sustainable Advanced Materials by : Mark Alston
Download or read book Energy-Sustainable Advanced Materials written by Mark Alston and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-16 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights progress towards the capture, storage, and utilization of energy through the development of advanced materials and systems based on abundant elements, materials, and commodities. Energy is critical to human sustainability and a global-scale deployment of renewable energy systems will be required. Hence, the chapters integrate the fundamental aspects that enable the technical advancements in detail, along with an emphasis on the need for highly sustainable materials to enable real impact for humankind: To determine innovation of energy capture and storage through characterizations of materials in areas of electrical generation and electrical storage systems; To demonstrate better performance, economic and environmental advantages than the current state of the art; To define new chemistries and materials for innovations in energy density design through lower operational temperatures, improve safety, expanding operational voltage, battery durability lifetimes, and reduce system costs. Advances critical technical and commercial objectives for novel high energy density materials; Evaluates operational material models for optimizing energy capture that are integrated by configurations as a system; Illustrates utilization of material life cycle assessment for high energy outputs generators for sustainable materials.
Book Synopsis Advances in Concentrating Solar Thermal Research and Technology by : Manuel Blanco
Download or read book Advances in Concentrating Solar Thermal Research and Technology written by Manuel Blanco and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-11-10 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After decades of research and development, concentrating solar thermal (CST) power plants (also known as concentrating solar power (CSP) and as Solar Thermal Electricity or STE systems) are now starting to be widely commercialized. Indeed, the IEA predicts that by 2050, with sufficient support over ten percent of global electricity could be produced by concentrating solar thermal power plants. However, CSP plants are just but one of the many possible applications of CST systems. Advances in Concentrating Solar Thermal Research and Technology provides detailed information on the latest advances in CST systems research and technology. It promotes a deep understanding of the challenges the different CST technologies are confronted with, of the research that is taking place worldwide to address those challenges, and of the impact that the innovation that this research is fostering could have on the emergence of new CST components and concepts. It is anticipated that these developments will substantially increase the cost-competiveness of commercial CST solutions and reshape the technological landscape of both CST technologies and the CST industry. After an introductory chapter, the next three parts of the book focus on key CST plant components, from mirrors and receivers to thermal storage. The final two parts of the book address operation and control and innovative CST system concepts. Contains authoritative reviews of CST research taking place around the world Discusses the impact this research is fostering on the emergence of new CST components and concepts that will substantially increase the cost-competitiveness of CST power Covers both major CST plant components and system-wide issues
Book Synopsis Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology by : Marcelle Gaune-Escard
Download or read book Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology written by Marcelle Gaune-Escard and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 902 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written to record and report on recent research progresses in the field of molten salts, Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology focuses on molten salts and ionic liquids for sustainable supply and application of materials. Including coverage of molten salt reactors, electrodeposition, aluminium electrolysis, electrochemistry, and electrowinning, the text provides researchers and postgraduate students with applications include energy conversion (solar cells and fuel cells), heat storage, green solvents, metallurgy, nuclear industry, pharmaceutics and biotechnology.
Book Synopsis Nanotechnology Applications for Solar Energy Systems by : Mohsen Sheikholeslam
Download or read book Nanotechnology Applications for Solar Energy Systems written by Mohsen Sheikholeslam and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-07-17 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understand the latest developments in solar nanotechnology with this comprehensive guide Solar energy has never seemed a more critical component of humanity’s future. As global researchers and industries work to develop sustainable technologies and energy sources worldwide, the need to increase efficiency and decrease costs becomes paramount. Nanotechnology has the potential to play a considerable role in meeting these challenges, leading to the development of solar energy systems that overcome the limitations of existing technologies. Nanotechnology Applications for Solar Energy Systems is a comprehensive guide to the latest technological advancements and applications of nanotechnology in the field of solar energy. It analyzes nanotechnology applications across a full range of solar energy systems, reviewing feasible technological advancements for enhanced performance of solar energy devices, and discussing emerging nanomaterials such as graphene and graphene derivatives. Nanotechnology Applications for Solar Energy Systems readers will also find: Detailed treatment of nanotechnology applications in systems including solar concentrating collectors, linear Fresnel reflectors, parabolic trough collectors, and more Coverage of methods to enhance the performance of solar energy devices including solar ponds and solar steam generators A comprehensive review of nanomaterials classification and the properties of nanomaterials in heat transfer and efficiency enhancement Nanotechnology Applications for Solar Energy Systems is critical for researchers in fields related to solar energy, engineers and industry professionals developing solar technology, and academics working in related fields such as chemistry, physics, materials science, and electrical engineering.
