Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Using Encapsulated Phase Change Material In Thermal Energy Storage For Baseload Concentrating Solar Power Epcm Tes
Download Using Encapsulated Phase Change Material In Thermal Energy Storage For Baseload Concentrating Solar Power Epcm Tes full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Using Encapsulated Phase Change Material In Thermal Energy Storage For Baseload Concentrating Solar Power Epcm Tes ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Using Encapsulated Phase Change Material in Thermal Energy Storage for Baseload Concentrating Solar Power (EPCM-TES). by :
Download or read book Using Encapsulated Phase Change Material in Thermal Energy Storage for Baseload Concentrating Solar Power (EPCM-TES). written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Terrafore successfully demonstrated and optimized the manufacturing of capsules containing phase-changing inorganic salts. The phase change was used to store thermal energy collected from a concentrating solar-power plant as latent heat. This latent heat, in addition to sensible heat increased the energy density (energy stored per unit weight of salt) by over 50%, thus requiring 40% less salt and over 60% less capsule container. Therefore, the cost to store high-temperature thermal energy collected in a concentrating solar power plant will be reduced by almost 40% or more, as compared to conventional two-tank, sensible-only storage systems. The cost for thermal energy storage (TES) system is expected to achieve the Sun Shot goal of $15 per kWh(t). Costs associated with poor heat-transfer in phase change materials (PCM) were also eliminated. Although thermal energy storage that relies on the latent heat of fusion of PCM improves energy density by as much as 50%, upon energy discharge the salt freezes and builds on the heat transfer surfaces. Since these salts have low thermal conductivity, large heat-transfer areas, or larger conventional heat-exchangers are needed, which increases costs. By encapsulating PCM in small capsules we have increased the heat transfer area per unit volume of salt and brought the heat transfer fluid in direct contact with the capsules. These two improvements have increased the heat transfer coefficient and boosted heat transfer. The program was successful in overcoming the phenomenon of melt expansion in the capsules, which requires the creation of open volume in the capsules or shell to allow for expansion of the molten salt on melting and is heated above its melting point to 550°C. Under contract with the Department of Energy, Terrafore Inc. and Southwest Research Institute, developed innovative method(s) to economically create the open volume or void in the capsule. One method consists of using a sacrificial polymer coating as the middle layer between the salt prill and the shell material. The selected polymer decomposes at temperatures below the melting point of the salt and forms gases which escape through the pores in the capsule shell thus leaving a void in the capsule. We have demonstrated the process with a commonly used inorganic nitrate salt in a low-cost shell material that can withstand over 10,000 high-temperature thermal cycles, or a thirty-year or greater life in a solar plant. The shell used to encapsulate the salt was demonstrated to be compatible with molten salt heat transfer fluid typically used in CSP plants to temperatures up to 600 °C. The above findings have led to the concept of a cascaded arrangement. Salts with different melting points can be encapsulated using the same recipe and contained in a packed bed by cascading the salt melting at higher melting point at the top over the salt melting at lower melting point towards the bottom of the tank. This cascaded energy storage is required to effectively transfer the sensible heat collected in heat transfer fluids between the operating temperatures and utilize the latent heat of fusion in the salts inside the capsule. Mathematical models indicate that over 90% of the salts will undergo phase change by using three salts in equal proportion. The salts are selected such that the salt at the top of the tank melts at about 15°C below the high operating-temperature, and the salt at the bottom of the tank melts 15°C above the low operating-temperature. The salt in the middle of tank melts in-between the operating temperature of the heat transfer fluid. A cascaded arrangement leads to the capture of 90% of the latent-heat of fusion of salts and their sensible heats. Thus the energy density is increased by over 50% from a sensible-only, two-tank thermal energy storage. Furthermore, the Terrafore cascaded storage method requires only one tank as opposed to the two-tanks used in sensible heat storage. Since heat is transferred from the ...
Book Synopsis Characterization of Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage by : Weihuan Zhao
Download or read book Characterization of Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage written by Weihuan Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar energy is receiving a lot of attentions at present since it is a kind of clean, renewable and sustainable energy. A major limitation however is that it is available for only about 2,000 hours a year in many places. One way to improve this situation is to use thermal energy storage (TES) system for the off hours. A novel method to store solar energy for large scale energy usage is using high melting temperature encapsulated phase change materials (EPCMs). The present work is a study of thermal energy storage systems with phase change materials (PCMs). It is hoped that this work is to help understand the storage capability and heat transfer processes in the EPCM capsules in order to help design large EPCM based thermoclines. A calorimeter system was built to test the energy stored in EPCM capsules and examine the storage capabilities and potential for storage deterioration in EPCM capsules to determine the types of EPCMs suitable for TES. To accomplish this, the heat transfer performances of the EPCMs are studied in detail. Factors which could affect the heat transfer performance including the properties of materials, the sizes of capsules, the types of heat transfer fluids, the gravity effect of solid PCM, the buoyancy-driven convection in the molten PCM, void space inside the capsule are given attention. Understanding these characteristics for heat transfer process could help build the EPCM based thermoclines to make energy storage economical for solar energy and other applications.
Book Synopsis Development and Demonstration of an Innovative Thermal Energy Storage System for Baseload Power Generation by :
Download or read book Development and Demonstration of an Innovative Thermal Energy Storage System for Baseload Power Generation written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this project is to research and develop a thermal energy storage system (operating range 300°C - 450°C) based on encapsulated phase change materials (PCM) that can meet the utility-scale base-load concentrated solar power plant requirements at much lower system costs compared to the existing thermal energy storage (TES) concepts. The major focus of this program is to develop suitable encapsulation methods for existing low-cost phase change materials that would provide a cost effective and reliable solution for thermal energy storage to be integrated in solar thermal power plants. This project proposes a TES system concept that will allow for an increase of the capacity factor of the present CSP technologies to 75% or greater and reduce the cost to less than $20/kWht.
Book Synopsis Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials by : João M.P.Q. Delgado
Download or read book Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials written by João M.P.Q. Delgado and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-09 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This short book provides an update on various methods for incorporating phase changing materials (PCMs) into building structures. It discusses previous research into optimizing the integration of PCMs into surrounding walls (gypsum board and interior plaster products), trombe walls, ceramic floor tiles, concrete elements (walls and pavements), windows, concrete and brick masonry, underfloor heating, ceilings, thermal insulation and furniture an indoor appliances. Based on the phase change state, PCMs fall into three groups: solid–solid PCMs, solid–liquid PCMs and liquid–gas PCMs. Of these the solid–liquid PCMs, which include organic PCMs, inorganic PCMs and eutectics, are suitable for thermal energy storage. The process of selecting an appropriate PCM is extremely complex, but crucial for thermal energy storage. The potential PCM should have a suitable melting temperature, and the desirable heat of fusion and thermal conductivity specified by the practical application. Thus, the methods of measuring the thermal properties of PCMs are key. With suitable PCMs and the correct incorporation method, latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) can be economically efficient for heating and cooling buildings. However, several problems need to be tackled before LHTES can reliably and practically be applied.
Book Synopsis High-Temperature Thermal Storage Systems Using Phase Change Materials by : Luisa F. Cabeza
Download or read book High-Temperature Thermal Storage Systems Using Phase Change Materials written by Luisa F. Cabeza and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-11-27 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-Temperature Thermal Storage Systems Using Phase Change Materials offers an overview of several high-temperature phase change material (PCM) thermal storage systems concepts, developed by several well-known global institutions with increasing interest in high temperature PCM applications such as solar cooling, waste heat and concentrated solar power (CSP). The book is uniquely arranged by concepts rather than categories, and includes advanced topics such as thermal storage material packaging, arrangement of flow bed, analysis of flow and heat transfer in the flow bed, energy storage analysis, storage volume sizing and applications in different temperature ranges. By comparing the varying approaches and results of different research centers and offering state-of-the-art concepts, the authors share new and advanced knowledge from researchers all over the world. This reference will be useful for researchers and academia interested in the concepts and applications and different techniques involved in high temperature PCM thermal storage systems. Offers coverage of several high temperature PCM thermal storage systems concepts developed by several leading research institutions Provides new and advanced knowledge from researchers all over the world Includes a base of material properties throughout
Book Synopsis Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Use in Thermal Energy Storage Applications by : Laura Solomon
Download or read book Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Use in Thermal Energy Storage Applications written by Laura Solomon and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second law analysis of an example TES system was conducted to determine the benefit of s system employing a multiple PCMs. As expected, the latent heat-based systems were able to store more energy and exergy with comparable efficiencies than systems that rely on sensible heat only. Furthermore, when the overall cycle performance is examined, systems with multiple PCMs perform better than corresponding single PCM-based systems. While for the operating conditions and PCMs chosen the 2-PCM system was superior, great care is required during the design of an EPCM-based TES system as the difference between the melting point of the PCMs and the inlet temperatures during charging and discharging greatly affect the performance of the system.
Book Synopsis The Use of Sodium Chloride & Aluminum as Phase Change Materials for High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Characterized by Calorimetry by : Laura Solomon
Download or read book The Use of Sodium Chloride & Aluminum as Phase Change Materials for High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Characterized by Calorimetry written by Laura Solomon and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encapsulated phase change materials (EPCM) have a great deal of potential for the storage of thermal energy in a wide range of applications. The present work is aimed at developing encapsulated phase change materials capable of storing thermal energy at temperatures above 700°C for use in concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. EPCM with a phase change material (PCM) with both a salt (sodium chloride) and a metal (aluminum) are considered here. Sodium chloride and aluminum are effective storage mediums because of their high melting points and large latent heats of fusion, 800°C and 660°C and 430kJ/kg and 397kJ/kg, respectively. Based on the heat capacities and the latent heat of fusion, for a 100 degree temperature range centered on the melting point of the PCM, 80% of the energy stored by the sodium chloride PCM can be attributed to the latent heat and 79% for the aluminum PCM. These large fractions attributed to latent heat have the potential for making EPCM based thermal energy storage devices smaller and less expensive. To study the performance of the candidate PCMs considered here, a specialized immersion calorimeter was designed, calibrated, and used to evaluate the storage capabilities of sodium chloride and aluminum based EPCMs. Additionally, the EPCMs were studied to ensure no loss of capacity would occur over the lifetime of the EPCM. While no reduction in the storage capacity of the sodium chloride EPCMs was found after repeated thermal cycles, there was a decrease in the storage capacity of the aluminum EPCMs after prolonged exposure to high temperatures.
Book Synopsis Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials by : Mohammed Farid
Download or read book Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials written by Mohammed Farid and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-07-26 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on latent heat storage, which is one of the most efficient ways of storing thermal energy. Unlike the sensible heat storage method, the latent heat storage method provides much higher storage density with a smaller difference between storing and releasing temperatures. Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials is structured into four chapters that cover many aspects of thermal energy storage and their practical applications. Chapter 1 reviews selection, performance, and applications of phase change materials. Chapter 2 investigates mathematical analyses of phase change processes. Chapters 3 and 4 present passive and active applications for energy saving, peak load shifting, and price-based control heating using phase change materials. These chapters explore the hot topic of energy saving in an overarching way, and so they are relevant to all courses. This book is an ideal research reference for students at the postgraduate level. It also serves as a useful reference for electrical, mechanical, and chemical engineers and students throughout their work. FEATURES Explains the technical principles of thermal energy storage, including materials and applications in different classifications Provides fundamental calculations of heat transfer with phase change Discusses the benefits and limitations of different types of phase change materials (PCM) in both micro- and macroencapsulations Reviews the mechanisms and applications of available thermal energy storage systems Introduces innovative solutions in hot and cold storage applications
Book Synopsis Encapsulation of High Temperature Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage by : Rupa Nath
Download or read book Encapsulation of High Temperature Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage written by Rupa Nath and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermal energy storage is a major contributor to bridge the gap between energy demand (consumption) and energy production (supply) by concentrating solar power. The utilization of high latent heat storage capability of phase change materials is one of the keys to an efficient way to store thermal energy. However, some of the limitations of the existing technology are the high volumetric expansion and low thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCMs), low energy density, low operation temperatures and high cost. The present work deals with encapsulated PCM system, which operates at temperatures above 500°C and takes advantage of the heat transfer modes at such high temperatures to overcome the aforementioned limitations of PCMs. Encapsulation with sodium silicate coating on preformed PCM pellets were investigated. A low cost, high temperature metal, carbon steel has been used as a capsule for PCMs with a melting point above 500° C. Sodium silicate and high temperature paints were used for oxidation protection of steel at high temperatures. The emissivity of the coatings to enhance heat transfer was investigated.
Book Synopsis Thermal Energy Storage Using Phase Change Materials by : Amy S. Fleischer
Download or read book Thermal Energy Storage Using Phase Change Materials written by Amy S. Fleischer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-22 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a comprehensive introduction to the use of solid‐liquid phase change materials to store significant amounts of energy in the latent heat of fusion. The proper selection of materials for different applications is covered in detail, as is the use of high conductivity additives to enhance thermal diffusivity. Dr. Fleischer explores how applications of PCMS have expanded over the past 10 years to include the development of high efficiency building materials to reduce heating and cooling needs, smart material design for clothing, portable electronic systems thermal management, solar thermal power plant design and many others. Additional future research directions and challenges are also discussed.
Book Synopsis Innovative Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage Solution for Baseload Power Phase 1 Final Report by :
Download or read book Innovative Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage Solution for Baseload Power Phase 1 Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary purpose of this project is to develop and validate an innovative, scalable phase change salt thermal energy storage (TES) system that can interface with Infinia's family of free-piston Stirling engines (FPSE). This TES technology is also appropriate for Rankine and Brayton power converters. Solar TES systems based on latent heat of fusion rather than molten salt temperature differences, have many advantages that include up to an order of magnitude higher energy storage density, much higher temperature operation, and elimination of pumped loops for most of Infinia's design options. DOE has funded four different concepts for solar phase change TES, including one other Infinia awarded project using heat pipes to transfer heat to and from the salt. The unique innovation in this project is an integrated TES/pool boiler heat transfer system that is the simplest approach identified to date and arguably has the best potential for minimizing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The Phase 1 objectives are to design, build and test a 1-hour TES proof-of-concept lab demonstrator integrated with an Infinia 3 kW Stirling engine, and to conduct a preliminary design of a 12-hour TES on-sun prototype.
Book Synopsis Micro/nanoencapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCMs) Toward High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Applications by : Hanfei Zhang
Download or read book Micro/nanoencapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCMs) Toward High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Applications written by Hanfei Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermal energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources because of its abundancy. However, despite the long history of people practically trying to harvest thermal energy, the efficiency of thermal energy storage and application to daily life utilization is still a major limitation, especially for high temperature (>300oC) applications. Concentrating solar power(CSP) is one of the very few technologies that have been used commercially to produce electricity from solar thermal energy. Benefiting from the extra latent heat stored during melting/freezing, phase change materials (PCMs) with a high melting point are commonly used in these systems functioning as thermal energy storage (TES) and heat transfer fluid (HTF).Further, to avoid contamination from surroundings and increase heat transfer rate, tremendous effort has been dedicated to make micro/nano-sized PCMs encapsulations. Yet, until now, mostof the successful micro/nano-encapsulation techniques are not compatible with high temperatures due to the poor thermal/chemical stability of the capsules. A novel and cost effective modified sol-gel process was developed for the encapsulation of the first ever salt@silica microcapsules, which showed excellent thermal stability and reliability at high temperature. The encapsulation process was studied in detail and shown to be precisely controllable, demonstrated by different encapsulation ratios and shell thicknesses obtained. Rheological properties and thermal performance of microcapsules added HTF (solar salt) were then analyzed with the highest effective heat capacity enhancement of 11.0% obtained. Binary carbonate salt micro particles were then encapsulated via the same method. Through the high specific heat and latent heat of the binary carbonate salt, remarkable 40.5% and 134.4% enhancement on effective heat capacity over the best commercialized product was achieved respectively for active and passive solar thermal systems. Finally, the versatility of the developed encapsulation technique was demonstrated by micro/nano-encapsulation of different materials, along with the possibility of void creation.
Book Synopsis Novel Thermal Storage Technologies for Concentrating Solar Power Generation by :
Download or read book Novel Thermal Storage Technologies for Concentrating Solar Power Generation written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The technologies that are to be developed in this work will enable storage of thermal energy in 100 MWe solar energy plants for 6-24 hours at temperatures around 300°C and 850°C using encapsulated phase change materials (EPCM). Several encapsulated phase change materials have been identified, fabricated and proven with calorimetry. Two of these materials have been tested in an airflow experiment. A cost analysis for these thermal energy storage systems has also been conducted that met the targets established at the initiation of the project.
Book Synopsis High-Temperature Phase Change Materials (PCM) Candidates for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Applications by :
Download or read book High-Temperature Phase Change Materials (PCM) Candidates for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is clearly understood that lower overall costs are a key factor to make renewable energy technologies competitive with traditional energy sources. Energy storage technology is one path to increase the value and reduce the cost of all renewable energy supplies. Concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies have the ability to dispatch electrical output to match peak demand periods by employing thermal energy storage (TES). Energy storage technologies require efficient materials with high energy density. Latent heat TES systems using phase change material (PCM) are useful because of their ability to charge and discharge a large amount of heat from a small mass at constant temperature during a phase transformation like melting-solidification. PCM technology relies on the energy absorption/liberation of the latent heat during a physical transformation. The main objective of this report is to provide an assessment of molten salts and metallic alloys proposed as candidate PCMs for TES applications, particularly in solar parabolic trough electrical power plants at a temperature range from 300.deg.C to 500.deg. C. The physical properties most relevant for PCMs service were reviewed from the candidate selection list. Some of the PCM candidates were characterized for: chemical stability with some container materials; phase change transformation temperatures; and latent heats.
Book Synopsis Heat Transfer Analysis of Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage by : Ali F. Elmozughi
Download or read book Heat Transfer Analysis of Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage written by Ali F. Elmozughi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transport phenomena inside the EPCM are modeled accurately by considering a 20% air void and the buoyancy-driven convection in a stainless steel capsule. The effects of the thermal expansion and the volume expansion due to phase change on the energy storage and retrieval process are investigated. The charging and discharging into and from the capsule wall is simulated for different boundary conditions and is applied with both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. Computational models are conducted by applying an enthalpy -- porosity method and volume of fluid method (VOF) to calculate the transport phenomena within the PCM capsule, including an internal air void. Energy storage and retrieval in different sized capsules is simulated. A cylindrical shaped EPCM capsule or tube is considered in simulations using both gas (air) and liquid (Therminol/VP-1) as the heat transfer fluid in a cross flow arrangement. The presence of the void has profound effects on the thermal response of the EPCM during both energy storage and retrieval process. Melting and solidification per unit mass of the PCM takes longer when the void is present. Additionally, due to material properties and the lack of convective effects, the solidification process is much slower than the melting process. One of the most significant outcomes of the present work is that the thermal energy module in the power generation systems has to be designed properly by careful consideration of the heat transfer from HTF to the EPCM as well as the heat transport inside the EPCM.
Book Synopsis Advanced Phase Change Materials for Thermal Storage by : Rocío Bayón
Download or read book Advanced Phase Change Materials for Thermal Storage written by Rocío Bayón and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-08-30 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermal energy storage using phase change materials (PCMs) is a research topic that has attracted much attention in recent decades. This is mainly due to the potential use of PCMs as latent storage media in a large variety of applications. Although many kinds of PCMs are already commercial products, advanced materials with improved properties and new latent storage concepts are required to better meet the specific requirements of different applications. Moreover, the development of common validation procedures for PCMs is an important issue that should be addressed in order to achieve commercial deployment and implementation of these kinds of materials in latent storage systems. The key subjects addressed on the five papers included in this Special Issue are related to methodologies for material selection, PCM validation and assessment procedures, innovative approaches of PCM applications together with simulation and testing of latent storage prototypes.
Book Synopsis Solid-Liquid Thermal Energy Storage by : Moghtada Mobedi
Download or read book Solid-Liquid Thermal Energy Storage written by Moghtada Mobedi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-06-22 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solid–Liquid Thermal Energy Storage: Modeling and Applications provides a comprehensive overview of solid–liquid phase change thermal storage. Chapters are written by specialists from both academia and industry. Using recent studies on the improvement, modeling, and new applications of these systems, the book discusses innovative solutions for any potential drawbacks. This book: Discusses experimental studies in the field of solid–liquid phase change thermal storage Reviews recent research on phase change materials Covers various innovative applications of phase change materials (PCM) on the use of sustainable and renewable energy sources Presents recent developments on the theoretical modeling of these systems Explains advanced methods for enhancement of heat transfer in PCM This book is a reference for engineers and industry professionals involved in the use of renewable energy systems, energy storage, heating systems for buildings, sustainability design, etc. It can also benefit graduate students taking courses in heat transfer, energy engineering, advanced materials, and heating systems.
