Use Of Carbon Isotopic Tracers In Investigating Soil Carbon Sequestration And Stabilization In Agroecosystems

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Use of Carbon Isotopic Tracers in Investigating Soil Carbon Sequestration and Stabilization in Agroecosystems

Author : International Atomic Energy Agency
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789201064172
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (641 download)

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Book Synopsis Use of Carbon Isotopic Tracers in Investigating Soil Carbon Sequestration and Stabilization in Agroecosystems by : International Atomic Energy Agency

Download or read book Use of Carbon Isotopic Tracers in Investigating Soil Carbon Sequestration and Stabilization in Agroecosystems written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This publication provides an overview of conventional and isotopic methods available for measuring and modelling soil carbon dynamics. It includes information on the use of carbon isotopes in soil and plant research, including both theoretical and practical aspects of nuclear and radioisotope tracer techniques for in situ glasshouse and field labelling techniques to assess soil organic carbon turnover and sequestration, and provides up-to-date information on topics related to soil carbon sequestration and stabilization in agroecosystems. With its focus on practical application of radiotracer and stable isotope tracer techniques, it will be particularly useful for university and national research scientists working to improve soil organic matter management and conservation in agricultural systems."--Publisher's description.

Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils

Author : Alessandro Piccolo
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642233856
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils by : Alessandro Piccolo

Download or read book Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils written by Alessandro Piccolo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-11 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compilation of techniques, methodologies and scientific data arises from a four-year Italian research project, which took place at university research stations in Turin, Piacenza, Naples and Potenza. Soil Organic Matter (SOM) represents an active and essential pool of the total organic carbon on the planet. Consequently, even small changes in this SOM carbon pool may have a significant impact on the concentration of atmospheric CO2. Recent new understanding of the chemical nature of SOM indicates that innovative and sustainable technologies may be applied to sequester carbon in agricultural soils. Overall results of the project have been applied to develop an innovative model for the prediction and description, both quantitatively and qualitatively, of carbon sequestration in agricultural soils. This book provides experts in different areas of soil science with a complete picture of the effects of new soil management methods and their potentials for practical application in farm management.

Soil Carbon Stabilization to Mitigate Climate Change

Author : Rahul Datta
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813367652
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Soil Carbon Stabilization to Mitigate Climate Change by : Rahul Datta

Download or read book Soil Carbon Stabilization to Mitigate Climate Change written by Rahul Datta and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon stabilization involves to capturing carbon from the atmosphere and fix it in the forms soil organic carbon stock for a long period of time, it will be present to escape as a greenhouse gas in the form of carbon dioxide. Soil carbon storage is an important ecosystem service, resulting from interactions of several ecological processes. This process is primarily mediated by plants through photosynthesis, with carbon stored in the form of soil organic carbon. Soil carbon levels have reduced over decades of conversion of pristine ecosystems into agriculture landscape, which now offers the opportunity to store carbon from air into the soil. Carbon stabilization into the agricultural soils is a novel approach of research and offers promising reduction in the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This book brings together all aspects of soil carbon sequestration and stabilization, with a special focus on diversity of microorganisms and management practices of soil in agricultural systems. It discusses the role of ecosystem functioning, recent and future prospects, soil microbial ecological studies, rhizosphere microflora, and organic matter in soil carbon stabilization. It also explores carbon transformation in soil, biological management and its genetics, microbial transformation of soil carbon, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), and their role in sustainable agriculture. The book offers a spectrum of ideas of new technological inventions and fundamentals of soil sustainability. It will be suitable for teachers, researchers, and policymakers, undergraduate and graduate students of soil science, soil microbiology, agronomy, ecology, and environmental sciences

Soil Carbon

Author : Alfred E. Hartemink
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319040847
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Soil Carbon by : Alfred E. Hartemink

Download or read book Soil Carbon written by Alfred E. Hartemink and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-01 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few topics cut across the soil science discipline wider than research on soil carbon. This book contains 48 chapters that focus on novel and exciting aspects of soil carbon research from all over the world. It includes review papers by global leaders in soil carbon research, and the book ends with a list and discussion of global soil carbon research priorities. Chapters are loosely grouped in four sections: § Soil carbon in space and time § Soil carbon properties and processes § Soil use and carbon management § Soil carbon and the environment A wide variety of topics is included: soil carbon modelling, measurement, monitoring, microbial dynamics, soil carbon management and 12 chapters focus on national or regional soil carbon stock assessments. The book provides up-to-date information for researchers interested in soil carbon in relation to climate change and to researchers that are interested in soil carbon for the maintenance of soil quality and fertility. Papers in this book were presented at the IUSS Global Soil C Conference that was held at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.

Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil

Author : Rattan Lal
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351091158
Total Pages : 811 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil by : Rattan Lal

Download or read book Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil written by Rattan Lal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-08-08 with total page 811 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the importance of soil processes in the global carbon cycle.Agricultural activities considered responsible for an increase in CO2 levels in our atmosphere include: deforestation, biomass burning, tillage and intensive cultivation, and drainage of wetlands.However, agriculture can also be a solution to the problem in which carbon can be removed from the atmosphere and permanently sequestered into the soil. Management of Carbon Sequestration in Soil highlights the importance of world soils as a sink for atmospheric carbon and discusses the impact of tillage, conservation reserve programs (CRP), management of grasslands and woodlands, and other soil and crop management and land use practices that lead to carbon sequestration.

Technical Report

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Technical Report by :

Download or read book Technical Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this research is to provide a better scientific understanding of carbon cycle processes within an agricultural landscape characteristic of the Upper Midwest. This project recognizes the need to study processes at multiple spatial and temporal scales to reduce uncertainty in ecosystem and landscape-scale carbon budgets to provide a sound basis for shaping future policy related to carbon management. Specifically, this project has attempted to answer the following questions: 1. Would the use of cover crops result in a shift from carbon neutral to significant carbon gain in corn-soybean rotation ecosystems of the Upper Midwest? 2. Can stable carbon isotope analyses be used to partition ecosystem respiration into its autotrophic and heterotrophic components? 3. Can this partitioning be used to better understand the fate of crop residues to project changes in the soil carbon reservoir? 4. Are agricultural ecosystems of the Upper Midwest carbon neutral, sinks, or sources? Can the proposed measurement and modeling framework help address landscape-scale carbon budget uncertainties and help guide future carbon management policy?

The Role of Aggregate Dynamics in the Relationship Between Carbon Stabilization and Carbon Input Within Agroecosystems

Author : Angela Yin Yee Kong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Aggregate Dynamics in the Relationship Between Carbon Stabilization and Carbon Input Within Agroecosystems by : Angela Yin Yee Kong

Download or read book The Role of Aggregate Dynamics in the Relationship Between Carbon Stabilization and Carbon Input Within Agroecosystems written by Angela Yin Yee Kong and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

World Soil Resources and Food Security

Author : Rattan Lal
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 143984450X
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis World Soil Resources and Food Security by : Rattan Lal

Download or read book World Soil Resources and Food Security written by Rattan Lal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-09-13 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil—The Basis of All Terrestrial Life Ancient civilizations and cultures—Mayan, Aztec, Mesopotamian, Indus, and Yangtze—were built on good soils, surviving only as long as soils had the capacity to support them. In the twenty-first century, productive soil is still the engine of economic development and essential to human well-being. The quality of our soil resources, however, is threatened by human-induced and natural perturbations. World Soil Resources and Food Security takes an in-depth look at the availability and status of soil resources in the context of the growing demands of an increasing world population and rising expectations of living standards. This timely reference presents current information on the soil resources available for food production. Presenting innovative strategies for soil and water management, it discusses how to maintain or improve the world’s soil resources in order to increase food production. With the majority of the world’s 1.02 billion food-insecure people concentrated in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, several chapters focus on soil resources in these regions. Contributions from renowned scientists deal with topics including: Global food situations World soil resources Soil resources of humid Asia and their acidification Soil resources of South Asia Properties and management of Vertisols Use of radioisotopic techniques in soil management The potential of rain-fed agriculture in the semiarid tropics The status of land degradation Nutrient balance in sub-Saharan Africa The book concludes by outlining the need for further research to generate credible data on soil resources and degradation. This volume is a useful resource for those interested in the state of the soils of the world in relation to food security and environmental quality.

Assessment Methods for Soil Carbon

Author : R. Lal
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessment Methods for Soil Carbon by : R. Lal

Download or read book Assessment Methods for Soil Carbon written by R. Lal and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methods for assessing soil C pools; Methodology for sampling and preparation for soil carbon determination; Importance of soil bulk density and methods of its measurement; The effects of terrain position and elevation on soil C in the southern Appalachians; Approaching "functional"soil organic matter pools through particle-size fractionation: examples for tropical soils; Spatial variability: enhancing the mean estimate of organic and inorganic carbon in a sampling unit; Assessment of soil organic carbon using the U.S. soil survey; Organic carbon methods, microbial biomass, root biomass, and sampling design under development by NRCS; Characterization of soil organic carbon pools; Measuring and comparing soil carbon storage; Estimating total systems C in smallhold farming systems of the East African highlands; Assessment and significance of labile organic C pools in forest soils; Interlaboratory carbon isotope measurements of five soils; The determination of soil C pool sizes and turnover rates: biophysical fractionation and tracers; Ecozone and soil profile screening for C-residence time, rejuvenation, bomb 14C photosynthetic 13 changes; Use of 13C isotopes to determine net carbon sequestration in soil under ambient and elevated CO2; Methods using amino sugars as markers for microbial residues in soil; Characterization of soil organic matter; Fractionating soil in stable aggregates using a rainfall simulator; Toward an efficient method for measuring total organic stocks in forests; Soil organic matter evaluation; The development of the KMnO4 oxidation technique to determine labile carbon in soil and its use in a carbon management index; Effects of soil morphological and physical properties on estimation of carbon storage in arctic soils; Estimation of particulate and total organic matter by weight loss-on-ignition; Use of near infrared spectroscopy to determine inorganic and organic carbon fractions in soil and litter; Development of rapid instrumental methods for measuring soil organic carbon; Soil quality evaluations of alternative and conventional management systems in the great plains; 137 Cs for measuring soil erosion and redeposition: application for understanding soil carbon; Assesing the impact of erosion on soil organic carbon pools and fluxes; Assessing water erosion impacts on soil carbon pools fluxes; Soil organic carbon erosion assessment by Cesium- 137; A simple model to estmate soil carbon dynamics at the BOREAS northern study area, Manitoba, Canada; Methods used to create the North American Soil Organic Carbon Digital Database; Basic principles for soil carbon sequestration and calculating dynamic country-level balances including future scenarios; Examining the carbon stocks of boreal forest ecosystems at stand and regional scales; Predicting broadscale C stores of woody detritus from plot data; Soil C dynamics: measurement, simulation and site-to-region scale-up; Some factors affecting the distribution of carbon in soils of a dryland agricultural system in southwestern Australia; A national inventory of changes in soil carbon from national resources inventory data; Assessing economics of carbon sequestration in agriculture; Climate change policy and the agricultural sector; Approaches to assessing carbon credits and identifying trading mechanisms; Methodological challenges: toward balancing soil C pools and fluxes.

Understanding and Fostering Soil Carbon Sequestration

Author : Cornelia Rumpel
Publisher : Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science
ISBN 13 : 9781786769695
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding and Fostering Soil Carbon Sequestration by : Cornelia Rumpel

Download or read book Understanding and Fostering Soil Carbon Sequestration written by Cornelia Rumpel and published by Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science. This book was released on 2022-08-23 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soils are known to be an enormous reservoir of carbon and represent an important and dynamic part of the global carbon cycle. However, this reservoir is under constant threat due to a combination of issues, including mismanagement, climate change and intensive agricultural production which has led to depletion of soil organic carbon. Understanding and fostering soil carbon sequestration reviews the wealth of research on important aspects of soil carbon sequestration, including its potential in mitigating and adapting to climate change and improving global food security. The collection explores our understanding of carbon sequestration in soils, detailing the mechanisms and abiotic factors that can affect the process, as well as the socioeconomic, legal and policy issues that can arise as a result of this use.

Agricultural Practices and Policies for Carbon Sequestration in Soil

Author : John M. Kimble
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781420032291
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (322 download)

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Book Synopsis Agricultural Practices and Policies for Carbon Sequestration in Soil by : John M. Kimble

Download or read book Agricultural Practices and Policies for Carbon Sequestration in Soil written by John M. Kimble and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change is one factor driving agricultural policy development of programs that might pay farmers for practices with a high potential to sequester carbon. With chapters by economists, policy makers, farmers, land managers, energy company representatives, and soil scientists, Agricu

The Response of Soil Organic Carbon to Climate Change and Potential to Increase Carbon Sequestration in Soils Through Management

Author : Christiana Dietzen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis The Response of Soil Organic Carbon to Climate Change and Potential to Increase Carbon Sequestration in Soils Through Management by : Christiana Dietzen

Download or read book The Response of Soil Organic Carbon to Climate Change and Potential to Increase Carbon Sequestration in Soils Through Management written by Christiana Dietzen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the largest terrestrial carbon pool, changes in soil carbon pools in response to climate change or management practices have the potential to significantly impact atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This dissertation examines the effects of climate change and two management strategies on soil carbon pools in order to understand how soil carbon storage might change under these conditions. Changes in soil carbon concentrations were studied in a Danish heath/grassland exposed to elevated CO2, summer drought, and warming. Soil carbon was observed to increase significantly over the course of 8 years in the presence of elevated CO2, regardless of the addition of warming or drought treatments. Soil carbon pools at this site are therefore likely to serve as a negative feedback to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. To examine how management strategies could take advantage of the potential for soils to be used as a carbon sequestration tool, this dissertation also investigated the effects of two types of management practices on soil carbon dynamics. In a Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir stand, deep soil carbon storage was shown to increase when competing vegetation was not controlled, presumably due to deeper Douglas-fir rooting in response to competition for more shallow soil moisture reserves. In an incubation study, applying olivine with the goal of increasing soil pH and capturing CO2 resulted in decreased decomposition of organic matter compared to the application of agricultural lime. There was no difference in CO2 flux between the olivine amended and control samples, whereas the CO2 flux from the limed samples was 221% higher than the control. The application of olivine also increased soil pH to a level sufficient to overcome aluminum toxicity. The use of olivine as an alternative to lime would therefore significantly reduce agricultural CO2 emissions. The results of this dissertation suggest that not only is there potential for increasing soil carbon stocks to serve as a negative feedback to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but that an opportunity also exists to design management practices that utilize soils as a climate change mitigation tool.

Characterization of Soil Carbon Stabilization in Long-term Row-ropped Agro-ecosystems

Author : Soraya Patricia Alvarado-Ochoa
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization of Soil Carbon Stabilization in Long-term Row-ropped Agro-ecosystems by : Soraya Patricia Alvarado-Ochoa

Download or read book Characterization of Soil Carbon Stabilization in Long-term Row-ropped Agro-ecosystems written by Soraya Patricia Alvarado-Ochoa and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Isoscapes

Author : Jason B. West
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048133548
Total Pages : 495 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Isoscapes by : Jason B. West

Download or read book Isoscapes written by Jason B. West and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-25 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stable isotope ratio variation in natural systems reflects the dynamics of Earth systems processes and imparts isotope labels to Earth materials. Carbon isotope ratios of atmospheric CO2 record exchange of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere; the incredible journeys of migrating monarchs is documented by hydrogen isotopes in their wings; and water carries an isotopic record of its source and history as it traverses the atmosphere and land surface. Through these and many other examples, improved understanding of spatio-temporal isotopic variation in Earth systems is leading to innovative new approaches to scientific problem-solving. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the theory, methods, and applications that are enabling new disciplinary and cross-disciplinary advances through the study of "isoscapes": isotopic landscapes. "This impressive new volume shows scientists deciphering and using the natural isotope landscapes that subtly adorn our spaceship Earth.", Brian Fry, Coastal Ecology Institute, Louisiana State University, USA "An excellent timely must read and must-have reference book for anybody interested or engaged in applying stable isotope signatures to questions in e.g. Anthropology, Biogeochemistry, Ecology, or Forensic Science regarding chronological and spatial movement, changes, or distribution relating to animals, humans, plants, or water.", Wolfram Meier-Augenstein, Centre for Anatomy & Human Identification, University of Dundee, UK "Natural resources are being affected by global change, but exactly where, how, and at what pace? Isoscapes provide new and remarkably precise answers.", John Hayes, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA "This exciting volume is shaping a new landscape in environmental sciences that is utilizing the remarkable advances in isotope research to enhance and extend the capabilities of the field.", Dan Yakir, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel

Biogeochemistry of Wetlands

Author : K. Ramesh Reddy
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429531931
Total Pages : 926 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis Biogeochemistry of Wetlands by : K. Ramesh Reddy

Download or read book Biogeochemistry of Wetlands written by K. Ramesh Reddy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-10 with total page 926 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The globally important nature of wetland ecosystems has led to their increased protection and restoration as well as their use in engineered systems. Underpinning the beneficial functions of wetlands are a unique suite of physical, chemical, and biological processes that regulate elemental cycling in soils and the water column. This book provides an in-depth coverage of these wetland biogeochemical processes related to the cycling of macroelements including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, secondary and trace elements, and toxic organic compounds. In this synthesis, the authors combine more than 100 years of experience studying wetlands and biogeochemistry to look inside the black box of elemental transformations in wetland ecosystems. This new edition is updated throughout to include more topics and provide an integrated view of the coupled nature of biogeochemical cycles in wetland systems. The influence of the elemental cycles is discussed at a range of scales in the context of environmental change including climate, sea level rise, and water quality. Frequent examples of key methods and major case studies are also included to help the reader extend the basic theories for application in their own system. Some of the major topics discussed are: Flooded soil and sediment characteristics Aerobic-anaerobic interfaces Redox chemistry in flooded soil and sediment systems Anaerobic microbial metabolism Plant adaptations to reducing conditions Regulators of organic matter decomposition and accretion Major nutrient sources and sinks Greenhouse gas production and emission Elemental flux processes Remediation of contaminated soils and sediments Coupled C-N-P-S processes Consequences of environmental change in wetlands# The book provides the foundation for a basic understanding of key biogeochemical processes and its applications to solve real world problems. It is detailed, but also assists the reader with box inserts, artfully designed diagrams, and summary tables all supported by numerous current references. This book is an excellent resource for senior undergraduates and graduate students studying ecosystem biogeochemistry with a focus in wetlands and aquatic systems.

Stable Isotope Ecology

Author : Brian Fry
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387337458
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Stable Isotope Ecology by : Brian Fry

Download or read book Stable Isotope Ecology written by Brian Fry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-15 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A solid introduction to stable isotopes that can also be used as an instructive review for more experienced researchers and professionals. The book approaches the use of isotopes from the perspective of ecological and biological research, but its concepts can be applied within other disciplines. A novel, step-by-step spreadsheet modeling approach is also presented for circulating tracers in any ecological system, including any favorite system an ecologist might dream up while sitting at a computer. The author’s humorous and lighthearted style painlessly imparts the principles of isotope ecology. The online material contains color illustrations, spreadsheet models, technical appendices, and problems and answers.

Recarbonization of the Biosphere

Author : Rattan Lal
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400741596
Total Pages : 578 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Recarbonization of the Biosphere by : Rattan Lal

Download or read book Recarbonization of the Biosphere written by Rattan Lal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human activities are significantly modifying the natural global carbon (C) cycles, and concomitantly influence climate, ecosystems, and state and function of the Earth system. Ever increasing amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) are added to the atmosphere by fossil fuel combustion but the biosphere is a potential C sink. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of C cycling in the biosphere is crucial for identifying and managing biospheric C sinks. Ecosystems with large C stocks which must be protected and sustainably managed are wetlands, peatlands, tropical rainforests, tropical savannas, grasslands, degraded/desertified lands, agricultural lands, and urban lands. However, land-based sinks require long-term management and a protection strategy because C stocks grow with a progressive improvement in ecosystem health.