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Author : William Vickroy Marshall
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)
Download or read book Unfair Distribution of Earnings written by William Vickroy Marshall and published by . This book was released on 1886 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : W. V. (William Vickroy) 1847 Marshall
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781373472250
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (722 download)
Download or read book UNFAIR DISTRIBUTION OF EARNING written by W. V. (William Vickroy) 1847 Marshall and published by . This book was released on 2016-08-29 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264044191
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (64 download)
Download or read book Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2008-10-21 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides evidence of a fairly generalised increase in income inequality over the past two decades across OECD countries, but the timing, intensity and causes of the increase differ from what is typically suggested in the media.
Author : Hermann Lacher
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (21 download)
Download or read book Some Problems of the Distribution of Income in the United States written by Hermann Lacher and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Y. S. Brenner
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521356473
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (564 download)
Download or read book Income Distribution in Historical Perspective written by Y. S. Brenner and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1991-10-03 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume a distinguished team of international contributors consider some of the central long-term issues raised by the problem of income distribution. The Kuznets curve--i.e. the notion that income distribution became increasingly unequal during the period of industrialization, and progressively less unequal during the twentieth century--lies at the center of much of the analysis, and its relevance is discussed in a wide-ranging series of articles covering the British, Belgian, German, Australian, Austrian and American experiences. This volume is the first in many years to take such a broad, comparative approach to income distribution, and makes an important and authoritative contribution to an area of perennial debate.
Author : Kristi A. Olson
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190907452
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)
Download or read book The Solidarity Solution written by Kristi A. Olson and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "As both the leftist political philosopher G.A. Cohen and the conservative economist Milton Friedman have pointed out, equal income is unfair to the hardworking. The ideal tax system-the one used to evaluate actual tax systems-would thus adjust taxation and redistribution for differential labor burdens. Measuring labor burdens, however, is no easy task. Some philosophers and economists attempt to sidestep the measurement problem by invoking envy-freeness. A distribution is envy-free when no one prefers someone else's bundle of goods (or bads) to her own. Yet, eliminating envy in the labor market is not always possible, and minimizing envy when it cannot be eliminated is not always fair. The Solidarity Solution provides an answer: fair labor-income bundles are those that could be justified to free and equal individuals. Part one develops the solidarity solution by showing how rigorous distributive implications can be derived from a relational ideal. Part two uses the solidarity solution to critique the competing theories of fair income distributions of Ronald Dworkin, Philippe Van Parijs, and Marc Fleurbaey. Finally, part three identifies implications for the gender wage gap and taxation"--
Author : Anastasios Anastasopoulos
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 15 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book A Severe Flaw of the Capitalist System written by Anastasios Anastasopoulos and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For several decades the New Classical School New Classical School (NCS) has mainly dictated the economic policies of the western world and has led to a dramatic increase of the GDP of these countries. However recent studies have shown that beyond a certain level of GDP the happiness of a community (measured by various indices) grows, or even declines. The intent of this paper is to show that this phenomenon is based on a serious drawback the assumptions of the NCS. Namely, the NCS leads inevitably to a very uneven distribution of income. The causes for the unequal distribution is the fact that some of the basic assumptions of the New Classical School (e.g. that human decision making is an entirely rational process, and information makes transparent the uncertainty of future events) do not correspond to reality. However, we claim that (in addition to the above) the main cause of the uneven distribution is the assumption that the needs of consumers are exogenous. This hypothesis makes the uneven distribution a self-generating process. The article attempts to justify this claim.
Author : Jonathan Heathcote
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437934919
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)
Download or read book Unequal We Stand written by Jonathan Heathcote and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-10 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors conducted a systematic empirical study of cross-sectional inequality in the U.S., integrating data from various surveys. The authors follow the mapping suggested by the household budget constraint from individual wages to individual earnings, to household earnings, to disposable income, and, ultimately, to consumption and wealth. They document a continuous and sizable increase in wage inequality over the sample period. Changes in the distribution of hours worked sharpen the rise in earnings inequality before 1982, but mitigate its increase thereafter. Taxes and transfers compress the level of income inequality, especially at the bottom of the distribution, but have little effect on the overall trend. Charts and tables. This is a print-on-demand publication; it is not an original.
Author : Sheldon H. Danziger
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 161044146X
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)
Download or read book Uneven Tides written by Sheldon H. Danziger and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 1992-12-17 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inequality has been on the rise in America for more than two decades. This socially divisive trend began in the economic doldrums of the 1970s and continued through the booming 1980s, when surging economic tides clearly failed to lift all ships. Instead, escalating inequality in both individual earnings and family income widened the gulf between rich and poor and led to the much-publicized decline of the middle class. Uneven Tides brings together a distinguished group of economists to confront the crucial questions about this unprecedented rise in inequality. Just how large and pervasive was it? What were its principal causes? And why did it continue in the 1980s, when previous periods of national economic growth have generally reduced inequality? Reviewing the best current evidence, the essays in Uneven Tides show that rising inequality is a complex phenomenon, the result of a web of circumstances inherent in the nation's current industrial, social, and political situation. Once attributed to the rising supply of inexperienced workers—as baby boomers, new immigrants, and women entered the labor market—the growing inequality in individual earnings is revealed in Uneven Tides to be the direct result of the economy's increasing demand for skilled workers. The authors explore many of the possible causes of this trend, including the employment shift from manufacturing to the service sector, the heightened importance of technology in the workplace, the decline of unionization, and the intensified efforts to compete in a global marketplace. Uneven Tides also examines the equally dramatic growth in the inequality of family income, and reviews the effects of family size, the age and education of household heads, and the transition to both two-earner and single-parent families. Although these demographic shifts played a role, what emerges most clearly is an understanding of the powerful influence of public policy, as increasingly regressive taxes, declining welfare benefits, and a stagnant minimum wage continue to amplify the effects of market forces on income. With the rise in inequality now much in the headlines, it is clear that our nation's ability to reverse these shifting currents requires deeper understanding of their causes and consequences. Uneven Tides is the first book to get beyond the news stories to a clear analysis of the changing fortunes of America's families. It should be required reading for anyone with a serious interest in the economic underpinnings of the country's social problems.
Author : Jinjun Xue
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814401714
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)
Download or read book Growth With Inequality: An International Comparison On Income Distribution written by Jinjun Xue and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2012-07-13 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the era of globalization and liberalization, the world is enjoying high growth as well as suffering from the ill-effects of unequal distribution of its economic outcomes. The activities of anti-government demonstrations in China and across the world via the Occupy Wall Street Movement highlight that inequality has become an international phenomenon. It is apparent in both poor countries under authoritarianism and rich countries governed by a democratic regime. Thus, inequality has become not only a hurdle to development but also a threat to social and political stability. The spread of the Jasmine Revolution across parts of North Africa and the Arab Spring are illustrative of what can happen under certain circumstances.This book confirms the inconsistencies between high growth and increasing inequality via a series of case studies across 11 countries, numerous regions, and OECD members. Many of the case studies draw upon original household surveys. Our findings indicate the seriousness of income inequality, explore factors that have caused the inequality and analyze their economic and social consequences.The book raises, and deals with, three key questions: (1) Can high growth reduce inequality gradually? (2) Can government intervention be effective in equalizing income distribution? (3) Is the income disparity an engine for, or an obstacle of, high growth?
Author : Dora L. Costa
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)
Download or read book The Unequal Work Day written by Dora L. Costa and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I investigate how the distribution of daily hours worked among prime-aged men has changed since the 1890s by occupational and industrial group and by the hourly wage. I find that although hours of work have fallen for all workers, the decline was disproportionately large among the lowest paid workers. In the past hours worked were very unevenly distributed with the lowest paid workers working the longest day whereas today it is the highest paid workers who work the longest day. I argue that much of the change in the relative length of the work day can be accounted for by changes in the number of daily hours workers are willing to supply. I show that the unequal distribution of work hours in the past equalized income and that in recent times the unequal distribution of hours worked magnifies income disparities, suggesting that wage or wealth data may underestimate long-run improvements in the welfare of the lowest paid workers.
Author : Melvin Michael Mark
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)
Download or read book Justice in the Aggregate written by Melvin Michael Mark and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Sidney Carroll
Publisher : Praeger
ISBN 13 : 9780275936198
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (361 download)
Download or read book How Rich Is Too Rich? written by Sidney Carroll and published by Praeger. This book was released on 1992-01-30 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ... a new twist on the eternal question of inequitable income distribution, though they focus on wealth (accumulated income) rather than income. The authors document the dramatic disparities in the distributions of income and wealth and describe the problems these cause. Their solution, the `alternative distribution system, is quite simple: tax inheritance rather than estates. Individuals could inherit up to $1 million tax free. Each succeeding million would be taxed at progressively higher rates. This plan, they argue, would force an estate to be distributed among more people and would cuase beneficiaries to use inheritances more `vigorously and creatively.' The authors do an excellent job of making obscure economic data understandable. Booklist A physicist and an economist, writing for a broad audience and using real--not theoretical--data, answer the age-old question: How rich is too rich? In the process, they suggest some practical solutions to the problem of excessive wealth. They outline a way to deal with the too rich that will also create a healthier economy. Merging a hundred years of economic theory and research on wealth and income distributions with anecdotal evidence, Herbert Inhaber and Sidney Carroll create a framework with which to evaluate proposals to redistribute great wealth and income. The authors set forth an Alternative Distribution System, based on the fact that much of the income of the well-off, that upper 3 percent of the United States population with incomes exceeding $110,000 per year, is due to wealth. The ADS, an inheritance plan, would bring the distribution of the lower 97 percent and the upper 3 percent closer together. It would allow a partial correction of the disparity while adding to the total fairness of our society. This very readable text is complemented by a dozen tables that illustrate The Power of Compound Interest, United States Income Distribution, The Estimated Size of the Domestic Underground Economy, and more. Inhaber and Carroll first describe the existence of an extremely unequal distribution of income and wealth, with enormous resources held by a small percentage of Americans at the top. Other chapters detail the law of income distribution, explain the difference between wealth and income, and explain previous theories of income and wealth distributions. In addition to defining and describing the rich, the authors devote a chapter to how the rich avoid income tax. The volume concludes with an examination of the Alternative Distribution System and how income would be altered by it. How Rich Is Too Rich? will enable the informed general reader to assess policies on wealth and income distribution that have been the subject of Congressional budget debates and best-selling books.
Author : Peter H. Lindert
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691178275
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)
Download or read book Unequal Gains written by Peter H. Lindert and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-05 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A book that rewrites the history of American prosperity and inequality Unequal Gains offers a radically new understanding of the economic evolution of the United States, providing a complete picture of the uneven progress of America from colonial times to today. While other economic historians base their accounts on American wealth, Peter Lindert and Jeffrey Williamson focus instead on income—and the result is a bold reassessment of the American economic experience. America has been exceptional in its rising inequality after an egalitarian start, but not in its long-run growth. America had already achieved world income leadership by 1700, not just in the twentieth century as is commonly thought. Long before independence, American colonists enjoyed higher living standards than Britain—and America's income advantage today is no greater than it was three hundred years ago. But that advantage was lost during the Revolution, lost again during the Civil War, and lost a third time during the Great Depression, though it was regained after each crisis. In addition, Lindert and Williamson show how income inequality among Americans rose steeply in two great waves—from 1774 to 1860 and from the 1970s to today—rising more than in any other wealthy nation in the world. Unequal Gains also demonstrates how the widening income gaps have always touched every social group, from the richest to the poorest. The book sheds critical light on the forces that shaped American income history, and situates that history in a broad global context. Economic writing at its most stimulating, Unequal Gains provides a vitally needed perspective on who has benefited most from American growth, and why.
Author : François Bourguignon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)
Download or read book Adjustment and Income Distribution written by François Bourguignon and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents a structural macro simulation model to quantify the effects of alternative stabilization packages on the distribution of income and wealth. The model combines the explicit microeconomic optimizing behavior characteristic of computable general equilibrium models with asset portfolio behavior of macroeconomic models in Tobin's tradition. In this model there are four main mechanisms by which policy changes affect the distribution of income and wealth. First changes in factor rewards affect directly household income distribution. Second, household real incomes are affected by changes in their respective cost of living indexes. Third, household real incomes are affected by changes in real returns on financial assets since household incomes include income from financial holdings. Fourth, household wealth distribution is affected by capital gains and losses. Simulations with' the model are carried out for a representative economy subject to the interest rate and terms-of-trade shocks of the early 1980s. The simulations suggest a large adverse impact on the distribution of income of a sharp contractionary package. The resulting distributional shifts are likely to endanger the sustainability of the package even though the distribution of income becomes more equal when normal policies are resumed. By contrast, the targeted expenditure cut programs advocated by the critics of contractionary packages result in a much less unequal distribution of income during the adjustment package, even though the distributional improvements of the targeted package are mostly reversed in the post-adjustment period. The simulations support the view that stabilization packages which do not have specific components targeted towards the poor will have a noticeable adverse effect on the distribution of income, which is likely to result in some form of permanent damage for those below the poverty line.
Author : Ezra Hervey Heywood
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (28 download)
Download or read book Yours Or Mine written by Ezra Hervey Heywood and published by . This book was released on 1869 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1451843143
Total Pages : 27 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (518 download)
Download or read book Income Inequality and Redistributive Government Spending written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper examines empirically the question of whether more unequal societies spend more on income redistribution than their more egalitarian counterparts. Theoretical arguments on this issue are inconclusive. The political economy literature suggests that redistributive spending is higher in unequal societies due to median voter preferences. Alternatively, it can be argued that unequal societies may spend less on redistribution because of capital market imperfections. Based on different data sources, the cross-country evidence reported in this paper suggests that more unequal societies do spend less on redistribution.
