Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Travel Mode Substitution In Sao Paulo Estimates And Implications For Air Pollution Control
Download Travel Mode Substitution In Sao Paulo Estimates And Implications For Air Pollution Control full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Travel Mode Substitution In Sao Paulo Estimates And Implications For Air Pollution Control ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Travel Mode Substitution in São Paulo by : Joffre Dan Swait
Download or read book Travel Mode Substitution in São Paulo written by Joffre Dan Swait and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Travel Mode Substitution in Sao Paulo by : Joffre Swait
Download or read book Travel Mode Substitution in Sao Paulo written by Joffre Swait and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study finds that households' choice of travel modes in Sao Paulo is not very sensitive to pricing. So, subsidies to less polluting modes can hardly be justified on the basis that they would attract traffic from more polluting modes. Several caveats apply.How would travel demand in Sao Paulo respond to demand management instruments? Could higher gasoline prices or lower metro fares (or changes in travel time) help reduce congestion or pollution? Swait and Eskeland use cross-sectional variation from an urban travel survey to study the substitutability in demand between travel modes. The method assumes that the set of trips is given (that is, origin-destination pairs do not change). Choice of mode was found to be quite insensitive to changes: All elasticities were lower than 0.5 in absolute value, and most were close to zero. While the sensitivity of mode choice to relative travel times (that is, speeds) was somewhat greater than that to costs, the general finding is that mode choice is quite inflexible. So, subsidies to less polluting (less congesting) travel modes would not help much in attracting travelers from more polluting (more congesting) modes. (The same holds for subsidized means of making them run faster.) But there are important limitations in the scope of the study. First, the study does not discuss optimal pricing. It merely examines the likely sign and magnitude of the links between pollution and policy parameters such as prices and travel speeds. Second, aggregate demand by mode could also depend on the city's shape and its travel intensity (the number, direction, and length of trips). For example, if a city stretches along a constructed metro line, the study would not capture such a phenomenon, since sensitive trip generation is excluded. These issues are not examined in the study.This paper - a product of the Public Economics Division, Policy Research Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to study the use of fiscal instruments in environmental protection. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Pollution and the Choice of Economic Policy Instruments in Developing Countries (RPO 676-48).
Book Synopsis Travel Mode Substitution in São Paul by : Joffre Dan Swait
Download or read book Travel Mode Substitution in São Paul written by Joffre Dan Swait and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Travel Mode Substitution in Saõ Paulo: Estimates and Implications for Air Pollution Control by : Gunnar Eskeland
Download or read book Travel Mode Substitution in Saõ Paulo: Estimates and Implications for Air Pollution Control written by Gunnar Eskeland and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: March 1995 The study finds that households' choice of travel modes in Saõ Paulo is not very sensitive to pricing. So, subsidies to less polluting modes can hardly be justified on the basis that they would attract traffic from more polluting modes. Several caveats apply. How would travel demand in Saõ Paulo respond to demand management instruments? Could higher gasoline prices or lower metro fares (or changes in travel time) help reduce congestion or pollution? Swait and Eskeland use cross-sectional variation from an urban travel survey to study the substitutability in demand between travel modes. The method assumes that the set of trips is given (that is, origin-destination pairs do not change). Choice of mode was found to be quite insensitive to changes: all elasticities were lower than 0.5 in absolute value, and most were close to zero. While the sensitivity of mode choice to relative travel times (that is, speeds) was somewhat greater than that to costs, the general finding is that mode choice is quite inflexible. So, subsidies to less polluting (less congesting) travel modes would not help much in attracting travelers from more polluting (more congesting) modes. (The same holds for subsidized means of making them run faster.) But there are important limitations in the scope of the study. First, the study does not discuss optimal pricing. It merely examines the likely sign and magnitude of the links between pollution and policy parameters such as prices and travel speeds. Second, aggregate demand by mode could also depend on the city's shape and its travel intensity (the number, direction, and length of trips). For example, if a city stretches along a constructed metro line, the study would not capture such a phenomenon, since sensitive trip generation is excluded. These issues are not examined in the study. This paper -- a product of the Public Economics Division, Policy Research Department -- is part of a larger effort in the department to study the use of fiscal instruments in environmental protection. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Pollution and the Choice of Economic Policy Instruments in Developing Countries (RPO 676-48).
Book Synopsis Stock Market Development and Firm Financing Choices by : Aslı Demirgüç-Kunt
Download or read book Stock Market Development and Firm Financing Choices written by Aslı Demirgüç-Kunt and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Credit Policies written by Dimitri Vittas and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Worker Displacement During the Transition by : Peter F. Orazem
Download or read book Worker Displacement During the Transition written by Peter F. Orazem and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2004 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The transition to market in Slovenia created labor displacements that were on par or greater than that experienced in North America in the 1980s. A simple theoretical model suggests that factors which raise the probability of layoff should also increase the probability of a quit, predictions that are borne out in data. Probability of both layoffs and quits fell with worker tenure, firm profitability and expected severance costs. Individuals facing a higher probability of displacement accepted slower wage growth than otherwise comparable workers. The incentives to avoid displacement were strong -- workers that actually were displaced faced a slow process of transiting out of unemployment with only one-third finding reemployment. Correcting for selection, real wage losses for displaced workers are comparable to those reported for displaced workers in North America"--Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit web site.
Download or read book child labor written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Does Decentralization Increase Spending on Public Infrastructure? by : Antonio Estache
Download or read book Does Decentralization Increase Spending on Public Infrastructure? written by Antonio Estache and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: May 1995 Decentralization tends to increase both total and subnational spending on public infrastructure. Why this is so is not clear -- possibly because subnational governments' choices in terms of quality and quantity of infrastructure differ from central governments' choices. It is commonly argued that when the benefits of an infrastructure service are mostly local and there is little scope for economies of scale -- as in urban transit, road maintenance, water supply, and solid waste management -- decentralization is the most effective way to deliver service. Those services have been decentralized in many countries, and many others are rapidly decentralizing. The central government is still responsible for many other infrastructure services, such as power and telecommunications, but this too is changing as the responsibility is increasingly transferred to subnational governments. Recent technological innovations reduce the need for services to be provided by monopolistic utilities. Power generation and distribution can now be handled competitively by decentralized units, and parts of some local telephone monopolies will increasingly meet competition from wireless telephones and rival wireline systems. How has increased decentralization affected spending levels on infrastructure? The outcome reflects the net outcome of opposing effects. Spending increases if the subnational government makes infrastructure a higher priority than the federal government did, if they are less effective at delivering services, or if they give up the benefits of economies of scale to get more autonomy. Spending decreases if they assign infrastructure a lower priority, or if most projects are more cost-effective. In their analysis, Estache and Sinha focus on spending levels and ignore the reasons these levels change, so no conclusions can be made about whether decentralization makes spending more or less efficient. Among the conclusions they offer: * Decentralization tends to increase both total and subnational spending on infrastructure -- possibly because the preferences of subnational governments in terms of quality and quantity of infrastructure are different from the central government's preferences. * The conventional wisdom is true: For decentralization, policymakers everywhere must guarantee a balance between revenue and spending assignment. A good way to offset the impact of decentralization on spending levels is to increase the imbalance between revenue and spending assignments. * Be careful about applying lessons learned in industrial countries to decentralization in developing countries. What happens in industrial countries may help assess the decentralization's impact on total spending in developing countries, because the elasticity of per capita infrastructure spending is roughly similar in both countries (about 0.3 in developing countries and about 0.2 in industrial countries). But that is not a good indicator for subnational spending, for which the elasticity is greater than 1 in developing countries (between 1.1 and 1.3, depending on how decentralization is measured) and less than 1 in industrial countries (between 0.7 and 0.9). This paper -- a product of the Office of the Vice President, Development Economics -- is a background paper for World Development Report 1994 on infrastructure.
Book Synopsis Stock Market Development and Financial Intermediaries by : Asl? Demirgüç-Kunt
Download or read book Stock Market Development and Financial Intermediaries written by Asl? Demirgüç-Kunt and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tunisia's Insurance Sector by : Dimitri Vittas
Download or read book Tunisia's Insurance Sector written by Dimitri Vittas and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Human Capital and Industry Wage Structure in Guatemala by : Chris N. Sakellariou
Download or read book Human Capital and Industry Wage Structure in Guatemala written by Chris N. Sakellariou and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Review of Integrated Approaches to River Basin Planning , Development, and Management by :
Download or read book Review of Integrated Approaches to River Basin Planning , Development, and Management written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Policy-based Finance, Financial Regulation, and Financial Sector Development in Japan by : Dimitri Vittas
Download or read book Policy-based Finance, Financial Regulation, and Financial Sector Development in Japan written by Dimitri Vittas and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: April 1995 Is Japan a good model for developing countries? Certainly macroeconomic stability, good information systems, effective monitoring, and financial discipline are essential for smooth-functioning, efficient financial systems. But is there scope for state intervention in organizing the financial system and using well-designed, narrowly focused directed credit programs in the transition from malfunctioning financial systems to modern, efficient ones? The Japanese government's role in creating a macroeconomic and financial environment conducive to rapid industrialization and economic growth went beyond maintaining price stability, say Vittas and Kawaura. The government created a stable but segmented and tightly regulated financial system that favored the financing of industry over other sectors of economic activity. Lending practices, the direction of policy-based finance, and the structure of Japan's financial system changed over time, but one thing stayed constant: the authorities' vision. Some observers maintain that Japanese policies -- emphasizing the development of internationally competitive industries -- retarded economic growth. And government policies were not the only or even the most important factor in Japan's success. One key to success was government agencies' close cooperation with the private sector, and the government's reliance on privately owned and managed corporations to achieve government-favored industrial goals. Japan's financial system was quite different from Anglo-American and continental European financial systems. Vittas and Kawaura discuss some characteristics of the Japanese system in the high growth era: * The preponderant role of indirect finance. * The overloan position of large commercial banks. * The overborrowing of industrial companies. * Artificially low interest rates. * The segmentation and fragmentation of the financial system. * The underdevelopment of securities markets and institutional investors. * The key role played by the main bank system. * The close relations between banks and industry. * The different roles debt and equity played in the Japanese system. * The role large conglomerate groups, especially general trading companies, played in channeling funds to small firms at the industrial periphery. * The role of policy-based financial institutions. These features evolved in the context of high savings rates and an accumulation of assets, mobilized mostly through deposit institutions, including the postal savings system, and transformed into short- and long-term and risky loans through commercial and long-term credit banks as well as specialized government financial institutions. Are hard work and good management the secrets of Japan's success? Hard work may be as much a symptom as a cause of economic success, say Vittas and Kawaura. But good management has unquestionably been a key to Japan's economic success. Whether Japan's approach is better than others is more difficult to answer. Japan may have overtaken several European countries but was still lagging behind the United States and a few European countries in per capita income expressed in purchasing power parity terms. And although the Japanese approach played a significant part in promoting industrialization and accelerating economic growth during the period of reconstruction and high growth, it also entailed significant long-term costs -- in terms of poor-quality housing and other urban infrastructure, for example. And the excesses of the 1980s and Japan's current economic recession undermine claims about its ability to continuously outperform other countries. This paper -- a product of the Financial Sector Development Department -- is part of a project to study the effectiveness of credit policies in East Asia. Dimitri Vittas may be contacted at [email protected].
Book Synopsis Poverty and Social Transfers in Poland by : Christiaan Grootaert
Download or read book Poverty and Social Transfers in Poland written by Christiaan Grootaert and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tentative First Steps by : Bernard Hoekman
Download or read book Tentative First Steps written by Bernard Hoekman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Rural Nonfarm Employment by : Jean Olson Lanjouw
Download or read book Rural Nonfarm Employment written by Jean Olson Lanjouw and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1995 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: