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Transport Modeling For Nuclear Waste Repositories
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Book Synopsis Transport Modeling for Nuclear Waste Repositories by : Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Office of Waste Isolation
Download or read book Transport Modeling for Nuclear Waste Repositories written by Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Office of Waste Isolation and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Workshop on Transport Modeling for Nuclear Waste Repositories by :
Download or read book Workshop on Transport Modeling for Nuclear Waste Repositories written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Transport Modeling task includes developing methods to describe the transport and impact of radiocontaminants accidentally released from waste repositories; demonstrating the use of these methods; and making the methods and techniques available to the repository managers for application at specific sites. The workshop on Transfer Modeling for the Waste Isolation Safety Assessment Program was held at the Battelle Seattle Research Center on 25 and 26 July 1977. The objectives of the workshop were to: 1) discuss needs and criteria for the models, 2) obtain critiques of proposed model systems from experts in the field, and 3) obtain ideas for making models more useful to the safety assessment program. The proceedings of the workshop were presented.
Book Synopsis Reactive Transport Modeling by : Yitian Xiao
Download or read book Reactive Transport Modeling written by Yitian Xiao and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-03-14 with total page 689 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teaches the application of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for subsurface systems in order to expedite the understanding of the behavior of complex geological systems This book lays out the basic principles and approaches of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for surface and subsurface environments, presenting specific workflows and applications. The techniques discussed are being increasingly commonly used in a wide range of research fields, and the information provided covers fundamental theory, practical issues in running reactive transport models, and how to apply techniques in specific areas. The need for RTM in engineered facilities, such as nuclear waste repositories or CO2 storage sites, is ever increasing, because the prediction of the future evolution of these systems has become a legal obligation. With increasing recognition of the power of these approaches, and their widening adoption, comes responsibility to ensure appropriate application of available tools. This book aims to provide the requisite understanding of key aspects of RTM, and in doing so help identify and thus avoid potential pitfalls. Reactive Transport Modeling covers: the application of RTM for CO2 sequestration and geothermal energy development; reservoir quality prediction; modeling diagenesis; modeling geochemical processes in oil & gas production; modeling gas hydrate production; reactive transport in fractured and porous media; reactive transport studies for nuclear waste disposal; reactive flow modeling in hydrothermal systems; and modeling biogeochemical processes. Key features include: A comprehensive reference for scientists and practitioners entering the area of reactive transport modeling (RTM) Presented by internationally known experts in the field Covers fundamental theory, practical issues in running reactive transport models, and hands-on examples for applying techniques in specific areas Teaches readers to appreciate the power of RTM and to stimulate usage and application Reactive Transport Modeling is written for graduate students and researchers in academia, government laboratories, and industry who are interested in applying reactive transport modeling to the topic of their research. The book will also appeal to geochemists, hydrogeologists, geophysicists, earth scientists, environmental engineers, and environmental chemists.
Book Synopsis Reactive Transport Modeling by : Yitian Xiao
Download or read book Reactive Transport Modeling written by Yitian Xiao and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-03-12 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teaches the application of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for subsurface systems in order to expedite the understanding of the behavior of complex geological systems This book lays out the basic principles and approaches of Reactive Transport Modeling (RTM) for surface and subsurface environments, presenting specific workflows and applications. The techniques discussed are being increasingly commonly used in a wide range of research fields, and the information provided covers fundamental theory, practical issues in running reactive transport models, and how to apply techniques in specific areas. The need for RTM in engineered facilities, such as nuclear waste repositories or CO2 storage sites, is ever increasing, because the prediction of the future evolution of these systems has become a legal obligation. With increasing recognition of the power of these approaches, and their widening adoption, comes responsibility to ensure appropriate application of available tools. This book aims to provide the requisite understanding of key aspects of RTM, and in doing so help identify and thus avoid potential pitfalls. Reactive Transport Modeling covers: the application of RTM for CO2 sequestration and geothermal energy development; reservoir quality prediction; modeling diagenesis; modeling geochemical processes in oil & gas production; modeling gas hydrate production; reactive transport in fractured and porous media; reactive transport studies for nuclear waste disposal; reactive flow modeling in hydrothermal systems; and modeling biogeochemical processes. Key features include: A comprehensive reference for scientists and practitioners entering the area of reactive transport modeling (RTM) Presented by internationally known experts in the field Covers fundamental theory, practical issues in running reactive transport models, and hands-on examples for applying techniques in specific areas Teaches readers to appreciate the power of RTM and to stimulate usage and application Reactive Transport Modeling is written for graduate students and researchers in academia, government laboratories, and industry who are interested in applying reactive transport modeling to the topic of their research. The book will also appeal to geochemists, hydrogeologists, geophysicists, earth scientists, environmental engineers, and environmental chemists.
Book Synopsis Going the Distance? by : National Research Council
Download or read book Going the Distance? written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-06-21 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new report from the National Research Council's Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board (NRSB) and the Transportation Research Board reviews the risks and technical and societal concerns for the transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in the United States. Shipments are expected to increase as the U.S. Department of Energy opens a repository for spent fuel and high-level waste at Yucca Mountain, and the commercial nuclear industry considers constructing a facility in Utah for temporary storage of spent fuel from some of its nuclear waste plants. The report concludes that there are no fundamental technical barriers to the safe transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive and the radiological risks of transport are well understood and generally low. However, there are a number of challenges that must be addressed before large-quantity shipping programs can be implemented successfully. Among these are managing "social" risks. The report does not provide an examination of the security of shipments against malevolent acts but recommends that such an examination be carried out.
Book Synopsis Going the Distance? by : National Research Council
Download or read book Going the Distance? written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-07-21 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new report from the National Research Council's Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board (NRSB) and the Transportation Research Board reviews the risks and technical and societal concerns for the transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste in the United States. Shipments are expected to increase as the U.S. Department of Energy opens a repository for spent fuel and high-level waste at Yucca Mountain, and the commercial nuclear industry considers constructing a facility in Utah for temporary storage of spent fuel from some of its nuclear waste plants. The report concludes that there are no fundamental technical barriers to the safe transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive and the radiological risks of transport are well understood and generally low. However, there are a number of challenges that must be addressed before large-quantity shipping programs can be implemented successfully. Among these are managing "social" risks. The report does not provide an examination of the security of shipments against malevolent acts but recommends that such an examination be carried out.
Book Synopsis Using Reactive Transport Modeling to Evaluate the Source Term at Yucca Mountain by :
Download or read book Using Reactive Transport Modeling to Evaluate the Source Term at Yucca Mountain written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conventional approach of source-term evaluation for performance assessment of nuclear waste repositories uses speciation-solubility modeling tools and assumes pure phases of radioelements control their solubility. This assumption may not reflect reality, as most radioelements (except for U) may not form their own pure phases. As a result, solubility limits predicted using the conventional approach are several orders of magnitude higher then the concentrations of radioelements measured in spent fuel dissolution experiments. This paper presents the author's attempt of using a non-conventional approach to evaluate source term of radionuclide release for Yucca Mountain. Based on the general reactive-transport code AREST-CT, a model for spent fuel dissolution and secondary phase precipitation has been constructed. The model accounts for both equilibrium and kinetic reactions. Its predictions have been compared against laboratory experiments and natural analogues. It is found that without calibrations, the simulated results match laboratory and field observations very well in many aspects. More important is the fact that no contradictions between them have been found. This provides confidence in the predictive power of the model. Based on the concept of Np incorporated into uranyl minerals, the model not only predicts a lower Np source-term than that given by conventional Np solubility models, but also produces results which are consistent with laboratory measurements and observations. Moreover, two hypotheses, whether Np enters tertiary uranyl minerals or not, have been tested by comparing model predictions against laboratory observations, the results favor the former. It is concluded that this non-conventional approach of source term evaluation not only eliminates over-conservatism in conventional solubility approach to some extent, but also gives a realistic representation of the system of interest, which is a prerequisite for truly understanding the long-term behavior of the proposed repository. Therefore, it is a very promising alternative approach for source-term evaluation.
Book Synopsis Aerosol Particle Transport Modeling for Preclosure Safety Studies of Nuclear Waste Repositories by :
Download or read book Aerosol Particle Transport Modeling for Preclosure Safety Studies of Nuclear Waste Repositories written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important concern for preclosure safety analysis of a nuclear waste repository is the potential release to the environment of respirable aerosol particles. Such particles, less than 10?m in aerodynamic diameter, may have significant adverse health effects if inhaled. To assess the potential health effects of these particles, it is not sufficient to determine the mass fraction of respirable aerosol. The chemical composition of the particles is also of importance since different radionuclides may pose vastly different health hazards. Thus, models are needed to determine under normal and accident conditions the particle size and the chemical composition distributions of aerosol particles as a function of time and of position in the repository. In this work a multicomponent sectional aerosol model is used to determine the aerosol particle size and composition distributions in the repository. A range of aerosol mass releases with varying mean particle sizes and chemical compositions is used to demonstrate the sensitivities and uncertainties of the model. Decontamination factors for some locations in the repository are presented. 8 refs., 1 tab.
Book Synopsis Geological Repository Systems for Safe Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuels and Radioactive Waste by : Michael J Apted
Download or read book Geological Repository Systems for Safe Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuels and Radioactive Waste written by Michael J Apted and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-05-25 with total page 804 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geological Repository Systems for Safe Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuels and Radioactive Waste, Second Edition, critically reviews state-of-the-art technologies and scientific methods relating to the implementation of the most effective approaches to the long-term, safe disposition of nuclear waste, also discussing regulatory developments and social engagement approaches as major themes. Chapters in Part One introduce the topic of geological disposal, providing an overview of near-surface, intermediate depth, and deep borehole disposal, spanning low-, medium- and high-level wastes. Part Two addresses the different types of repository systems – crystalline, clay, and salt, also discussing methods of site surveying and construction. The critical safety issue of engineered barrier systems is the focus of Part Three, with coverage ranging from nuclear waste canisters, to buffer and backfill materials. Lastly, Parts Four and Five focus on safety, security, and acceptability, concentrating on repository performance assessment, then radiation protection, environmental monitoring, and social engagement. Comprehensively revised, updated, and expanded with 25% new material on topics of current importance, this is the standard reference for all nuclear waste management and geological repository professionals and researchers. Contains 25% more material on topics of current importance in this new, comprehensive edition Fully updated coverage of both near-surface/intermediate depth, and deep borehole disposal in one convenient volume Goes beyond the scientific and technical aspects of disposal to include the political, regulatory, and societal issues involved, all from an international perspective
Book Synopsis Reactive Transport Modelling Within the Bentonite Backfill of a Deep Nuclear Waste Repository by : Albert Riera Boadas
Download or read book Reactive Transport Modelling Within the Bentonite Backfill of a Deep Nuclear Waste Repository written by Albert Riera Boadas and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The geological repository is, by international consensus, the final destination for radioactive waste that cannot be permanently stored on the surface for a period of time during which security and stability can be ensured. A first aim of this thesis is to get closer to the radioactive waste management policy in Switzerland, as an example of an advanced policy worldwide in which long-term storage in deep geological formations is close to become a reality. With it, the foreseen design of this repository will be detailed, where the engineered barrier of bentonite will start playing a major role. For safety assessments of high level waste repositories, the understanding of radionuclide sorption is essential. This sorption is directly related to the transport media, which leads to the second aim of this project: comparing FEBEX to MX-80, the foreseen bentonite types that will be used, respectively, in the Spanish and Swiss geological repositories. After a number of calculations, FEBEX eventually turned out to have a better capacity to retain radionuclides, so it would be more recommendable for a repository. For these calculations reactive transport models are used. MCOTAC is a state-of-the-art code developed at PSI, which couples chemical reactions and transport processes. For performing consistently this calculations, robust FEBEX and MX-80 bentonite models are necessary. An important part of this thesis consist on the setup of these models, at real-scale dimensions, whose robustness is a prior aim. This models will be afterwards available for further research projects. Moreover, for reactive transport calculations, data coming from the Linear Free Energy Relationships (Bradbury & Baeyens, [19]) is usually used. These relationships are accompanied by an uncertainty for values of the surface complexation constants. Therefore, an analysis about the propagation of this uncertainty is necessary and demonstrated in this thesis, although apparently would not be very significant for safety assessments of a nuclear waste repository (it could become important for other applications). Eventually, the results from batch sorption experiments on Montmorillonite have demonstrated that bivalent transition metals compete for sorption sites. For safety assessments of geological repositories with compacted bentonite near fields, competitive sorption of radionuclides has to be assessed, which is another aim of this thesis. Significant influence of this competition has been found, more relevant for FEBEX than for MX-80 due to their intrinsic characteristics. Ni(II) is used as tracer for all calculations, as an example of bivalent metal (with radioactive isotopes) leaching from the canister competing for sorption sites with the saturated concentration of Fe(II) in bentonite.
Book Synopsis Predicting Mineral Alteration at the Potential Nuclear Waste Repository at Yucca Mountain, NV with Reactive Transport Modeling by :
Download or read book Predicting Mineral Alteration at the Potential Nuclear Waste Repository at Yucca Mountain, NV with Reactive Transport Modeling written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We present the results of a reactive transport modeling study that examines the sensitivity of mineral evolution to temperature, condensate properties and water flow conditions anticipated to occur in the potential Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository site. We have investigated a key aspect of the thermal-hydrological repository system, the interaction of condensate water flowing through fractures at the site. Future simulations will include mineral changes at the boiling front, a process not considered in this study. Our simulations show that the principal mineral changes that occur are dissolution of the initial phases (mainly calcite, but also feldspars and clay) and formation of zeolites and hydrated aluminous phases. Major differences in mineral alteration occur over very short distances. Fracture mineral alteration is clearly coupled with the thermal hydrological environment. Fracture porosity is enhanced in those areas where condensate forms, an upper, lower temperature condensate zone and a lower, high temperature condensate zone. The locations where mineral precipitation occur and porosity decreases depend on the integrated residence time of the solution on the fracture surface. In general, mineral precipitation is expected to occur in the region -150 m above the water table. Whether the changes in porosity are significant enough to modify thermo-hydrological behavior remains to be evaluated.
Book Synopsis Modeling of the Groundwater Transport Around a Deep Borehole Nuclear Waste Repository by :
Download or read book Modeling of the Groundwater Transport Around a Deep Borehole Nuclear Waste Repository written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of disposal of high-level nuclear waste in deep boreholes drilled into crystalline bedrock is gaining renewed interest and consideration as a viable mined repository alternative. A large amount of work on conceptual borehole design and preliminary performance assessment has been performed by researchers at MIT, Sandia National Laboratories, SKB (Sweden), and others. Much of this work relied on analytical derivations or, in a few cases, on weakly coupled models of heat, water, and radionuclide transport in the rock. Detailed numerical models are necessary to account for the large heterogeneity of properties (e.g., permeability and salinity vs. depth, diffusion coefficients, etc.) that would be observed at potential borehole disposal sites. A derivation of the FALCON code (Fracturing And Liquid CONvection) was used for the thermal-hydrologic modeling. This code solves the transport equations in porous media in a fully coupled way. The application leverages the flexibility and strengths of the MOOSE framework, developed by Idaho National Laboratory. The current version simulates heat, fluid, and chemical species transport in a fully coupled way allowing the rigorous evaluation of candidate repository site performance. This paper mostly focuses on the modeling of a deep borehole repository under realistic conditions, including modeling of a finite array of boreholes surrounded by undisturbed rock. The decay heat generated by the canisters diffuses into the host rock. Water heating can potentially lead to convection on the scale of thousands of years after the emplacement of the fuel. This convection is tightly coupled to the transport of the dissolved salt, which can suppress convection and reduce the release of the radioactive materials to the aquifer. The purpose of this work has been to evaluate the importance of the borehole array spacing and find the conditions under which convective transport can be ruled out as a radionuclide transport mechanism. Preliminary results show that modeling of the borehole array, including the surrounding rock, predicts convective flow in the system with physical velocities of the order of 10-5 km/yr over 105 years. This results in an escape length on the order of kilometers, which is comparable to the repository depth. However, a correct account of the salinity effects reduces convection velocity and escape length of the radionuclides from the repository.
Book Synopsis Mathematical Simulation for Safety Assessment of Nuclear Waste Repositories by :
Download or read book Mathematical Simulation for Safety Assessment of Nuclear Waste Repositories written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematical models are being developed as part of the Waste Isolation Safety Assessment Program (WISAP) for assessing the post-closure safety of nuclear waste storage in geologic formations. The objective of this program is to develop the methods and data necessary to determine potential events that might disrupt the integrity of a waste repository and provide pathways for radionuclides to reach the bioshpere, primarily through groundwater transport. Four categories of mathematical models are being developed to assist in the analysis of potential release scenarios and consequences: (1) release scenario analysis models; (2) groundwater flow models; (3) contaminant transport models; and (4) radiation dose models. The development of the release scenario models is in a preliminary stage; the last three categories of models are fully operational. The release scenario models determine the bounds of potential future hydrogeologic changes, including potentially disruptive events. The groundwater flow and contaminant transport models compute the flowpaths, travel times, and concentrations of radionuclides that might migrate from a repository in the event of a breach and potentially reach the biosphere. The dose models compute the radiation doses to future populations. Reference site analyses are in progress to test the models for application to different geologies, including salt domes, bedded salt, and basalt.
Author :NEA Project on Radionuclide Migration in Geologic, Heterogeneous Media Publisher :OECD Publishing ISBN 13 : Total Pages :324 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (91 download)
Book Synopsis Confidence in Models of Radionuclide Transport for Site-specific Assessments by : NEA Project on Radionuclide Migration in Geologic, Heterogeneous Media
Download or read book Confidence in Models of Radionuclide Transport for Site-specific Assessments written by NEA Project on Radionuclide Migration in Geologic, Heterogeneous Media and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ThIS fourth GEOTRAP workshop, Confidence in Models of Radionuclide Transport for Site-specific Performance Assessment held in June 1999, addressed the issue of technical confidence building and provided an overview of current developments in this field.
Book Synopsis Defence Nuclear Waste Disposal in Russia: International Perspective by : M.J. Stenhouse
Download or read book Defence Nuclear Waste Disposal in Russia: International Perspective written by M.J. Stenhouse and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant amounts of liquid and solid radioactive waste have been generated in Russia during the production of nuclear weapons, and there is an urgent need to find suitable ways to manage these wastes in a way that protects both the current population and future generations. This book contains contributions from pure and applied scientists and other representatives from Europe, North America, and Russia, who are, or have been, actively involved in the field of radioactive waste management and disposal. First-hand experience of specific problems associated with defence-related wastes in the USA and the Russian Federation is presented, and current plans are described for the disposal of solid wastes arising from civilian nuclear power production programmes in other countries, including Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Germany and the UK. The book provides a good insight into ongoing research at local and national level within Russia, devoted to the safe disposal of defence-related radioactive waste. It also demonstrates how existing expertise and technology from civilian nuclear waste management programmes can be applied to solving the problems created by nuclear defence programmes. Contributions address methods of immobilisation, site selection methodology, site characterisation techniques and data interpretation, the key elements of safety/performance assessments of planned deep (geological) repositories for radioactive waste, and radionuclide transport modelling. Concerns associated with certain specific nuclear waste disposal concepts and repository sites are also presented.
Book Synopsis Deep Geological Isolation of Nuclear Waste by :
Download or read book Deep Geological Isolation of Nuclear Waste written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Scope of Work undertaken covers three main tasks, described as follows: (Task 1) CDM provided consulting services to the University on modeling aspects of the study having to do with transport processes involving the local groundwater system near the repository and the flow of fluids and vapors through the various porous media making up the repository system. (Task 2) CDM reviewed literature related to repository design, concentrating on effects of the repository geometry, location and other design factors on the flow of fluids within the repository boundaries, drainage from the repository structure, and the eventual transport of radionucldies away from the repository site. (Task 3) CDM, in a joint effort with LLL personnel, identified generic boundary and initial conditions, identified processes to be modeled, and recommended a modeling approach with suggestions for appropriate simplifications and approximations to the problem and identifiying important parameters necessary to model the processes. This report consists of two chapters and an appendix. The first chapter (Chapter III of the LLL report) presents a detailed description and discussion of the modeling approach developed in this project, its merits and weaknesses, and a brief review of the difficulties anticipated in implementing the approach. The second chapter (Chapter IV of the LLL report) presents a summary of a survey of researchers in the field of repository performance analysis and a discussion of that survey in light of the proposed modeling approach. The appendix is a review of the important physical processes involved in the potential hydrologic transport of radionuclides through, around and away from deep geologic nuclear waste repositories.
Book Synopsis Disposition of High-Level Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel by : National Research Council
Download or read book Disposition of High-Level Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-07-05 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focused attention by world leaders is needed to address the substantial challenges posed by disposal of spent nuclear fuel from reactors and high-level radioactive waste from processing such fuel. The biggest challenges in achieving safe and secure storage and permanent waste disposal are societal, although technical challenges remain. Disposition of radioactive wastes in a deep geological repository is a sound approach as long as it progresses through a stepwise decision-making process that takes advantage of technical advances, public participation, and international cooperation. Written for concerned citizens as well as policymakers, this book was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and waste management organizations in eight other countries.
