Transformational Leadership Application and Motivation in Nonprofit Organization Employees

Download Transformational Leadership Application and Motivation in Nonprofit Organization Employees PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Transformational Leadership Application and Motivation in Nonprofit Organization Employees by : Ari Osmar Garnica Olvera

Download or read book Transformational Leadership Application and Motivation in Nonprofit Organization Employees written by Ari Osmar Garnica Olvera and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research project proposal is designed to study the effect of transformational leadership behaviors in nonprofit organization employees. It seeks to understand the impact of transformational leadership on organizational climate and how they affect employee motivation to participate in innovative work behaviors to solve complex organizational problems within a nonprofit organization. To provide context for this research proposal, the paper will introduce and review literature related to the public and nonprofit sector, discuss current gaps in the literature, and discuss the methodology chosen to conduct this research. The literature review found that research focusing on leadership practices for public sector leaders is currently limited, and research that focuses on nonprofit organizations was scarce. Therefore, the study proposed investigates the correlation between transformational leadership practice and its impact on employee motivation and organizational climate in shaping whether employees will engage in innovative work behaviors to solve complex organizational problems that are typical in the nonprofits.

Nonprofit Organizational Leadership

Download Nonprofit Organizational Leadership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nonprofit Organizational Leadership by : Cheryl S. Wolf

Download or read book Nonprofit Organizational Leadership written by Cheryl S. Wolf and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leadership styles and organizational culture are important to the commitment and motivation of staff members of nonprofit organizations. To date, the studies that examine the relationship between these variables can have blurred lines which make it difficult to reach an end result that shows a true correlation between leadership styles and the motivation and commitment of employees. The purpose of this quantitative and descriptive study is to observe the relationships between laissez-faire, transformational and transactional leadership styles (Peng et al., 2019) and the level of motivation and commitment of employees in a nonprofit organization in Los Angeles California (Grant,2012). This study proposes to survey employees of a nonprofit organization using three methods. The employees will use surveys to assess their perception of the style of leader they work for, their own motivation, and finally their commitment level to the organization. The survey responses will be collected using an online anonymous platform and analyzed for descriptive /correlational relationships using SPSS. Findings will help clarify the relationships between employee motivation and commitment within each of the three leadership styles. The implications for encouraging change within Beit T'Shuvah from this project will embrace the idea of attending to the needs of the employees in order to make them feel more motivated and in turn committed to their job. Once this information is shared with the leaders, there will be a greater chance to evaluate their behaviors and make changes where necessary. This might result in less turnover and higher employee satisfaction.

Improving Leadership in Nonprofit Organizations

Download Improving Leadership in Nonprofit Organizations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0787968307
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (879 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Improving Leadership in Nonprofit Organizations by : Ronald E. Riggio

Download or read book Improving Leadership in Nonprofit Organizations written by Ronald E. Riggio and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title addresses the unique challenges of leading nonprofit organisations, including a unique focus on the personal development of the nonprofit leader. This important resource covers board governance, motivating and evaluating employees and volunteers, and meeting funding challenges.

Transformational Leadership and Not for Profits and Social Enterprises

Download Transformational Leadership and Not for Profits and Social Enterprises PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315468557
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Transformational Leadership and Not for Profits and Social Enterprises by : Ken Wiltshire

Download or read book Transformational Leadership and Not for Profits and Social Enterprises written by Ken Wiltshire and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-03-28 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent decades have seen a significant transformation of the not-for-profit (NFP) sector. This includes rise in the number of organisations and people employed, shift from charities and philanthropic agencies to hybrid social enterprise business models, competing stakeholder interests and increasing expectations regarding accountability and transparency. The role of NFPs has also become more complex – they not only serve the disadvantaged and fulfil social needs but also actively advocate for and implement public policies and promote social and economic inclusion. The growth and complexity has brought with it a need for innovative and entrepreneurial approaches to leadership that stems from an in-depth understanding of the changing nonprofit landscape. Addressing this need, for Not for Profits and Social Enterprises will help readers navigate extant challenges by drawing on conceptual literature, both theoretical and empirical and emphasising practical real world experience through case studies and vignettes The key aim of this book is to help existing and future NFP leaders at all organisational levels to support their organisations and employees and in turn clients and communities, through theoretical insights and practical approaches by focusing on transformational leadership aspects for contemporary Not for Profits. for Not for Profits and Social Enterprises is key reading for researchers, academics and policy makers in the areas of Non-profit Management, Leadership, Public Sector Management and Charity Management as well as related disciplines such as Philanthropy and Social Entrepreneurship.

Examining the Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style on Work Attitudes, Motivation, and Work Outcomes in Nonprofit Organizations

Download Examining the Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style on Work Attitudes, Motivation, and Work Outcomes in Nonprofit Organizations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Examining the Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style on Work Attitudes, Motivation, and Work Outcomes in Nonprofit Organizations by :

Download or read book Examining the Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Style on Work Attitudes, Motivation, and Work Outcomes in Nonprofit Organizations written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an effort to better understand leadership and turnover in the nonprofit sector, this study investigated the impact of transactional and transformational leadership style on work attitudes, motivation, and work outcomes in nonprofit organizations. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. Neither transactional leadership nor transformational leadership were significant predictors of turnover. Only transactional leadership was found to be a significant predictor of organizational citizenship behaviors. Transactional leadership was a significant predictor of perceived organizational support, affective commitment, procedural justice, and continuance commitment. Transformational leadership was a significant predictor of job satisfaction, perceived organizational support, and procedural justice. Finally, mediation analyses were conducted to determine if work attitudes and motivation mediate the relationship between transactional and transformational leadership styles and work outcomes. Affective commitment, job stress, satisfaction, and procedural justice collectively fully mediate the effect of transactional leadership on turnover and also fully mediate the effect of transformational leadership on turnover. Work and meaning, perceived organizational support, and public service motivation collectively fully mediate the effect of transactional leadership on organizational citizenship behaviors and also fully mediate the effect of transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behaviors. This study presents initial evidence of the relationship between public service motivation and organizational citizenship behaviors in the nonprofit contextFurther exploration of transformational leadership in the nonprofit context needs to be conducted given that this study was not able to confirm several findings in the previous research literature regarding public and private sector employees.

Rebel Leadership: Commitment and Charisma in the Revolutionary Process

Download Rebel Leadership: Commitment and Charisma in the Revolutionary Process PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New York : Free Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rebel Leadership: Commitment and Charisma in the Revolutionary Process by : James V. Downton

Download or read book Rebel Leadership: Commitment and Charisma in the Revolutionary Process written by James V. Downton and published by New York : Free Press. This book was released on 1973 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Søgeord: Keech, Marian; Nkrumah, K.; Freud; Kanter, R.; Erikson, E.; Armstrong, T.; Blatsky, B. ; von Schleicher; Schoenbaum, D.

Leadership in Public and Nonprofit Organizations

Download Leadership in Public and Nonprofit Organizations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000874036
Total Pages : 570 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Leadership in Public and Nonprofit Organizations by : Montgomery Van Wart

Download or read book Leadership in Public and Nonprofit Organizations written by Montgomery Van Wart and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-04-14 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leadership in Public and Nonprofit Organizations, Fourth Edition provides a compact but complete analysis of leadership for students and practitioners who work in public and nonprofit organizations. Offering a comprehensive review of leadership theories in the field, from the classic to the cutting-edge, and how they relate specifically to the public sector and nonprofit contexts, this textbook covers the major competency clusters in detail, supported by research findings as well as practical guidelines for improvement. These competencies are portrayed in a leadership action cycle that aids readers in visually connecting theory and practice. This thoroughly revised new edition also offers: Questions for discussion and analysis, hypothetical scenarios for each chapter, as well as an easily reproducible leadership assessment instrument students may use to apply the theories they’ve learned Expanded coverage of nonprofit leadership integrated throughout the chapters, including in-depth discussions about managing volunteers, fundraising ethics, the nonprofit board, advocacy, diversity and philanthropy, emotional labor, and mission-based leadership An all-new chapter section on virtual leadership approaches, designed to help current and future managers cope with the unique opportunities and challenges presented by remote work. Leadership in Public and Nonprofit Organizations is an essential core text designed specifically with upper-level and graduate public administration and nonprofit management courses on leadership in mind, but it has also proven an indispensable guidebook for professionals seeking insight into the role of successful leadership behavior in the public and nonprofit sectors. It can further be used as supplementary reading in introductory courses examining management competencies, in leadership classes to provide practical self-help and improvement models, and in organizational theory classes that wish to balance organizational perspectives with individual development.

Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior

Download Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1317561473
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior by : Craig C. Pinder

Download or read book Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior written by Craig C. Pinder and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-07-17 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of the best-selling textbook on Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior provides an update of the critical analysis of the scientific literature on this topic, and provides a highly integrated treatment of leading theories, including their historical roots and progression over the years. A heavy emphasis is placed on the notion that behavior in the workplace is determined by a mix of factors, many of which are not treated in texts on work motivation (such as frustration and violence, power, love, and sex). Examples from current and recent media events are numerous, and intended to illustrate concepts and issues related to work motivation, emotion, attitudes, and behavior.

University Camps Inc. Case Study

Download University Camps Inc. Case Study PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis University Camps Inc. Case Study by : Nicholas Zarinana

Download or read book University Camps Inc. Case Study written by Nicholas Zarinana and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study will aim to review the academic literature available on transformational and servant leadership and its relationship to employee and volunteer motivation within a nonprofit organization: University Camps Inc. Research Questions: How do employees and volunteers react to transformational leadership? How do employees and volunteers react to servant leadership? Out of transformation leadership and servant leadership, which instills more motivation? Is the difference in motivation levels between employees and volunteers dependent on a particular leadership style? Methods: The methodology will utilize a literature review of previously existing research, and proposes the use of a mixed methods approach to gauge employee and volunteer reaction to the aforementioned leadership styles. Results: from the 7-point Likert scale survey are expected to provide clarity as to the relationship between both leadership styles and positive outcomes within the organization. More specifically, we hypothesize that transformational leadership will positively correlate with higher levels of employee motivation, and servant leadership will positively correlate with higher levels of volunteer motivation. Discussion: The case study will underline the need for further research on transformational leadership, servant leadership, and motivation within the nonprofit sector. After gathering the data and results, this study findings will benefit the organization by providing information regarding to leadership styles and ways to better support both employees and volunteers.

Transformational Leadership Impact on Employee Motivation and Performance in the Public Sector

Download Transformational Leadership Impact on Employee Motivation and Performance in the Public Sector PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 37 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Transformational Leadership Impact on Employee Motivation and Performance in the Public Sector by : Susan Ibarra

Download or read book Transformational Leadership Impact on Employee Motivation and Performance in the Public Sector written by Susan Ibarra and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the years, leadership in the public sector has been discussed as a significant component of effective management. The public sector faces challenges regarding increasing motivation and performance because an effective leadership style has not yet been identified. Research shows that the leadership style that a manager exhibits is a key to having a positive influence on motivation and performance. The aim of this study is to investigate the importance of leadership on motivation and performance with a focus on transformational leadership in the public education system. Transformational leadership is a leadership model that inspires employees to focus on the greater good. Transformational leaders motivate employees to rise above their self-interests to better the organization and exceed their expected performance. The study will adopt a concurrent triangulation mixed-methodology approach focusing on analyzing superintendents' and principals' perceptions of leadership. The survey responses will provide important qualitative and quantitative data on motivation and performance in the public education. Data will be collected from 300 employees working at 20 different K-12 school districts with locations in the East San Gabriel Valley Los Angeles County. The study will provide useful perspectives on school districts' leaders to enhance and improve performance outcomes and the public's quality of services.

Management Leadership Qualities Within a Nonprofit Human Service Organization

Download Management Leadership Qualities Within a Nonprofit Human Service Organization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Christian Faith Publishing, Inc.
ISBN 13 : 1638443610
Total Pages : 105 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (384 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Management Leadership Qualities Within a Nonprofit Human Service Organization by : Dr. Sharon Reed

Download or read book Management Leadership Qualities Within a Nonprofit Human Service Organization written by Dr. Sharon Reed and published by Christian Faith Publishing, Inc.. This book was released on 2021-12-14 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Management Leadership Qualities within a Nonprofit Human Service Organization.” After interviewing five hundred employees of a nonprofit human service organization concerning leadership skills within the human service field, she analyzed the relationship of leadership behaviors such as personal support, objective emphasis, and work easing to the didactic and professional backgrounds of managers within human services. The worst place an employee can be is stuck at an organization with a manager who lacks leadership qualities and don’t care about their development, opportunities for growth and advancement. No matter how great an organization’s product and services maybe, if the management in a nonprofit organization is dysfunctional, that organization will have service problems. It’s time nonprofits realize that all the money or peaks in the world will not retain good staff if they have managers who lack leadership qualities. A bad manager can take a good staff and destroy it, causing the best employees to flee and the remainder to lose all motivation. A leader who has leadership qualities can create an environment where people feel safe to be themselves, which will allow them to produce their very best, resulting in the increase of employee turnover.

Work Engagement

Download Work Engagement PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1136980881
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (369 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Work Engagement by : Arnold B. Bakker

Download or read book Work Engagement written by Arnold B. Bakker and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2010-04-05 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the most thorough view available on this new and intriguing dimension of workplace psychology, which is the basis of fulfilling, productive work. The book begins by defining work engagement, which has been described as ‘an opposite to burnout,’ following its development into a more complex concept with far reaching implications for work-life. The chapters discuss the sources of work engagement, emphasizing the importance of leadership, organizational structures, and human resource management as factors that may operate to either enhance or inhibit employee’s experience of work. The book considers the implications of work engagement for both the individual employee and the organization as a whole. To address readers’ practical questions, the book provides in-depth coverage of interventions that can enhance employees’ work engagement and improve management techniques. Based upon the most up-to-date research by the foremost experts in the world, this volume brings together the best knowledge available on work engagement, and will be of great use to academic researchers, upper level students of work and organizational psychology as well as management consultants.

Leadership in Public Organizations

Download Leadership in Public Organizations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1351976818
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Leadership in Public Organizations by : Montgomery Van Wart

Download or read book Leadership in Public Organizations written by Montgomery Van Wart and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-02-17 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in a completely revised and updated Third Edition, Leadership in Public Organizations provides a compact but complete analysis of leadership for students and practitioners who work in public and nonprofit organizations. Offering a comprehensive review of leadership theories in the field, from the classic to the cutting-edge, and how they relate specifically to the public sector context, this textbook covers the major competency clusters in detail, supported by research findings as well as practical guidelines for improvement. These competencies are graphically portrayed in a leadership action cycle that aids readers in visually connecting theory and practice. Including questions for discussion and analysis and hypothetical scenarios for each chapter, as well as an easily reproducible leadership assessment instrument students may use to apply the theories they’ve learned, this Third Edition also explores: The rise of e-leadership, or the relationship between leadership and information and communication technologies, as well as the role leaders play in selecting those technologies The challenges of nonprofit management leadership, including an extensive case study designed to illustrate the differences between public and nonprofit sector leadership curricula Separate, dedicated chapters on charismatic and transformational leadership; distributed leadership; ethics-based leadership; and power, world cultures, diversity, gender, complexity, social change, and strategy. Leadership in Public Organizations is an essential core text designed specifically with upper-level and graduate Public Administration courses on leadership in mind, but it has also proven an indispensable guidebook for professionals seeking insight into the role of successful leadership behavior in the public sector. It can further be used as supplementary reading in introductory courses examining management competencies, in leadership classes to provide practical self-help and improvement models, and in Organizational Theory classes that wish to balance organizational perspectives with individual development.

Leadership with Impact

Download Leadership with Impact PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190932430
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Leadership with Impact by : Juan Carlos Araque

Download or read book Leadership with Impact written by Juan Carlos Araque and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-12-27 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leadership with ImpactÂoffers new ways of thinking and approaching complex problems through a conceptual and practical leadership approach founded on innovation and diversity. The authors introduce the I.D.D.E.A. (Innovation, Design, Diversity, Execution, and Assessment) Leadership Framework through which health and human service practitioners can easily design, implement, and evaluate innovative programs to help vulnerable populations and promote organizational and social change. Innovative leaders (also referred to as "social architects" in the text) will have the opportunity to explore complex social issues with an innovative lens and build solutions with the use of the latest evidence, technology, and collaborative practices. Additionally, chapters highlight "leadership profiles" and case scenarios comprised of health and human service leader interviews covering their perspectives and approaches to problem-solving. The content is responsive to social justice issues and prompts innovative leaders to be cognizant of diversity and learning how to recognize and apply culturally proficient practices in the workplace. Finally, the book offers assessment tools for the leader/practitioner to be mindful of their own engagement with others and evaluate their sustainable efforts.

Engaged Leadership

Download Engaged Leadership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319722212
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Engaged Leadership by : Joan Marques

Download or read book Engaged Leadership written by Joan Marques and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-02 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This professional book examines the concept of engaged leadership. Specifically, it focuses on the need for leaders in personal and professional realms, for-profit and non-profit, to understand the importance of engagement in order to achieve enhanced satisfaction and motivation among stakeholders (including employees, shareholders, investors, supporters, customers, suppliers, the community, competitors, family, and partners), and hence, an augmented level of designed thinking, which leads to increased innovation and on-going leadership development. Divided into three sections—engaged leadership development at the personal level, implementation at the organizational level, and manifestation in practice—this book provides professionals, practitioners and policy makers as well as students with the tools and skills to lead actively and conscientiously and help them understand the importance of creativity and compassion for development. Engaged leadership operates on the fundamental principle that leaders have to first and foremost perceive themselves as leaders, and then engage in design thinking, as they will need to develop strategies to reach, encourage, and positively appeal to these stakeholder groups. Leadership is neither limited to those holding formal managerial position, nor to any particular setting. Leaders can be found everywhere, in all layers of society. Leadership is only possible, however, if one dares to perceive and define oneself as a leader. And only when leadership is adopted as a reality within one’s personal perception, can engaged leadership be applied. Featuring contributions from academics, scholars, and professionals from around the world, each providing cases, interactive questions and reflective notes, this book will be of interest to professionals, practitioners, policy makers, students and scholars interested in creative leadership, management, organizational behavior, and governance.

Transformational and Charismatic Leadership

Download Transformational and Charismatic Leadership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1781906009
Total Pages : 533 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (819 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Transformational and Charismatic Leadership by : Bruce J. Avolio

Download or read book Transformational and Charismatic Leadership written by Bruce J. Avolio and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2013-06-25 with total page 533 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the 10th anniversary edition, we seek to update the theoretical and empirical work and professional practice issues associated with transformational and charismatic leadership that have transpired over the past decade.

Public Administration Reformation

Download Public Administration Reformation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113504452X
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Public Administration Reformation by : Yogesh K. Dwivedi

Download or read book Public Administration Reformation written by Yogesh K. Dwivedi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-11-12 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an attempt to instil trust in their performance, credibility, integrity, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and good governance, many public organizations are in effect viewing tax-paying citizens as consumers. Little research exists to explore synergies between the market economy, public administration reformation, and their complex bilateral effects. This book takes a timely look at the heightened need for public administration reform as a result of the economic challenges currently faced by nations across the globe. In particular it explores the roles of eGovernment and a citizen-centric focus in this transformation. Public Administration Reform examines several commonly-held assumptions about public administration: the public sector is slow and bureaucratic; government employees are frequently disengaged; and government agencies are sometimes wasteful. eGovernment is proposed as a key tool in the improvement of both public services and reputations of public organizations.