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Transcriptional Regulation Of The Human Il 2 Gene
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Book Synopsis Transcriptional Regulation of the Human IL-2 Gene by : Milena Iacobelli Martinez
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation of the Human IL-2 Gene written by Milena Iacobelli Martinez and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is produced by optimally stimulated T cells and is the major growth factor for T cells. Quiescent T cells do not synthesize IL-2, but upon stimulation, IL-2 is quickly expressed due to the coordinate binding of transcription factors within a 300 base pair promoter. Activation of the transcription factors involved in IL-2 transcription is highly dependent on proper stimulation through the T cell receptor (TCR) as well as a co-stimulatory molecule such as the CD28 receptor. TCR-induced signals are necessary to induce the binding of most, but not all, factors to the IL-2 promoter. CD28 stimulation synergizes with the TCR to activate many of these factors, but is also responsible for the induced binding of a novel complex to a region of the IL-2 promoter known as the CD28 responsive element (CD28RE). Determination of the proteins which function at this site was investigated. Functional studies led to the discovery that the CD28RE forms a composite element with a proximal AP-1 site. Together, the CD28RE/AP-1 sequences bind a complex that contains c-Rel, c-Fos, c-Jun, and the novel protein p21 SNFT in Jurkat T cells. Further analysis of p21SNFT indicates that it inhibits IL-2 promoter activity due to its ability to repress AP-1-associated enhancers required for transcription. Functional and binding studies using nuclear extracts and purified proteins suggest that p21 SNFT competes with Fos proteins for Jun binding, thereby effectively decreasing the numbers of transcriptionally active AP-1 heterodimers that form. While much is known about transactivation requirements for IL-2 expression, less is known about the inhibitory processes that shut down or prevent IL-2 transcription. Therefore, the identity of a novel protein that represses IL-2 promoter activity may help in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the silencing of the IL-2 gene in situations such as in sub-optimally stimulated T cells, anergic T cells, or during T cell differentiation.
Book Synopsis Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulation of Human Interleukin 5 Gene Expression by : Fiona Rolfe
Download or read book Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulation of Human Interleukin 5 Gene Expression written by Fiona Rolfe and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Transcriptional Regulation of the Human Interleukin-12 Receptor Ss2 Gene by : Johanna Goverta Ingeborg van Rietschoten
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation of the Human Interleukin-12 Receptor Ss2 Gene written by Johanna Goverta Ingeborg van Rietschoten and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Transcriptional Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Expression Through NF-kB and RW-Bf by : Beatrice Hoyos
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Expression Through NF-kB and RW-Bf written by Beatrice Hoyos and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Interleukin 2 written by Kendall A Smith and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interleukin 2 focuses on interleukin 2 (IL-2) and its impact on immunology. Topics covered include IL-2's mechanism of action, the structure of the IL-2 receptor, the characteristics of natural and recombinant human IL-2, regulation of IL-2 production by the T cell antigen receptor, how IL-2 binding induces the transcription of a novel set of genes, and the pathological roles of IL-2 receptor inducers in adult T cell leukemia. This book is comprised of 12 chapters and begins with a historical overview of IL-2, from the discovery of soluble mitogenic factors in culture media of stimulated lymphocytes to the discovery of IL-2 as the molecule responsible for stimulating T cell proliferation. The physicochemical and biological properties of purified recombinant IL-2 are then described, paying particular attention to natural IL-2 derived from human peripheral blood leukocytes. The chapters that follow discuss the different techniques used to gain insight into the functionally important regions of IL-2, the role of the T cell antigen receptor in regulating the production of IL-2, and the structure of the human high-affinity IL-2 receptor. The book also describes transmembrane signaling by IL-2, IL-2-inducible gene expression in T lymphocytes, abnormal IL-2 receptor expression in adult T cell leukemia, the use of IL-2 receptors in immunosuppressive therapy, and the use of IL-2 as a pharmacologic reagent. This book will be of interest to students and researchers in immunology and biochemistry.
Book Synopsis Transcriptional Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Expressio Through NF-kB and RW-BF by : Beatrice Hoyos
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation of Interleukin-2 Gene Expressio Through NF-kB and RW-BF written by Beatrice Hoyos and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Regulation of the Expression of Human Interleukin-2 Gene by : Liqian Zhang
Download or read book The Regulation of the Expression of Human Interleukin-2 Gene written by Liqian Zhang and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Studies on the Transcriptional Regulation of Human Interleukin 5 by : Anish D. Singh
Download or read book Studies on the Transcriptional Regulation of Human Interleukin 5 written by Anish D. Singh and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Transcriptional Regulation of the Mouse and Human Interleukin-5 Genes in T-lymphocytes by : Jun Wang
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation of the Mouse and Human Interleukin-5 Genes in T-lymphocytes written by Jun Wang and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Use of the Human Interleukin-2 Gene Regulatory Sequences and Amber Suppression for Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Control Over Expression of a Potent Toxin Gene by : Donald Frederick Robinson
Download or read book Use of the Human Interleukin-2 Gene Regulatory Sequences and Amber Suppression for Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Control Over Expression of a Potent Toxin Gene written by Donald Frederick Robinson and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Interleukin-10 in Health and Disease by : Simon Fillatreau
Download or read book Interleukin-10 in Health and Disease written by Simon Fillatreau and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a set of reviews dedicated to the biology of Interleukin (IL)-10. It includes chapters on its importance for maintaining immune homeostasis in humans, its role in intestinal immunity and its functions during viral and bacterial infections. In addition, it presents reviews on the mechanisms linking innate microbial recognition to the production of IL-10 and on how IL-10 recognition by its receptor functions. The roles of T and B cells as relevant sources of IL-10 are also discussed, with an emphasis on the clinical opportunities offered by IL-10-producing Tr1 cells for the suppression of unwanted immunity. Finally, the functions of other cytokines of the IL-10 family are presented. Collectively, these articles provide a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge on one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines known to date.
Book Synopsis DNA-protein Interactions by : Andrew Arthur Travers
Download or read book DNA-protein Interactions written by Andrew Arthur Travers and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2000 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA-Protein Interactions is a novel compilation of methods for studying the interactions of proteins with DNA. It is a rapidly advancing research area in which multidisciplinary approaches are especially valuable for solving problems and obtaining a detailed understanding of the molecular regulatory interactions involved. This book covers all the major tools that are required for the study of the large macromolecular enzymatic machines that manipulate DNA, with particular emphasis on biophysical techniques applied to the analysis of transcription and its relation to chromatin structure. Knowledge of basic techniques is assumed, although advances in fundamental fields are covered.
Book Synopsis The Transcriptional Regulation of the Human IL-8 and MCP-1 Genes in Cultured Primary Mesangial Cells by : Mei Nie
Download or read book The Transcriptional Regulation of the Human IL-8 and MCP-1 Genes in Cultured Primary Mesangial Cells written by Mei Nie and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Transcriptional Regulation of the Bc1-2 Gene in Human ? Cells by : Wendy Marie Gombert
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation of the Bc1-2 Gene in Human ? Cells written by Wendy Marie Gombert and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Transcriptional Regulation in the 5'-flanking Region of the Human Interleukin 1 Beta Gene by : Guangren Zhang
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation in the 5'-flanking Region of the Human Interleukin 1 Beta Gene written by Guangren Zhang and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Interleukin-2 Activation of Intracellular Signaling Pathways by : Forest Rohwer
Download or read book Interleukin-2 Activation of Intracellular Signaling Pathways written by Forest Rohwer and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During an immune reaction, T cell clones must be expanded by mitogenic cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2). IL-2 is able to induce proliferation, protection from apoptosis, and differentiation of T cells. These cellular phenomena are mediated through signaling events initiated at the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and are associated with changes in the mRNA levels that encode necessary proteins. The following work examined the molecular signals initiated at the IL-2R and sought to understand their linkage to increases in mRNA levels and subsequent cellular responses, such as proliferation and protection from apoptosis. Understanding these links is vital to understanding the molecular events that control the immune response, as well as providing insight into the cell cycle and activated transcription. To study this problem, an IL-2 responsive system based on thymic blast cells (TBCs) was developed and characterized. This system has the advantage of yielding a large number of IL-2 responsive cells from primary human tissue. Using the TBCs it was shown that transcription of important cell cycle genes is linked to the IL-2R via the c-Ras/MAPK pathway. Additionally, this pathway is responsible for IL-2 mediated proliferation. A second pathway, mediated through PKC, is responsible for upregulation of anti-apoptosis genes and protection from apoptosis. TBCs were also used to show that IL-2 can increase mRNA levels of specific genes by releasing transcriptional attenuation. Together these results show that specific signaling pathways can be linked to increases in specific mRNAs and suggest at least one mechanism of this upregulation. These results also show that increased expression of certain mRNAs may explain specific cellular responses. Finally, this work provides direction for future research that should yield more interesting insights into IL-2 mediated control of transcription.
Book Synopsis Regulation of Cytokine Gene Expression in Immunity and Diseases by : Xiaojing Ma
Download or read book Regulation of Cytokine Gene Expression in Immunity and Diseases written by Xiaojing Ma and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-12 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the major cytokines, such as IL-1 and IFN-γ, with respect to the regulation of their gene expression and protein production in specific immune cell types. It discusses both healthy physiological settings and in pathological situations in which the expression of some cytokines could be dysregulated, resulting in either immunodeficiency or exacerbated inflammatory sequelae in animal models as well as in human patients. Cytokines are important regulators of immune responses that require the highly coordinated participation and communication of multiple cell types. The expression of cytokines by various producer cell types is therefore carefully regulated in response to environmental cues at multiple levels: transcription, translation and posttranslational modification. Presenting cutting-edge advances in our understanding of the regulation of cytokine expression, this book is a valuable resource for anyone involved or interested in immune regulation.
