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Towards Early Stage Disease Detection In Microdevices Fabrication And Testing Of Micro Total Analysis Systems For Bioanalytical Applications
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Book Synopsis Towards Early Stage Disease Detection in Microdevices: Fabrication and Testing of Micro Total Analysis Systems for Bioanalytical Applications by : Tao Pan
Download or read book Towards Early Stage Disease Detection in Microdevices: Fabrication and Testing of Micro Total Analysis Systems for Bioanalytical Applications written by Tao Pan and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The past few years have seen a rapid expansion in interest in the characterization of the entire complement of proteins, or proteome. Micro total analysis systems (Î*TAS) are an emerging promising method, offering rapid, sensitive and low sample consumption separations.
Book Synopsis Lab-on-a-Chip by : Edwin Oosterbroek
Download or read book Lab-on-a-Chip written by Edwin Oosterbroek and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-10-02 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past ten years there has been a rapid growth of the research and application area known as Lab-on-a-Chip. After an initial focus on electrokinetic separation techniques on chip, the scope of the field has widened to include topics like microfluidics, DNA analysis, cell analysis, microreactors and mass spectrometer interfacing. As well as the analytical chemistry community, synthetic chemists, chemical engineers, biochemists and biomedical engineers are now also becoming more and more interested in using new micro- and nanotechnological techniques. This first Lab-on-a-Chip book contains a broad collection of papers on microtechnology, microfluidics, analytical methods and applications. All contributions are written by leading researchers in their respective fields, and provide new scientists with an overview of the field, to make him/her aware of the enormous opportunities offered by modern technology. The work presented in this book will definitely stimulate readers to new ideas and concepts, and lead to further innovations in this area. Provides a quick introduction into the different aspects of this field Describes technology that has already revolutionized the world of chemical and biochemical analysis and synthesis All contributions are written by leading researchers in their respective fields
Book Synopsis Integrated Microfluidic Bioprocessors for Infectious Disease Detection by : Numrin Thaitrong
Download or read book Integrated Microfluidic Bioprocessors for Infectious Disease Detection written by Numrin Thaitrong and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of micro-Total Analysis Systems has revolutionized the world of molecular diagnostics by enabling sensitive multi-step fluidic processes to be performed and reliably integrated in a single platform. In particular, microfluidic systems now provide the tools and components to enable quantitative detection of biomarkers relevant to pathogen identification and disease characterization. In this thesis, these advances are exploited to develop an integrated microfluidic platform for automated, rapid and sensitive genetic identification of infectious food-borne bacterial and respiratory viral pathogens. My first goal was the integration of improved sample purification, preconcentration and injection technology with a polymerase chain reaction-capillary electrophoresis (PCR-CE) microdevice. By introducing an in-line affinity capture system utilizing an in situ photopolymerized oligonucleotide capture gel, double-stranded PCR amplicons generated in an integrated PCR reactor were selectively captured, purified and injected with 100% efficiency for high resolution CE separation. The superior performance of this integrated platform was demonstrated in a quantitative genetic analysis of E. coli. This integrated system exhibits a six- fold improvement in resolution of a multiplex analysis of Escherichia coli O157/E. coli K12 and is able to detect E. coli O157 in a 500-fold higher background of E. coli K12. To enable the parallel detection of multiple infectious pathogens, an improved purification method relying on biotin-streptavidin interaction was developed for universal product capture. This technique has the advantage of eliminating the complications associated with designing sequence-specific oligonucleotide capture probes for multiple targets. This process was integrated into a new 4-unit array PCR-CE microchip designed for automated product amplification, capture, and analysis. Coupled with a portable laser-induced fluorescence rotary scanner, the system can simultaneously detect as few as ten copies per reactor of influenza A & B, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and coronavirus samples from cloned plasmid standards within 2.5 hours. Furthermore, the ability of the system to process RNA samples was demonstrated by performing RT-PCR analyses of an influenza B/hMPV co-infection model case, with respective detection limits of 50 and 100 copies/reactor. This thesis concludes with a discussion of proposed methods for nucleic acid isolation from biological samples that will provide a complete sample-in to answer-out diagnostic device and method for pathogen detection. When fully developed, this technology will be a significant advancement in infectious disease detection and surveillance both inside and outside clinical settings.
Book Synopsis Development of a Miniaturized Electrochemical Pathogen Detection Platform for Micro-total Analysis Systems by : Sylvia Dokua Kwakye
Download or read book Development of a Miniaturized Electrochemical Pathogen Detection Platform for Micro-total Analysis Systems written by Sylvia Dokua Kwakye and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis describes a translational research effort to design a portable device, the miniEC, that on its own, is useful for detection of nucleic acids of pathogens and other analytes, but can also be integrated into a complete micro-total analysis system. The design incorporated a microfabricated liposome-amplified biosensor, a potentiostat for electrochemical tests, a liquid crystal display, a pushbutton interface for user input, memory for data storage and a serial connection for networking the device to a PC. In operation, the potentiostat powers the biosensor and is also responsible for amplifying and measuring the sensor's output. Specificity of the biosensor is ensured by DNA capture and reporter probes that hybridize with the target nucleic acid sequence. The reporter probes are coupled to liposomes entrapping the electrochemically active redox couple, potassium ferri/ferrohexacyanide. The capture probes are coupled to superparamagnetic beads. After hybridization, The liposome-target-bead complexes are captured by a magnet within the biosensor. The liposomes are then lysed to release the electrochemical markers unto an interdigitated ultramicroelectrode array. The redox activity of the markers on the electrodes is measured as a current, that is subsequently displayed and stored by the miniaturized instrumentation. The portable miniEC system replaces electrodes, potentiostat and computer systems in conventional electrochemical set ups. Use of the inexpensive, low-power, powerful and energy efficient MSP430 microcontroller together with other carefully selected, low power, off-the-shelf components, resulted in a design that can run for months on a single AA or AAA battery. Also, emphasis on low cost resulted in a compact design with a minimal number of components, that altogether, cost less than $50 in prototype quantities. The accuracy of the miniEC was evaluated by comparing its performance to a standard bench-top electrochemical workstation in static and dynamic constant current amperometric experiments. In both sets of experiments, the inexpensive miniEC's performance was comparable in signal strength and sensitivity to that of the electrochemical workstation. It was then successfully used in the detection of dengue fever virus RNA. The design of the biosensor, hardware and embedded software was modular, general and flexible such that differentiated products could easily be generated for applications in different fields within a short development window. We provided an example of such a differentiated product with a step by step enhancement of the basic unit into a 5-channel multi-sensor unit. Applied to Cryptosporidium parvum detection, the multi-sensor miniEC was capable of single oocyst detection.
Book Synopsis Development of Microdevices for Applications to Bioanalysis by : Joohoon Kim
Download or read book Development of Microdevices for Applications to Bioanalysis written by Joohoon Kim and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of microdevices for applications related to bioanalysis is described. There are two types of microdevices involved in this study: DNA (or RNA) microarrays and bead-based microfluidic devices. First, a new method to fabricate DNA microarrays is developed: replication of DNA microarrays. It was shown that oligonucleotides immobilized on a glass master can hybridize with their biotin-modified complements, and then the complements can be transferred to a streptavidinfunctionalized replica surface. This results in replication of the master DNA array. Several innovative aspects of replication are discussed. First, the zip code approach allows fabrication of replica DNA arrays having any configuration using a single, universal master array. It is demonstrated that this approach can be used to replicate master arrays having three different sequences (spot feature sizes as small as 100 [mu]m) and that master arrays can be used to prepare multiple replicas. Second, it is shown that a surface T4 DNA polymerase reaction improves the DNA microarray replication method by removing the requirement for using presynthesizd oligonucleotides. This in-situ, enzymatic synthesis approach is used to replicate DNA master arrays consisting of 2304 spots and arrays consisting of different oligonucleotide sequences. Importantly, multiple replica arrays prepared from a single master show consistent functionality to hybridization-based application. It is also shown that RNA microarrays can be fabricated utilizing a surface T4 DNA ligase reaction, which eliminates the requirement of modified RNA in conventional fabrication schemes. This aspect of the work shows that the replication approach may be broadly applicable to bioarray technologies. A different but related aspect of this project focuses on biosensors consisting of microfluidic devices packed with microbeads conjugated to DNA capture probes. The focus here is on understanding the parameters affecting the hybridization of DNA onto the probeconjugated microbeads under microfluidic flow conditions. These parameters include the surface concentration of the probe, the flow rate of the solution, and the concentration of the target. The simple microfluidic device packed with probe-conjugated microbeads exhibits efficient target capture resulting from the inherently high surface-area-to-volume ratio of the beads, optimized capture-probe surface density, and good mass-transfer characteristics. Furthermore, the bead-based microchip is integrated with a hydrogel preconcentrator enhancing the local concentration of DNA in a icrochannel. The integration of the preconcentrator into the bead-based capture chip allows significantly lower limit of detection level (~10-fold enhancement in the sensitivity of the microbeadbased DNA detection).
Book Synopsis Microfluidic System to Detect Select DNA Fragments Using Agglutination Process by : Sumanpreet Kaur Chhina
Download or read book Microfluidic System to Detect Select DNA Fragments Using Agglutination Process written by Sumanpreet Kaur Chhina and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis investigates the design, fabrication, and testing of an easy-to-use, disposable and portable microfluidic system for DNA amplification detection; this is suitable for point-of-care testing (POCT) applications. The microfluidic system utilizes biotin-labelled DNA to agglutinate streptavidin-coated microspheres. The microfluidic system is designed to retain aggregates of cross-linked microspheres as opposed to single microspheres, indicating the detection of biotin-labelled DNA. The microfluidic platform is composed of a filter design and inlet/outlet reservoirs, which was fabricated using microfabrication techniques. This research demonstrates that the microfluidic system is an improvement on the current DNA detection technique utilizing particle agglutination. Such a system may in turn form the basis of future hand-held, compact, point-of-care biosensors for disease screening and identification.
Book Synopsis Microsystem Strategies for Sample Preparation in Biological Detection by : Paul C. Galambos
Download or read book Microsystem Strategies for Sample Preparation in Biological Detection written by Paul C. Galambos and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this LDRD was to develop microdevice strategies for dealing with samples to be examined in biological detection systems. This includes three sub-components: namely, microdevice fabrication, sample delivery to the microdevice, and sample processing within the microdevice. The first component of this work focused on utilizing Sandia's surface micromachining technology to fabricate small volume (nanoliter) fluidic systems for processing small quantities of biological samples. The next component was to develop interfaces for the surface-micromachined silicon devices. We partnered with Micronics, a commercial company, to produce fluidic manifolds for sample delivery to our silicon devices. Pressure testing was completed to examine the strength of the bond between the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer and the silicon chip. We are also pursuing several other methods, both in house and external, to develop polymer-based fluidic manifolds for packaging silicon-based microfluidic devices. The second component, sample processing, is divided into two sub-tasks: cell collection and cell lysis. Cell collection was achieved using dielectrophoresis, which employs AC fields to collect cells at energized microelectrodes, while rejecting non-cellular particles. Both live and dead Staph. aureus bacteria have been collected using RF frequency dielectrophoresis. Bacteria have been separated from polystyrene microspheres using frequency-shifting dielectrophoresis. Computational modeling was performed to optimize device separation performance, and to predict particle response to the dielectrophoretic traps. Cell lysis is continuing to be pursued using microactuators to mechanically disrupt cell membranes. Novel thermal actuators, which can generate larger forces than previously tested electrostatic actuators, have been incorporated with and tested with cell lysis devices. Significant cell membrane distortion has been observed, but more experiments need to be conducted to determine the effects of the observed distortion on membrane integrity and cell viability. Finally, we are using a commercial PCR DNA amplification system to determine the limits of detectable sample size, and to examine the amplification of DNA bound to microspheres. Our objective is to use microspheres as capture-and-carry chaperones for small molecules such as DNA and proteins, enabling the capture and concentration of the small molecules using dielectrophoresis. Current tests demonstrated amplification of DNA bound to micron-sized polystyrene microspheres using 20-50 microliter volume size reactions.
Book Synopsis Bioanalytical Microfluidic Devices and Methods for Analysis of Cancer Gene Expression by : Nadia Del Bueno
Download or read book Bioanalytical Microfluidic Devices and Methods for Analysis of Cancer Gene Expression written by Nadia Del Bueno and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transcriptional profiling is essential in fundamental studies of pathogenesis. In particular, multiplexed analysis of gene expression enables the identification of cancer-specific expression signatures that correlate with clinical disease and which can be used for the prediction of tumor presence and disease progression. Microfabricated capillary electrophoresis (CE) devices feature reduced sample and reagent requirements, faster analysis times, and increased automation. These advantages make microdevices ideal analytical platforms for the quantitative monitoring of biomarkers, and their potential as point-of-care devices for facilitating cancer detection in the clinical setting is explored in this thesis. First, an integrated microdevice capable of performing low-volume, rapid, and highly sensitive expression analysis was developed. To further the goal of quantitative measurements of transcript levels from a small amount of sample, an affinity capture gel approach was used to address the problem of inefficient CE sample injection which limits sensitivity. Photopolymerization protocols were developed to define a small plug of oligonucleotide-modified polyacrylamide gel inline with the CE channel in order to accomplish efficient capture and sample microinjection for quantitative analysis. This concentration and purification step also demonstrated increased detection sensitivity and improved separation resolution. To perform multiplexed analysis of cancer genes, an optimized protocol for transcript analysis with aid of affinity capture was used in conjunction with the integrated CE microdevice. The expression of genes implicated in prostate cancer was assayed directly from cells by solution hybridization with complementary fluorescently-labeled detection probes, followed by affinity bead capture of mRNA-probe complexes. Released detection probes were then injected on-chip and captured on a photopolymerized capture gel for concentration prior to CE separation and detection. The ability of the assay and microdevice system to evaluate gene expression was demonstrated by the measurement of absolute transcript levels of ten genes, enabling the successful identification of distinct expression signatures for the human prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, VCaP, 22Rv1, and PC-3 with high sensitivity. Finally, a microdevice also including on-chip PCR amplification is presented for improving the sensitivity of detection to enable the analysis of clinical samples. The functionality of the proposed microsystem is further expanded by the integration of upstream sample processing steps on-chip. By performing several bioanalytical processes on a single microfabricated platform, high-sensitivity expression analysis from complex biological samples should be possible, all the while reducing cost and analysis time. Based on the technologies developed in this thesis, these fully integrated devices could be implemented as diagnostic tools and play a key role in the future of clinical detection.
Book Synopsis Micro and Nanoscale Fabrication and Characterization For Next-Generation Biosensors by : Bonhye Koo
Download or read book Micro and Nanoscale Fabrication and Characterization For Next-Generation Biosensors written by Bonhye Koo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pressing performance demands require next-generation biosensors to detect target chemical and biological molecules with higher sensitivity, shorter response times, and lower detection limit. Micro- and nanoscale devices are attractive for a wide range of biosensor applications since at small scale, in addition to being more compact, the device may exhibit improved performance. The benefits include minimization of tissue damage for implantable devices, improved spatial resolution and sensitivity, as well as increased surface charge to mass ratio, which is important for the performance of our novel technology for nucleic acid detection described below. Borrowing from the processing technologies used in the semiconductor industry, we implemented micromachining techniques to fabricate devices at both the micro- and nanoscale. In this dissertation, we present our work on the fabrication and characterization of two next-generation biosensors. The first device we fabricated is a sequence-specific nucleic acid sensor based on the blockage of a nanopore. Current methods for nucleic acid detection generally rely on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescent labeling, however, these methods render the devices slow, expensive, complex, and bulky. In order to address these limitations, a new sensor was fabricated from a single glass wafer, consisting of a glass nanopore in a thin glass membrane. For nanopore sensing, low frequency noise is critical since it limits the discrimination of signal change based on target analyte movement from the fluctuation of noise. To further our understanding of nanopores, we observed how different pore geometries affect noise characteristics, and then compared this newly developed glass nanopore to conventional Si-based nanopores. Based on the analysis, low-noise glass nanopores, suitable for sequence-specific nucleic acid detection, were fabricated. By scaling down the pore diameter to the nano-regime, 1 aM detection of 16S rRNA from Escherichia coli was demonstrated even in the presence of a million-fold background of RNA from Pseudomona putida. This new platform for the PCR-free, optics-free, label-free sequence-specific nucleic acid detection shows the potential to detect pathogens in body fluids, food, or water. In addition, we developed a new method to transfer enzyme to a microelectrode array on an implantable microprobe, which enables fabrication of better performing microprobes for the sensing of multiple neurochemicals in vivo. Monitoring the release of neurotransmitters in real-time offers valuable information necessary to understand neurological disorders and abnormal behaviors. We employed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamping to transfer enzyme onto microelectrode array microprobes. A model enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOx), was stamped onto the surface of disk electrodes to test the feasibility of PDMS stamping for biosensor fabrication. The model sensor showed a good combination of performance (29 A/mM cm2 sensitivity and 4 M detection limit) proving that PDMS stamping offers a simple and cost-effective enzyme deposition method for construction of electroenzymatic sensors. The next step was to add an alignment function to PDMS stamping to create microprobes with dual sensing (glucose and choline) capabilities for in vivo applications. Two different enzymes, GOx and choline oxidase (ChOx), were selectively transferred onto specific sites in a 4 microelectrode array by PDMS stamping with alignment using a microscope and a custom-built stage. The dual sensor showed improved consistency and performance including sensitivity to choline and to glucose (286 and 117 A/mM cm2, respectively) as well as low detection limits (3 and 1 M, respectively). This work demonstrated the ability to immobilize specific enzymes on selected microelectrodes in an array to give a high performance microprobe for simultaneous sensing of two analytes for neuroscience application.
Book Synopsis Microfabrication of Bio-analytical Devices by : Neil Draper
Download or read book Microfabrication of Bio-analytical Devices written by Neil Draper and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for potable water is increasing with the ever-increasing world population. Further development of fast, portable, and cost effective analytical tools is necessary in order to create diagnostic techniques capable of supporting the water needs of the world0́9s population. Within the last decade microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) technologies have increased the portability and speed of detection for aqueous samples. Photolithography techniques serve as a cost effective fabrication tool to create LOC electrodes on the micron scale. An in-depth look at the fabrication process is undertaken in this paper in order to further the development of micro-scale detection techniques. An electrode array capable of detecting multiple targets within one aqueous sample was designed and fabricated. The electrode array was assessed for performance characteristics to determine if reproducibility is possible. The fabrication process was also detailed for a new chemical separation technique, traveling-wave electrophoresis (TWE). TWE could serve as a separation tool capable of separating out specific charged molecules for biological and chemical samples. The TWE device was assessed on the capabilities to move charged molecules.
Book Synopsis Microfluidic Bio-sensor Development for Clinical Applications by : Kyle Matthew Wellmerling
Download or read book Microfluidic Bio-sensor Development for Clinical Applications written by Kyle Matthew Wellmerling and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microfluidic devices have revolutionized the the field of cell biology. As microfluidicdevices became affordable and mainstream, they began to serve as miniature labs for detecting and studying biological phenomenon. We develop microfluidic devices for two different biological applications in this thesis. In Chapter 2, we develop a microfluidic device for removal of rare, teratoma-forming cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors (hiPSC-NPCs). Though generalizable to other cell types, we begin by characterizing the differentiation process of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) based off residual pluripotency signature and investigate device performance by removing residual teratoma-forming cells. In Chapter 3, we develop a platform for mimicking the early stages of Lyme transmission and apply our device towards detecting Borellia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme Disease. Early research on Lyme disease suggested a model in which the outer surface protein OspA is expressed by Borrelia in the tick, while outer surface protein OspC is expressed in the mammalian host. We first develop a culture system for recreating this dynamic change in surface protein expression, and then demonstrate our device is capable of capturing and detecting Borellia burgdorferi. Teratoma formation remains a safety concern in therapeutic cells derived from hiPSCs. Residual Teratoma forming cells are present in small numbers in differentiated hiPSC cultures and yet are of significant roadblock to the manufacturing and clinical translation of stem cell therapies. Rare cells are often difficult to remove with standard flow cytometry or magnetic bead sorting techniques. Here, we first characterized time-dependent expression of a teratoma marker, stage-specific embryonic antigen 5 (SSEA-5), which binds the H type-1 glycan during neural differentiation of hiPSCs. The fraction of cells SSEA-5+ remained high at 97% on day 3, dropped to 70% on day 4, 40% by day 6, and down to 1% on day 12 of differentiation, indicating successful differentiation. We engineered a microfluidic geometrically enhanced differential immunocapture (GEDI) technology to remove SSEA-5+ rare cells from hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (hiPSC-NPCs). The GEDI chip removed more than 95% of teratoma-forming cells and presents a facile tool to potentially functionalize with multiple antibodies and robustly enhance hiPSC-derived cell population safety prior to therapeutic transplantation. The approach is potentially amenable to generate a wide variety of high-quality therapeutic cells and can be integrated within the pipeline of cell manufacturing to improve patient safety and reduce the cost of manufacturing through early removal of undesirable cell types. Lyme Disease is a multisystem infectious disease caused by the Borellia burgdorferi complex, and is a growing threat to public health. Approximately 476,000 people are infected with Lyme in the United States each year. Although Lyme is readily treated with antibiotics when detected early, early detection remains difficult. Current testing remains difficult because the standard 2-tiered ELISA assay indirectly detects Lyme via measurement of a host immune response, which suffers from an inherent time-lag in host antibody production. A direct test for Lyme Disease would overcome these inherent limitations. To this end we report on the first microfluidic immunocapture device for Lyme Disease. We engineered a geometrically enhanced differential immunocapture (GEDI) technology to capture whole-organism Borrelia for direct on-chip detection. This approach is potentially amenable with other work in the field to develop direct PCR tests for Lyme Disease, as our device could serve as a platform to drastically enhance the concentration of present Borrelia into a small volume.
Book Synopsis Paper-based Diagnostic Devices for Infectious Diseases by : Nidhi Puranik
Download or read book Paper-based Diagnostic Devices for Infectious Diseases written by Nidhi Puranik and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Point-of-care testing devices for early detection, screening and diagnosis have been proven to significantly improve patient survival rates and quality of life, as well as to significantly reduce the cost and complexity of disease treatment. Providing a timely update on the current understanding of paper-based biosensors, this book aims to deal with the current state-of-the-art of paper-based biosensors technology and addresses its future prospects for the detection of infectious diseases, with particular relevance and applications for low-income and developing countries. This book focuses on the design and fabrication strategies of paper-based devices for the detection of various biomolecules in biomedicine. This comprehensive research and reference text would be suitable for researchers, scholars, and manufacturers in multiple disciplines, such as medical device design.
Book Synopsis Design, Fabrication, and Optimization of Miniaturized Devices for Bioanalytical Applications by : Suresh Kumar
Download or read book Design, Fabrication, and Optimization of Miniaturized Devices for Bioanalytical Applications written by Suresh Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation work integrates the techniques of microfabrication, micro/nanofluidics, and bioanalytical chemistry to develop miniaturized devices for healthcare applications. Semiconductor processing techniques including photolithography, physical and chemical vapor deposition, and wet etching are used to build these devices in silicon and polymeric materials. On-chip micro-/nanochannels, pumps, and valves are used to manipulate the flow of fluid in these devices. Analytical techniques such as size-based filtration, solid-phase extraction (SPE), sample enrichment, on-chip labeling, microchip electrophoresis (μCE), and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) are utilized to analyze biomolecules. Such miniaturized devices offer the advantages of rapid analysis, low cost, and lab-on-a-chip scale integration that can potentially be used for point-of-care applications.
Book Synopsis Micro/Nano Devices for Blood Analysis by : Rui A. Lima
Download or read book Micro/Nano Devices for Blood Analysis written by Rui A. Lima and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of micro- and nanodevices for blood analysis is an interdisciplinary subject that demands the integration of several research fields, such as biotechnology, medicine, chemistry, informatics, optics, electronics, mechanics, and micro/nanotechnologies. Over the last few decades, there has been a notably fast development in the miniaturization of mechanical microdevices, later known as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which combine electrical and mechanical components at a microscale level. The integration of microflow and optical components in MEMS microdevices, as well as the development of micropumps and microvalves, have promoted the interest of several research fields dealing with fluid flow and transport phenomena happening in microscale devices. Microfluidic systems have many advantages over their macroscale counterparts, offering the ability to work with small sample volumes, providing good manipulation and control of samples, decreasing reaction times, and allowing parallel operations in one single step. As a consequence, microdevices offer great potential for the development of portable and point-of-care diagnostic devices, particularly for blood analysis. Moreover, the recent progress in nanotechnology has contributed to its increasing popularity, and has expanded the areas of application of microfluidic devices, including in the manipulation and analysis of flows on the scale of DNA, proteins, and nanoparticles (nanoflows). In this Special Issue, we invited contributions (original research papers, review articles, and brief communications) that focus on the latest advances and challenges in micro- and nanodevices for diagnostics and blood analysis, micro- and nanofluidics, technologies for flow visualization, MEMS, biochips, and lab-on-a-chip devices and their application to research and industry. We hope to provide an opportunity to the engineering and biomedical community to exchange knowledge and information and to bring together researchers who are interested in the general field of MEMS and micro/nanofluidics and, especially, in its applications to biomedical areas.
Book Synopsis Developing New Techniques and Materials to Use in Biosensors for Point-of-care Applications by : Sarah Jessica Reinholt
Download or read book Developing New Techniques and Materials to Use in Biosensors for Point-of-care Applications written by Sarah Jessica Reinholt and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biosensor technology is a rapidly expanding field of study in which tedious culturing techniques are being replaced by assays that use biorecognition elements such as antibodies and nucleic acids to detect biological entities. Biosensors have useful applications in areas such as food safety, water quality, clinical analysis, and defense again bioterrorism. Bench-top macro scale detection assays have limitations that restrict them to laboratory settings and require them to be performed by highly-trained personnel. Consequently, there has been a strong emphasis on developing technology that is portable and easy-to-use to enable its use in point-of-care and resource-limited settings. Thus, the concept of a micro total analysis system ([MICRO SIGN]TAS) in which all aspects of the biological assay are contained within a single device is very attractive. Benefits of [MICRO SIGN]TASs over their macro scale counterparts, aside from portability and increased ease-of-use, include smaller sample sizes, reduced reagent consumption, decreased assay time, negligible contamination, and potential automation. Nucleic acid detection within [MICRO SIGN]TASs is a commonly used method for the detection of cells and other microorganisms, as well as genomic analyses. A critical step in these assays is nucleic acid isolation within the microfluidic device. Miniaturizing nucleic acid isolation has led to the discovery of novel isolation techniques. Specific application and assay parameters determine desired characteristics of an optimal nucleic acid purification technique. Relevant parameters include sample type and size, device material and fabrication technologies available, as well as the pre- and post-isolation processes. The main nucleic acid isolation processes used within microfluidic devices are silica-based surfaces, functionalized paramagnetic beads, oligonucleotide-modified polymer surfaces, pH-dependent charged surfaces, aluminum oxide membranes, and liquid-phase isolation. A common process that follows isolation is nucleic acid amplification, and integrating both steps within the same device is key to developing a complete [MICRO SIGN]TAS. Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) is an isothermal amplification technique of which the primary advantage over the standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the elimination of necessary thermal cycles. In this research, nucleic acid isolation and NASBA were integrated within the same simple microchannel to realize highly sensitive detection of very low concentrations of messenger RNA (mRNA). The microchannels were fabricated simply and inexpensively from poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using hot-embossing and UV/ozone-assisted thermal bonding. Unique surface chemistry modifications, involving the immobilization of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers and subsequent covalent attachment of thymidine oligonucleotide probes to the dendrimer periphery, were used to develop a surface to facilitate the capture of mRNA from Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) oocyst lysate, while remaining a suitable surface for NASBA. Using this very simple device, successful mRNA isolation and NASBA-based amplification from as few as 30 C. parvum oocysts was achieved. An emerging area of point-of-care biosensor technology is that of paper-based sensors, and specifically, the lateral flow assay (LFA) has been very well-established. The main advantages of these types of sensors are that they are inexpensive, small, portable, disposable, easy-to-use, and require no external equipment or power source due to their capillary wicking ability. Traditionally, these biosensors are fabricated from cellulose-based fibers, which have fixed properties and limited chemical modification ability. Here, electrospun nanofibers have been presented as a new material for LFAs, since their properties are highly controllable and there are numerous materials from which the nanofibers can be made, giving countless surface modification possibilities. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based nanofibers were optimized and incorporated into LFAs. Initial experiments demonstrated a successful one-step assay in which streptavidin-coated sulforhodamine B (SRB)-encapsulating liposomes were captured by anti-streptavidin antibodies adsorbed onto the nanofiber surface. Subsequently, an enzymatic sandwich immunoassay was developed for Escherichia coli (E. coli), and a limit of detection of 1.9x104 cells was achieved. Finally, functional polymers were used to demonstrate that the notorious problem of non-specific binding can be eliminated through the use of anti-fouling block copolymers. Functionalized electrospun nanofibers can thus be used to enhance paper-based assays and develop highly sensitive and specific biosensors possessing many significant advantages compared to traditional assays. Concluding from the microfluidic and LFA research presented, point-of-care biosensors can be developed in a variety of formats, each having their own benefits and limitations. By catering the characteristics of the assay to the parameters surrounding its application, an ideal, reliable biosensor can be realized.
Book Synopsis Introductory Bioelectronics by : Ronald R. Pethig
Download or read book Introductory Bioelectronics written by Ronald R. Pethig and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-08-22 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioelectronics is a rich field of research involving the application of electronics engineering principles to biology, medicine, and the health sciences. With its interdisciplinary nature, bioelectronics spans state-of-the-art research at the interface between the life sciences, engineering and physical sciences. Introductory Bioelectronics offers a concise overview of the field and teaches the fundamentals of biochemical, biophysical, electrical, and physiological concepts relevant to bioelectronics. It is the first book to bring together these various topics, and to explain the basic theory and practical applications at an introductory level. The authors describe and contextualise the science by examining recent research and commercial applications. They also cover the design methods and forms of instrumentation that are required in the application of bioelectronics technology. The result is a unique book with the following key features: an interdisciplinary approach, which develops theory through practical examples and clinical applications, and delivers the necessary biological knowledge from an electronic engineer’s perspective a problem section in each chapter that readers can use for self-assessment, with model answers given at the end of the book along with references to key scientific publications discussions of new developments in the bioelectronics and biosensors fields, such as microfluidic devices and nanotechnology Supplying the tools to succeed, this text is the best resource for engineering and physical sciences students in bioelectronics, biomedical engineering and micro/nano-engineering. Not only that, it is also a resource for researchers without formal training in biology, who are entering PhD programmes or working on industrial projects in these areas.
Book Synopsis 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices by : Savas Tasoglu
Download or read book 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices written by Savas Tasoglu and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-01-10 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "3D Printed Microfluidic Devices" that was published in Micromachines
