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Towards Continuous Bio Oil Upgrading Using Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation
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Book Synopsis Towards Continuous Bio-oil Upgrading Using Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation by : Jacob Wright
Download or read book Towards Continuous Bio-oil Upgrading Using Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation written by Jacob Wright and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) offers a viable option for improving bio-oil's properties for use as a fuel product. Studies using ECH are typically performed in a batch reactor, owing to the convenience of the experimental procedures. However, batch studies offer limited rate information and low productivities. For this reason and since continuous systems are preferred in industrial applications, continuous studies are needed. In the following study, a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) was modified to act as a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell that can continuously convert furfural into its hydrogenated products, furfuryl alcohol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, under constant current using a Ruthenium catalyst. The cell was designed with an increased geometric surface-area-to-volume ratio compared to current batch reactors to enable quicker conversion. The most significant factor affecting the faradaic efficiency was the current, while product yield was affected most by the initial concentration. Conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5- dihydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran was also observed in significant quantities, however, due to the unavailability of standards, results could not be properly quantified. When operating in a single pass, the reactor was able to achieve successful hydrogenation of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol for the first 4 hours but was deactivated due to either catalyst leaching or active site blocking.
Book Synopsis Investigation Into the Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Pyrolysis Bio-oil by : Sabyasachi Das
Download or read book Investigation Into the Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Pyrolysis Bio-oil written by Sabyasachi Das and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rising concerns about the environmental impacts of fossil transportation fuels have motivated the development of alternative sources of energy that are renewable and environment-friendly. Biomass-derived liquid hydrocarbon fuels, offer an immediate "drop-in" alternative for displacing petroleum-derived transportation fuels, owing to their ability to use existing infrastructure. However, biomass, as an energy source is disadvantaged in terms of carbon and energy content. The Billion Ton Report 2016 predicts 1.3 billion tonnes of harvestable biomass in the U.S. by 2030. The carbon and energy content of this amount of biomass is not sufficient to support the demands of the U.S. transportation sector alone. Furthermore, traditional bioenergy systems like cellulosic fermentations to ethanol (CE), lose 1/3rd of the biomass carbon as CO2 and fail to utilize lignin ( ~40% of biomass energy) for fuel production. This calls for biomass conversion technologies that retain most of the biomass carbon and efficiently capture the inherent biomass energy in the produced liquid fuels. This can be achieved via fast pyrolysis that can convert all biomass (including lignin) to predominantly liquid bio-oil. However, this bio-oil is unstable, due to the presence of reactive functional groups. This fact combined with its low energy content makes it unfit as a fuel or a stable intermediate. In this regard, electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) can harness renewable electricity from solar/wind farms and sufficiently hydrogenate the pyrolysis bio-oil to generate a stable intermediate that can be transported over long distances. Additionally, ECH employs mild conditions that allows it to be implemented at a local small-scale facility. This offers a key advantage in a bioenergy system, where transporting the low bulk density biomass can incur large transportation costs. The denser ECH-ed bio-oil can hence be transported at lower costs to conventional hydroprocessing facilities to produce a gasoline/diesel range fuel.In this study, a bioenergy system (Py-ECH) was developed that combines fast pyrolysis with ECH at decentralized depots, followed by hydroprocessing at a central refinery. The mass, carbon and energy flux through the system and the fuel yields were estimated. The fuel yields for the Py-ECH system were found to be better than CE in terms of energy, mass and carbon.To evaluate the economics of Py-ECH, a full techno-economic analysis was conducted using a discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) approach and nth plant assumptions. The minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of the Py-ECH fuel was found to be $ 3.62/gge (in 2018 $) compared to $ 3.70/gge (in 2018$) for CE. Through sensitivity analyses, key cost-contributing parameters were identified, and a pathway was charted for MFSP reduction to
Book Synopsis Catalytic Hydrogenation of Bio-Oil for Chemicals and Fuels by :
Download or read book Catalytic Hydrogenation of Bio-Oil for Chemicals and Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scope of work includes optimizing processing conditions and demonstrating catalyst lifetime for catalyst formulations that are readily scaleable to commercial operations. We use a bench-scale, continuous-flow, packed-bed, catalytic, tubular reactor, which can be operated in the range of 100-400 mL/hr., from 50-400 C and up to 20MPa (see Figure 1). With this unit we produce upgraded bio-oil from whole bio-oil or useful bio-oil fractions, specifically pyrolytic lignin. The product oils are fractionated, for example by distillation, for recovery of chemical product streams. Other products from our tests have been used in further testing in petroleum refining technology at UOP and fractionation for product recovery in our own lab. Further scale-up of the technology is envisioned and we will carry out or support process design efforts with industrial partners, such as UOP.
Book Synopsis Catalytic and Noncatalytic Upgrading of Oils by : Ajay K. Dalai
Download or read book Catalytic and Noncatalytic Upgrading of Oils written by Ajay K. Dalai and published by . This book was released on 2022-02-04 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is about Catalytic and Noncatalytic Upgrading of Oils"--
Book Synopsis Upgrading Bio-oil and Pretreated Bio-oil by Hydroprocessing in a Continuous Packed-bed Reactor by : Divya Reddy Parapati
Download or read book Upgrading Bio-oil and Pretreated Bio-oil by Hydroprocessing in a Continuous Packed-bed Reactor written by Divya Reddy Parapati and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bio-oil obtained by the fast pyrolysis of biomass has the potential to serve as source of alternative liquid fuel for both power generation and transportation fuel. Bio-oils are comprised of oxygenated compounds, due to the presence of a high percentage of these oxygenated groups bio-oil possesses negative properties such as low heating value, low volatility, thermal instability, corrosiveness, immiscibility with fossil fuels and a tendency to polymerize over time. Bio-oils have been converted to both boiler and transportation fuels in laboratory and demonstration projects. However, the available technologies have not proven commercially viable. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to develop additional, potentially commercializable, technologies to upgrade bio-oils and pretreated bio-oil by hydroprocessing pathways. Previous hydrodeoxygenation studies over nearly three decades have provided considerable information about methods to upgrade bio-oil by this technology. However, rapid catalyst deactivation and low yields continue to be problematic and further research is required to refine current hydrodeoxygenation methods and catalysts. In our study we are applying pretreatment to the bio-oil at ambient temperature and pressure conditions to hydroprocess pretreated bio-oil in a single-stage. An initial pretreatment was performed to convert aldehydes present in the bio-oil into carboxylic acids followed by a single-stage hydroprocessing, that was performed to produce hydrocarbons. Where appropriate, successful products produced from the hydroprocessing treatments were analyzed for acid value, oxygen content, heating value, elemental analysis, FTIR and GC-MS. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Book Synopsis Biowaste and Biomass in Biofuel Applications by : Yashvir Singh
Download or read book Biowaste and Biomass in Biofuel Applications written by Yashvir Singh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-02-27 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reflects the new dimension of biofuel production from its introductory principles to the advancements from a future prospective. It summarizes the rationale for changes in liquid fuel utilization and the selection of new technologies to make biofuel cost-effective and move toward a carbon-neutral approach. It provides an evidence-based outline of how additives and nanotechnology chemically change biofuels' quality and effectiveness, including new and innovative approaches, such as nanomaterials and various nano-additives. Features: It provides an overview of biowaste as a sustainable source in the field of biofuel production It includes effective conversion parameters of the biowaste feedstocks and their classification It summarizes current research into the development and exploitation of new biofuel sources It discusses the improvement of pilot scale scalability, chemical processing, and design flow It presents relevant and realistic global explanations of biowaste management techniques for biofuels This book is aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in bioprocessing, chemical engineering, and biotechnology.
Book Synopsis Hydroprocessing Catalysts And Processes: The Challenges For Biofuels Production by : Bo Zhang
Download or read book Hydroprocessing Catalysts And Processes: The Challenges For Biofuels Production written by Bo Zhang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2018-04-09 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The demand for hydroprocessing catalysts has shown an increasing trend, because of their applications in refining of petroleum and biofuels, in order to comply with strict environmental regulations controlling emissions from transportation vehicles.Transport fuel is dominated by fossil fuels with carbon emission intensive production methods. If we are to move away from these sources, the alternative is to produce liquid fuels from agricultural stocks — crops, crop waste, forestry waste or algae. Converting these feedstocks into high quality fuels is a considerable challenge.By describing the current status in processing agricultural feedstock into high quality liquid transport fuels, the authors set out the means to develop better chemistry and catalysis for the necessary conversion processes. This book offers an intriguing insight into the mechanisms and protocols involved in new hydroprocessing catalysts and processes, and covers the methods for upgrading these liquids to modern transport vehicles suitable for operation in modern gasoline and diesel engines.It provides an introduction to the mechanism of hydroprocessing reactions, application of different metals in hydroprocessing, the effect of catalyst supports, applications in refining new feedstock, renewable fuels standards, the management of spent hydroprocessing catalysts, and hydrogen production.Hydroprocessing Catalysts and Processes will prove useful for both researchers in academe and industry concerned with future fuels development and treatment to produce current and future liquid transport fuels.
Book Synopsis Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Through the Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of Bio-oil Derived Model Compounds by : Manish Shetty
Download or read book Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Through the Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of Bio-oil Derived Model Compounds written by Manish Shetty and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive renewable source for fuels and chemicals. Of the many conversion alternatives, catalytic fast pyrolysis has emerged as an attractive technology to convert biomass into fuel additives and value-added chemicals. Current pyrolysis oils or bio-oils are incompatible with refinery streams due to their high acid, water, and water content. The key roadblock in its commercial exploitation is development of catalytic platforms for selective deoxygenation along with minimum hydrogen consumption and carbon loss. Current catalytic solutions including zeolites, and conventional hydrotreating catalysts employ high hydrogen pressures, leading to aromatic ring hydrogenation, and hydrogen consumption. This thesis focusses on developing fundamental catalytic understanding on cheaper and earth-abundant reducible transition metal oxide catalysts for selective hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of bio-oil derived model compounds using reactivity, computation and characterization studies. The first section focuses on developing structure-reactivity relationships on bulk and supported MoO3 catalysts for the HDO of lignin-derived model compounds. Characterization reveals that MoO3 undergoes reduction to catalytically inactive MoO2 at a temperature of 673 K, and stabilization of partially reduced MoO3 surface through its partial carburization to oxycarbide phase (MoOxCyHz) at temperatures
Book Synopsis Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenolic Compounds of Importance in Bio-oil Upgrading by : Lei Nie
Download or read book Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenolic Compounds of Importance in Bio-oil Upgrading written by Lei Nie and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass by : A. V. Bridgwater
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by A. V. Bridgwater and published by Cpl Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited and updated version of the final report of the IEA Bioenergy Pyrolysis Task, is useful both to newcomers to the subject area and those already involved in research, development, and implementation.
Book Synopsis Bio-oil Generation and Upgrading Using Catalysts Towards Its Integration Into a Crude-oil Refinery by : Aimaro Sanna
Download or read book Bio-oil Generation and Upgrading Using Catalysts Towards Its Integration Into a Crude-oil Refinery written by Aimaro Sanna and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently biomass covers around 85% of the total renewable energy supply of the United Kingdom together with landfill gas and waste combustion. However its potential is still underutilized. Indeed, its conversion in fuels, energy and chemicals could revitalize rural economies, limit the dependence on foreign oil imports, and improve the environment by reducing fossil fuel consumption and thus reducing greenhouse gases. Recently, new pathways to convert the biomass into intermediate liquid namely bio-oil have been investigated. Pyrolysis is a promising technology to produce renewable fuels from biomass especially decentralized at point of production. However, the quality of bio-oil still remains a major limitation in terms of oxygen content and calorific value. The overall aim of this project was to contribute to the understanding of the engineering aspects in which biomass could be economically converted to chemicals, fuels and energy using catalytic pyrolysis to enhance the quality of the bio-oil. This can enable the production of intermediate bio-liquids with properties similar to those of petroleum, allowing the use of the existing crude-oil refinery settings for bio-oil upgrading into fuels. The integration of the bio-oil into a crude-oil refinery would sensibly decrease the economical disadvantage of biomass compared to fossil fuels. This work proposes an innovative three-step catalytic process that converts biorefinery residues, such as spent grains, into bio- oil by catalytic pyrolysis. The water insoluble fraction of the bio-oil (WIBO) is converted into a solid residue that possesses similar characteristics to those of coal, and a liquid product called bio-crude by a process name Thermo-t similar to the visbreaking process used to upgrade the quality of crude-oil heavy distillation residues. The water fraction (WSBO) is then converted into alcohols and alkanes using hydrogenation reactions. Despite the fact that the original biomass contains undesirable high oxygen (39-46 wt%) and moisture contents, there was a clear improvement in the properties of the bio-oils generated by catalytic pyrolysis that presented oxygen content of 26- 31 wt% and the final Thermo-t residue as the oxygen content was reduced by over 70% to 9-14 wt% on average. Catalytic pyrolysis was able to produce a bio-oil with less oxygen and nitrogen, high aliphatics and hydrogen using activated serpentine and olivine at low temperatures (370-430 QC). The activated materials seem to be beneficial to the bio-oil energy content that increase from less than 20 MJ/kg in the original biomass to 24-26 MJ/kg and finally to 29-37 MJ/kg after Thermo-t process. About 70-74% of starting energy remains in the bio-oil using ACOL and ACSE at 430 QC, respectively, while only 52% is retained using alumina at the same temperature. Finally, bio-crudes and bio-cokes from Thermo- t process retain 30 and 36% of the starting energy, respectively. The WSBO can be catalytically hydro-treated by Aqueous Phase Processing in a 1st stage at temperatures lower than 130 QC to reduce the organics removed as solid depositions to only 7 wt%, avoiding the typical catalyst deactivation of traditional hydro-treating technology. Then, in a 2nd stage at 220-250 QC, 93% of the partially deoxygenated bio-oil functionalities, such as ketones, aldehydes, aromatics and sugars are converted in much more stable functionalities that leave a final product with acidity and stability much compatible with current fossil fuels. Overall, this study has shown that there is a great technical scope for converting biomass into high-value products that can help to off-set fossil fuels.
Book Synopsis Use of Biphasic Systems to Do Reactions of Interest in the Bio Oil Upgrading by : Paula A. Zapata Cardona
Download or read book Use of Biphasic Systems to Do Reactions of Interest in the Bio Oil Upgrading written by Paula A. Zapata Cardona and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Renewable Hydrogen Production by : Ibrahim Dincer
Download or read book Renewable Hydrogen Production written by Ibrahim Dincer and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-27 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable Hydrogen Production provides a comprehensive analysis of renewable energy-based hydrogen production. Through simulation analysis and experimental investigations, the book provides fundamentals, compares existing hydrogen production applications, discusses novel technologies, and offers insights into the future directions of this rapidly evolving industry. This all-in-one resource on how to produce clean hydrogen production to enhance energy efficiency and support sustainable development will appeal to a wide variety of industries and professionals. - Addresses the production of clean hydrogen from the major sources of renewable energy, including wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, biomass and marine energy - Presents information from simulations and experimental analyses - Offers insights into the future of renewable hydrogen production
Book Synopsis An Integrated Approach for Transportation Fuels Production by : Zhenglong Li
Download or read book An Integrated Approach for Transportation Fuels Production written by Zhenglong Li and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing by : Chang Samuel Hsu
Download or read book Practical Advances in Petroleum Processing written by Chang Samuel Hsu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-10 with total page 894 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes topics not found together in books on petroleum processing: economics, automation, process modeling, online optimization, safety, environmental protection Combines overviews of petroleum composition, refinery processes, process automation, and environmental protection with comprehensive chapters on recent advances in hydroprocessing, FCC, lubricants, hydrogen management Gives diverse perspectives, both geographic and topical, because contributors include experts from eight different countries in North America, Europe and Asia, representing oil companies, universities, catalyst vendors, process licensors, consultants and engineering contractors
Book Synopsis Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil Using 1-octene and 1-butanol Over Sulfonic Acid Resin Catalysts by :
Download or read book Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil Using 1-octene and 1-butanol Over Sulfonic Acid Resin Catalysts written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Raw bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of biomass must be refined before it can be used as a transporation fuel, a petroleum refinery feed or for many other fuel uses. Raw bio-oil was upgraded with the neat model olefin, 1-octene, and with 1-octene/1-butanol mixtures over sulfonic acid resin catalysts frin 80 to 150 degrees celisus in order to simultaneously lower water content and acidity and to increase hydrophobicity and heating value. Phase separation and coke formation were key factors limiting the reaction rate during upgrading with neat 1-octene although octanols were formed by 1-octene hydration along with small amounts of octyl acetates and ethers. GC-MS analysis confirmed that olefin hydration, carboxylic acid esterification, acetal formation from aldehydes and ketones and O- and C-alkylations of phenolic compounds occurred simultaneously during upgrading with 1-octene/1-butanol mixtures. Addition of 1-butanol increased olefin conversion dramatically be reducing mass transfer restraints and serving as a cosolvent or emulsifying agent. It also reacted with carboxylic acids and aldehydes/ketones to form esters, and acetals, respectively, while also serving to stabilize bio-oil during heating. 1-Butanol addition also protected the catalysts, increasing catalyst lifetime and reducing or eliminationg coking. Upgrading sharply increased ester content and decreased the amounts of levoglucosan, polyhydric alcohols and organic acids. Upgrading lowered acidity (pH value rise from 2.5 to>3.0), removed the uppleasant ordor and increased hydrocarbon solubility. Water content decreased from 37.2% to
Book Synopsis Analysis and Catalytic Upgrading of Different Bio-oil Fractions by : Nhung N. H. Duong
Download or read book Analysis and Catalytic Upgrading of Different Bio-oil Fractions written by Nhung N. H. Duong and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
