Tourists Travellers And Hotels In 19th Century Jerusalem

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Tourists, Travellers and Hotels in 19th-Century Jerusalem

Author : Rupert L. Chapman III
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351538861
Total Pages : 531 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Tourists, Travellers and Hotels in 19th-Century Jerusalem by : Rupert L. Chapman III

Download or read book Tourists, Travellers and Hotels in 19th-Century Jerusalem written by Rupert L. Chapman III and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-12-13 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jerusalem was a constant focus in the hearts and minds of all pilgrims and tourists travelling to the Holy Land in the nineteenth century, but knowing exactly where they might get clean and decent accommodations on arrival was of the utmost importance. This volume is a study of the rise of commercial hotel keeping in Jerusalem, from the beginnings in the early 1840s, drawing extensively on travel accounts and archives, notably those of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

Tourists, Travellers and Hotels in Nineteenth-century Jerusalem

Author : Shimon Gibson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9781907975288
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (752 download)

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Book Synopsis Tourists, Travellers and Hotels in Nineteenth-century Jerusalem by : Shimon Gibson

Download or read book Tourists, Travellers and Hotels in Nineteenth-century Jerusalem written by Shimon Gibson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the rise of tourism in the Holy Land, focused on the study of a particular hotel, the Mediterranean, for which the surviving evidence is particularly good. It draws extensively on the archives, both documentary and photographic, of the Palestine Exploration Fund, as well as on its excellent collection of 19th-century travel books.

Tracing the Jerusalem Code

Author : Ragnhild Johnsrud Zorgati
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110636565
Total Pages : 625 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Tracing the Jerusalem Code by : Ragnhild Johnsrud Zorgati

Download or read book Tracing the Jerusalem Code written by Ragnhild Johnsrud Zorgati and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the aim to write the history of Christianity in Scandinavia with Jerusalem as a lens, this book investigates the image – or rather the imagination – of Jerusalem in the religious, political, and artistic cultures of Scandinavia through most of the second millennium. Volume 3 analyses the impact of Jerusalem on Scandinavian Christianity from the middle of the 18. century in a broad context. Tracing the Jerusalem Code in three volumes Volume 1: The Holy City Christian Cultures in Medieval Scandinavia (ca. 1100–1536) Volume 2: The Chosen People Christian Cultures in Early Modern Scandinavia (1536–ca. 1750) Volume 3: The Promised Land Christian Cultures in Modern Scandinavia (ca. 1750–ca. 1920)

Nineteenth-Century Women’s Movements and the Bible

Author : Angela Berlis
Publisher : SBL Press
ISBN 13 : 1628373539
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (283 download)

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Book Synopsis Nineteenth-Century Women’s Movements and the Bible by : Angela Berlis

Download or read book Nineteenth-Century Women’s Movements and the Bible written by Angela Berlis and published by SBL Press. This book was released on 2024-03-22 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nineteenth-Century Women’s Movements and the Bible examines politically motivated women’s movements in the nineteenth century, including the legal, cultural, and ecclesiastical contexts of women. Focusing on the period beginning with the French Revolution in 1789 through the end of World War I in 1918, contributors explore the many ways that women’s lives were limited in both the public and domestic spheres. Essays consider the social, political, biblical, and theological factors that resulted in a multinational raising of awareness and emancipation for women in the nineteenth century and the strengthening of their international networks. The contributors include Angela Berlis, Kristin Kobes Du Mez, Ute Gerhard, Christiana de Groot, Arnfriður Guðmundsdóttir, Izaak J. de Hulster, Elisabeth Joris, Christine Lienemann-Perrin, Amanda Russell-Jones, Claudia Setzer, Aud V. Tønnessen, Adriana Valerio, and Royce M. Victor.

Archaeologists, Tourists, Interpreters

Author : Rachel Mairs
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1472588827
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (725 download)

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Book Synopsis Archaeologists, Tourists, Interpreters by : Rachel Mairs

Download or read book Archaeologists, Tourists, Interpreters written by Rachel Mairs and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2015-09-24 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, growing numbers of tourists and scholars from Europe and America, fascinated by new discoveries, visited the Near East and Egypt – attracted by the riches and mysteries of the Land of the Bible. Almost all such visitors, no matter how esoteric or academic their pursuits, had to deal with the local authorities and the native workforce for their archaeological excavations. The vast majority of these visitors had to rely on interpreters, dragomans, translators and local guides. This study, based on published and unpublished travel memoirs, guidebooks, personal papers and archaeological reports of the British and American archaeologists, deals with the socio-political status and multi-faceted role of interpreters at the time. Those bi- or multi-lingual individuals frequently took on (or were forced to take on) much more than just interpreting. They often played the role of go-betweens, servants, bodyguards, pimps, diplomats, spies, messengers, managers and overseers, and had to mediate, scheme and often improvise, whether in an official or unofficial capacity. For the most part denied due credit and recognition, these interpreters are finally here given a new voice. An engrossing story emerges of how through their many and varied actions and roles, they had a crucial part to play in the introduction to Britain and America of these mysterious past cultures and civilizations.

Ordinary Jerusalem, 1840-1940

Author : Angelos Dalachanis
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004375740
Total Pages : 615 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Ordinary Jerusalem, 1840-1940 by : Angelos Dalachanis

Download or read book Ordinary Jerusalem, 1840-1940 written by Angelos Dalachanis and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2018-08-13 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Ordinary Jerusalem, Angelos Dalachanis, Vincent Lemire and thirty-five scholars depict the ordinary history of an extraordinary global city in the late Ottoman and Mandate periods. Utilizing largely unknown archives, they revisit the holy city of three religions, which has often been defined solely as an eternal battlefield and studied exclusively through the prism of geopolitics and religion. At the core of their analysis are topics and issues developed by the European Research Council-funded project “Opening Jerusalem Archives: For a Connected History of Citadinité in the Holy City, 1840–1940.” Drawn from the French vocabulary of geography and urban sociology, the concept of citadinité describes the dynamic identity relationship a city’s inhabitants develop with each other and with their urban environment.

Under Jerusalem

Author : Andrew Lawler
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0385546866
Total Pages : 525 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

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Book Synopsis Under Jerusalem by : Andrew Lawler

Download or read book Under Jerusalem written by Andrew Lawler and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A spellbinding history of the hidden world below the Holy City—a saga of biblical treasures, intrepid explorers, and political upheaval “A sweeping tale of archaeological exploits and their cultural and political consequences told with a historian’s penchant for detail and a journalist’s flair for narration.” —Washington Post In 1863, a French senator arrived in Jerusalem hoping to unearth relics dating to biblical times. Digging deep underground, he discovered an ancient grave that, he claimed, belonged to an Old Testament queen. News of his find ricocheted around the world, evoking awe and envy alike, and inspiring others to explore Jerusalem’s storied past. In the century and a half since the Frenchman broke ground, Jerusalem has drawn a global cast of fortune seekers and missionaries, archaeologists and zealots, all of them eager to extract the biblical past from beneath the city’s streets and shrines. Their efforts have had profound effects, not only on our understanding of Jerusalem’s history, but on its hotly disputed present. The quest to retrieve ancient Jewish heritage has sparked bloody riots and thwarted international peace agreements. It has served as a cudgel, a way to stake a claim to the most contested city on the planet. Today, the earth below Jerusalem remains a battleground in the struggle to control the city above. Under Jerusalem takes readers into the tombs, tunnels, and trenches of the Holy City. It brings to life the indelible characters who have investigated this subterranean landscape. With clarity and verve, acclaimed journalist Andrew Lawler reveals how their pursuit has not only defined the conflict over modern Jerusalem, but could provide a map for two peoples and three faiths to peacefully coexist.

Nine Quarters of Jerusalem

Author : Matthew Teller
Publisher : Other Press, LLC
ISBN 13 : 1635423341
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (354 download)

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Book Synopsis Nine Quarters of Jerusalem by : Matthew Teller

Download or read book Nine Quarters of Jerusalem written by Matthew Teller and published by Other Press, LLC. This book was released on 2022-09-27 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique, absorbing biography of Jerusalem brings to light its overlooked histories and diverse contemporary voices. In Jerusalem, what you see and what is true are two different things. The Old City has never had “four quarters” as its maps proclaim. And beyond the crush and frenzy of its major religious sites, many of its quarters are little known to visitors, its people ignored and their stories untold. Nine Quarters of Jerusalem lets the communities of the Old City speak for themselves. Ranging from ancient past to political present, it evokes the city’s depth and cultural diversity. Matthew Teller’s highly original “biography” features the Old City’s Palestinian and Jewish communities, but also spotlights its Indian and African populations, its Greek and Armenian and Syriac cultures, its downtrodden Dom Gypsy families, and its Sufi mystics. It discusses the sources of Jerusalem’s holiness and the ideas—often startlingly secular—that have shaped lives within its walls. It is an evocation of place through story, led by the voices of Jerusalemites.

The Making of Eretz Israel in the Modern Era

Author : Yehoshua Ben-Arieh
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110626543
Total Pages : 948 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis The Making of Eretz Israel in the Modern Era by : Yehoshua Ben-Arieh

Download or read book The Making of Eretz Israel in the Modern Era written by Yehoshua Ben-Arieh and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 948 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Napoleon’s invasion of the Middle East marks the beginning of the modern era in the region. This book traces the developments that led to the making of a new and separate geographical-political entity in the Middle East known as Eretz Israel and the establishment of the State of Israel within its bounds. Thus, its time frame runs from Napoleon’s invasion of Eretz Israel / Palestine in 1799 to the establishment of Israel in 1948–1949. Eretz Israel as the formal name of a separate entity in the modern era first appeared in the early translations into Hebrew of the Balfour Declaration, while in the original document the country was referred to as “Palestine.” During the period of Ottoman rule the territory that would in time be called Eretz Israel / Palestine was not a separate political unit. Among Jews, use of “Eretz Israel” increased only after the beginning of Zionist aliyot. Had the Zionist movement not arisen, it is doubtful whether the development to which this study is devoted would have occurred. The motivating force behind that process is without doubt the Zionist element. That is why Jews are the major protagonists in this book.

Urban Neighbourhood Formations

Author : Hilal Alkan
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000040909
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Urban Neighbourhood Formations by : Hilal Alkan

Download or read book Urban Neighbourhood Formations written by Hilal Alkan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-03-04 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the formation of urban neighbourhoods in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia. It departs from ‘neighbourhoods’ to consider identity, coexistence, solidarity, and violence in relations to a place. Urban Neighbourhood Formations revolves around three major aspects of making and unmaking of neighbourhoods: spatial and temporal boundaries of neighbourhoods, neighbourhoods as imagined and narrated entities, and neighbourhood as social relations. With extensive case studies from Johannesburg to Istanbul and from Jerusalem to Delhi, this volume shows how spatial amenities, immaterial processes of narrating and dreaming, and the lasting effect of intimacies and violence in a neighbourhood are intertwined and negotiated over time in the construction of moral orders, urban practices, and political identities at large. This book offers insights into neighbourhood formations in an age of constant mobility and helps us understand the grassroots-level dynamics of xenophobia and hostility, as much as welcoming and openness. It would be of interest for both academics and more general audiences, as well as for students of undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Urban Studies and Anthropology.

From Khartoum to Jerusalem

Author : Rachel Mairs
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1474255019
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis From Khartoum to Jerusalem by : Rachel Mairs

Download or read book From Khartoum to Jerusalem written by Rachel Mairs and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2016-05-05 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2014, a collection of papers was found on eBay: a scrapbook, inside which was written 'Testimonial Book of Dragoman Solomon N. Negima'. The letters pasted into the testimonial book bear recommendations of Negima's services as dragoman – a combination of tourist guide and interpreter – in the Holy Land, from travellers of different nationalities, social classes, religions, genders and races. Using these reference letters, and the first-hand published and unpublished accounts of the travellers themselves, this book tells the stories of several such tourists, including the intrepid Victorian female traveller, Ellen E. Miller, and an African–American minister, Rev. Charles T. Walker, who had been born into slavery. Between the lines of others' letters, Solomon Negima's remarkable life story also emerges: from a German mission school in Jerusalem, to the British army in the Sudan, to a successful career as a dragoman in Palestine and Syria, and finally to comfortable retirement with his son, Aziz, and daughter, Olinda, at a Mormon mission in Jerusalem. The discovery of this unique scrapbook allows us an insight into the lives of individuals whose histories would otherwise be lost to us, and a new perspective on the history of travel in the Middle East.

Jerusalem 1900

Author : Vincent Lemire
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022618837X
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Jerusalem 1900 by : Vincent Lemire

Download or read book Jerusalem 1900 written by Vincent Lemire and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2017-04-21 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perhaps the most contested patch of earth in the world, Jerusalem’s Old City experiences consistent violent unrest between Israeli and Palestinian residents, with seemingly no end in sight. Today, Jerusalem’s endless cycle of riots and arrests appears intractable—even unavoidable—and it looks unlikely that harmony will ever be achieved in the city. But with Jerusalem 1900, historian Vincent Lemire shows us that it wasn’t always that way, undoing the familiar notion of Jerusalem as a lost cause and revealing a unique moment in history when a more peaceful future seemed possible. In this masterly history, Lemire uses newly opened archives to explore how Jerusalem’s elite residents of differing faiths cooperated through an intercommunity municipal council they created in the mid-1860s to administer the affairs of all inhabitants and improve their shared city. These residents embraced a spirit of modern urbanism and cultivated a civic identity that transcended religion and reflected the relatively secular and cosmopolitan way of life of Jerusalem at the time. These few years would turn out to be a tipping point in the city’s history—a pivotal moment when the horizon of possibility was still open, before the council broke up in 1934, under British rule, into separate Jewish and Arab factions. Uncovering this often overlooked diplomatic period, Lemire reveals that the struggle over Jerusalem was not historically inevitable—and therefore is not necessarily intractable. Jerusalem 1900 sheds light on how the Holy City once functioned peacefully and illustrates how it might one day do so again.

Villain or Visionary?

Author : SamuelR. Wolff
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351537709
Total Pages : 135 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Villain or Visionary? by : SamuelR. Wolff

Download or read book Villain or Visionary? written by SamuelR. Wolff and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: R.A.S. Macalister is an important but controversial figure in the history of Palestinian archaeology. This volume celebrates the centennial of the publication of his excavations at Tel Gezer (1912), conducted under the auspices of the PEF. This excavation was the most ambitious one of its time in the land, yielding important architectural remains and thousands of artefacts, including the well-known Gezer Calendar. The contributions of several eminent scholars reflect on the man and his work, and also report on how his work influenced the understanding of the sites he excavated in Palestine, all of which are currently being re-investigated. It is also richly illustrated with images from the PEF archives.Evaluations of Macalister's work vary tremendously and are reflected here. Many learnt from him, others deplored his methods and record keeping. As one contributor puts it, 'an industrious archaeologist but an awful excavator', and a man who was both admired and intensely disliked: regarded as both a villain and a visionary. But it is generally agreed that he is a figure who cannot be ignored, and anyone interested in Palestinian archaeology will find a great deal to learn from this book.

Charles Warren

Author : Kevin Shillington
Publisher : eBook Partnership
ISBN 13 : 1839523492
Total Pages : 648 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (395 download)

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Book Synopsis Charles Warren by : Kevin Shillington

Download or read book Charles Warren written by Kevin Shillington and published by eBook Partnership. This book was released on 2021-08-08 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The life of Charles Warren Royal Engineer is a compelling story, full of action, conflict, triumph and disaster, with reputations gained and lost. All set against the background of an expanding British Empire. It is a tale of secrecy, Freemasonry and pioneering archaeology as the young Lt Warren, still only in his twenties, tunnelled under the Holy City of Jerusalem in search of evidence of the Temple of Solomon and Herod the Great. A man of high principle and dogged determination Warren thrived on a challenge: searching for lost British spies in the desert of the Exodus, or publically calling out the rapacious colonialism of Cecil Rhodes. Later, in different circumstances, he ordered the arrest of Winston Churchill. Although thrice knighted for his many achievements, Warren is most widely remembered as the controversial Metropolitan Police Commissioner who failed to catch Jack the Ripper . In the end he faced the supreme challenge in the Anglo-Boer War, becoming the scapegoat for one of Britain's greatest military disasters, the Battle of Spion Kop. In this new biography, the first for 80 years, historian and biographer Kevin Shillington delves into the records and presents a reassessment of Warren's reputation.

The Archaeology and History of the Church of the Redeemer and the Muristan in Jerusalem

Author : Dieter Vieweger
Publisher : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1784914207
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (849 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology and History of the Church of the Redeemer and the Muristan in Jerusalem by : Dieter Vieweger

Download or read book The Archaeology and History of the Church of the Redeemer and the Muristan in Jerusalem written by Dieter Vieweger and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2016-08-15 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph contains fifteen chapters written by leading scholars from around the world dealing with the archaeological and historical aspects of the Muristan from the Iron Age through to Ottoman times.

Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume XXI

Author : Kelly DeVries
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer
ISBN 13 : 1783277505
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume XXI by : Kelly DeVries

Download or read book Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume XXI written by Kelly DeVries and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2023-06-06 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The leading academic vehicle for scholarly publication in the field of medieval warfare." Medieval WarfareThe twenty-first volume of the Journal of Medieval Military History begins with three studies examining aspects of warfare in the Latin East: an archaeological report on the defenses of Jerusalem by Shimon Gibson and Rafael Y. Lewis; a study of how military victories and defeats (viewed through the lens of carefully shaped reporting) affected the reputation, and the flow of funds and recruits to, the Military Orders, by Nicolas Morton; and an exploration of how the Kingdom of Jerusalem quickly recovered its military strength after the disaster of Hattin by Stephen Donnachie. Turning to the other side of the Mediterranean, Donald J. Kagay analyzes how Jaime I of Aragon worked to control violence within his realms by limiting both castle construction and the use of mechanical artillery. Guilhem Pépin also addresses the limitation of violence, using new documents to show that the Black Prince's sack of Limoges in 1370 was not the unrestrained bloodbath described by Froissart. The remaining three contributions deal with aspects of open battle. Michael John Harbinson offers a large-scale study of when and why late-medieval men-at-arms chose to dismount and fight on foot instead of acting tactically as cavalry. Laurence W. Marvin reconsiders the Battle of Bouvines, concluding that it was far from being a ritualized mass duel. Finally, Michael Livingston elucidates some principles for understanding medieval battles in general, and the battle of Agincourt in particular.moges in 1370 was not the unrestrained bloodbath described by Froissart. The remaining three contributions deal with aspects of open battle. Michael John Harbinson offers a large-scale study of when and why late-medieval men-at-arms chose to dismount and fight on foot instead of acting tactically as cavalry. Laurence W. Marvin reconsiders the Battle of Bouvines, concluding that it was far from being a ritualized mass duel. Finally, Michael Livingston elucidates some principles for understanding medieval battles in general, and the battle of Agincourt in particular.moges in 1370 was not the unrestrained bloodbath described by Froissart. The remaining three contributions deal with aspects of open battle. Michael John Harbinson offers a large-scale study of when and why late-medieval men-at-arms chose to dismount and fight on foot instead of acting tactically as cavalry. Laurence W. Marvin reconsiders the Battle of Bouvines, concluding that it was far from being a ritualized mass duel. Finally, Michael Livingston elucidates some principles for understanding medieval battles in general, and the battle of Agincourt in particular.moges in 1370 was not the unrestrained bloodbath described by Froissart. The remaining three contributions deal with aspects of open battle. Michael John Harbinson offers a large-scale study of when and why late-medieval men-at-arms chose to dismount and fight on foot instead of acting tactically as cavalry. Laurence W. Marvin reconsiders the Battle of Bouvines, concluding that it was far from being a ritualized mass duel. Finally, Michael Livingston elucidates some principles for understanding medieval battles in general, and the battle of Agincourt in particular.ingston elucidates some principles for understanding medieval battles in general, and the battle of Agincourt in particular.

Arabic Dialogues

Author : Rachel Mairs
Publisher : UCL Press
ISBN 13 : 1800086180
Total Pages : 573 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Arabic Dialogues by : Rachel Mairs

Download or read book Arabic Dialogues written by Rachel Mairs and published by UCL Press. This book was released on 2024-03-04 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, more Europeans visited the Middle East than ever before, as tourists, archaeologists, pilgrims, settler-colonists and soldiers. These visitors engaged with the Arabic language to differing degrees. While some were serious scholars of Classical Arabic, in the Orientalist mould, many did not learn the language at all. Between these two extremes lies a neglected group of language learners who wanted to learn enough everyday colloquial Arabic to get by. The needs of these learners were met by popular language books, which boasted that they could provide an easy route to fluency in a difficult language. Arabic Dialogues explores the motivations of Arabic learners and effectiveness of instructional materials, principally in Egypt and Palestine, by analysing a corpus of Arabic phrasebooks published in nine languages (English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian) and in the territory of twenty-five modern countries. Beginning with Napoleon’s Expédition d’Égypte (1798–1801), it moves through the periods of mass tourism and European colonialism in the Middle East, concluding with the Second World War. The book also considers how Arab intellectuals understood the project of teaching Arabic to foreigners, the remarkable history of Arabic-learning among Yiddish- and Hebrew-speaking immigrants in Palestine, and the networks of language learners, teachers and plagiarists who produced these phrasebooks.