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Thomson Scattering Measurements Of The Plasma Parameters In A Hollow Anode With Ferroelectric Plasma Source
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Book Synopsis Thomson Scattering Measurements of the Plasma Parameters in a Hollow-anode with Ferroelectric Plasma Source by : Vladislav Vekselman
Download or read book Thomson Scattering Measurements of the Plasma Parameters in a Hollow-anode with Ferroelectric Plasma Source written by Vladislav Vekselman and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Measurements of Relativistic Effects in Collective Thomson Scattering at Electron Temperatures Less Than 1 KeV by : James Steven Ross
Download or read book Measurements of Relativistic Effects in Collective Thomson Scattering at Electron Temperatures Less Than 1 KeV written by James Steven Ross and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous scattering from electron-plasma waves and ion-acoustic waves is used to measure local laser-produced plasma parameters with high spatiotemporal resolution including electron temperature and density, average charge state, plasma flow velocity, and ion temperature. In addition, the first measurements of relativistic modifications in the collective Thomson scattering spectrum from thermal electron-plasma fluctuations are presented [1]. Due to the high phase velocity of electron-plasma fluctuations, relativistic effects are important even at low electron temperatures (T/e
Book Synopsis Investigation of Thomson Scattering from the Free Electrons in a Plasma by : Edward Rolfe
Download or read book Investigation of Thomson Scattering from the Free Electrons in a Plasma written by Edward Rolfe and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A plasma diagnostic technique is presented which utilizes the Thomson scattering of a laser beam from free electrons. By this means a measurement may be made of both electron concentration and temperature. An extensive analysis of background radiation (noise) is given, and of the photoionization effects of the laser beam. Details of a plasma source which continuously simulates conditions in a reentry plasma, of a giant pulse laser, and of detection apparatus are described. By taking advantage of the broad Doppler spectrum of the Thomson-scattered light, measurements of the spectral wings to the exclusion of the laser wavelength permits the elimination of background radiation to a substantial degree. The investigation is specialized to conditions encountered in reentry plasmas, but would be applicable to measurements in rocket exhausts and explosion generated plasmas. (Author).
Book Synopsis Warm, Dense Plasma Characterization by X-ray Thomson Scattering by :
Download or read book Warm, Dense Plasma Characterization by X-ray Thomson Scattering written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We describe how the powerful technique of spectrally resolved Thomson scattering can be extended to the x-ray regime, for direct measurements of the ionization state, density, temperature, and the microscopic behavior of dense cool plasmas. Such a direct measurement of microscopic parameters of solid density plasmas could eventually be used to properly interpret laboratory measurements of material properties such as thermal and electrical conductivity, EUS and opacity. In addition, x-ray Thomson scattering will provide new information on the characteristics of rarely and hitherto difficult to diagnose Fermi degenerate and strongly coupled plasmas.
Book Synopsis Thomson Scattering Measurements of Plasma Dynamics by : S. H. Glenzer
Download or read book Thomson Scattering Measurements of Plasma Dynamics written by S. H. Glenzer and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors propose to investigate the dynamics of plasmas in the warm dense matter (WDM) regime on ultra-short time scales. Accessible plasma conditions are in the density range of n = 10{sup 20} - 10{sup 23} cm{sup -3} and at moderate temperatures of T = 1 - 20 eV. These plasmas are of importance for laboratory astrophysics, high energy density science and inertial confinement fusion. They are characterized by a coupling parameter of {Lambda} {approx}> 1, where electromagnetic interactions are of the same order as the kinetic energy. The high density of the plasma makes it opaque to radiation in the visible range and, as a consequence, UV up to x-ray radiation can be used to probe such systems. Therefore a wide range in the temperature-density plane of WDM is presently unexplored and only the VUV-FEL opens for the first time the opportunity for its detailed investigation. In equilibrium, the macroscopic state of the plasma is completely characterized by its density and temperature. In pump-probe experiments however, the plasma is initially in a nonequilibrium state and relaxes towards equilibrium within the relaxation time {tau}{sub R}. For t> {tau}{sub R}, the plasma is in an equilibrium state and expands hydrodynamically on a time scale {tau}{sub H}. The proposed experiment measures the time-resolved Thomson scattering signal with the VUV-FEL radiation characterizing the plasma in equilibrium and nonequilibrium states. Both regimes are extremely interesting and will provide new insight into the following phenomena: (1) details of nonequilibrium correlations, (2) relaxation phenomena, (3) hydrodynamic expansion, (4) recombination kinetics. The time-resolved Thomson scattering signal is obtained in a pump-probe experiment by varying the delay between pump and probe. The final stage of the relaxation process (t {approx} {tau}{sub R}) is of special interest since the plasma components (electrons and ion species) can be assumed to be in quasi-equilibrium. This allows for accurate measurements of the electron temperature using the detailed balance relation. For times t {approx}{tau}{sub R} the scattering spectrum provides also the plasmon damping in nonequilibrium from which information on the formation and decay of collective excitations at short time scales can be obtained. At large time scales (t {approx} {tau}{sub H}) the hydrodynamic expansion of the plasma sets in. Detailed information on the evolution of the plasma in this regime is available from sophisticated hydrodynamic computer simulations which can be tested with the proposed measurements. With the decreasing plasma density due to the expansion, recombination processes become important and need to be considered as well.
Book Synopsis Measurements of Relativistic Effects in Collective Thomson Scattering at Electron Temperatures Less Than 1 KeV. by :
Download or read book Measurements of Relativistic Effects in Collective Thomson Scattering at Electron Temperatures Less Than 1 KeV. written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simultaneous scattering from electron-plasma waves and ion-acoustic waves is used to measure local laser-produced plasma parameters with high spatiotemporal resolution including electron temperature and density, average charge state, plasma flow velocity, and ion temperature. In addition, the first measurements of relativistic modifications in the collective Thomson scattering spectrum from thermal electron-plasma fluctuations are presented [1]. Due to the high phase velocity of electron-plasma fluctuations, relativistic effects are important even at low electron temperatures (Te
Book Synopsis Thomson Scattering Measurements of Mast Plasmas by : R. M. Patrick
Download or read book Thomson Scattering Measurements of Mast Plasmas written by R. M. Patrick and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measurements of Thomson scattering from the plasma electrons were created by high speed shock waves in a magnetic annular shock tube (MAST) used to determine the electron density behind the shock waves, and some preliminary measurements of the electron velocity distribution. A Q-switch ruby laser furnished the light beam which was scattered by the plasma electrons. A rotating quartz prism furnished the Q-switching of the optical cavity for the ruby laser, and rather long Q-switched pulses were obtained (between 10 to the -7th power and 10 to the -6th power sec duration). The power level during the Q-switched pulse was between 30 and 100 megawatts. Rayleigh scattering from an air sample at various pressures was used to calibrate the power output of the laser and gave a simultaneous measure of the laser output power for all of the tests, while the Thomson scattering was being measured. The measurements of the electron density using the Thomson scattering and the plasma continuum intensities agreed within the scatter of the data. The electron temperature measurements obtained with the Thomson scattering showed that the electron temperature increased with increasing shock speed for a given initial condition. (Author).
Book Synopsis Electron Velocity Distribution Functions and Thomson Scattering by : Avram L. Milder
Download or read book Electron Velocity Distribution Functions and Thomson Scattering written by Avram L. Milder and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Statistical mechanics governs the fundamental properties of many body systems and the corresponding velocity distributions dictates most material properties. In plasmas, a description through statistical mechanics is challenged by the fact that the movement of one electron effects many others through their Coulomb interactions, leading to collective motion. Although most of the research in plasma physics assumes equilibrium electron distribution functions, or small departures from a Maxwell-Boltzmann (Maxwellian) distribution, this is not a valid assumption in many situations. Deviations from a Maxwellian distribution can have significant ramifications on the interpretation of diagnostic signatures, and more importantly in our ability to understand the basic nature of plasmas. Optical collective Thomson scattering provides precise density and temperature measurements in numerous plasma-physics experiments. A statistically based, quantitative analysis of the errors in the measured electron density and temperature is presented when synthetic data calculated using a non-Maxwellian electron distribution function is fit assuming a Maxwellian electron distribution [A. L. Milder et al., Phys. Plasmas 26, 022711 (2019)]. In the specific case of super-Gaussian distributions, such analysis lead to errors of up to 50% in temperature and 30% in density. Including the proper family of non-Maxwellian electron distribution functions, as a fitting parameter, in Thomson-scattering analysis removes the model-dependent errors in the inferred parameters at minimal cost to the statistical uncertainty. This technique was used to determine the picosecond evolution of non-Maxwellian electron distribution functions in a laser-produced plasma using utrafast Thomson scattering [A. L. Milder et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 025001 (2020)]. During the laser heating, the distribution was measured to be approximately super-Gaussian due to inverse bremsstrahlung heating. After the heating laser turned off, collisional ionization caused further modification to the distribution function while increasing electron density and decreasing temperature. Electron distribution functions were determined using Vlasov-Fokker-Planck simulations including atomic kinetics. A novel technique that encodes the electron motion to the frequency of scattered light while using collective scattering to improve the scattering efficiency at velocities where the number of electrons are limited was invented to measure non-Maxwellian electron distributions [A. L. Milder et al., in review Phys. Rev. Lett. (2021)]. This angularly resolved Thomson-scattering technique is a novel extension of Thomson scattering, enabling the measurement of the electron velocity distribution function over many orders of magnitude. Electron velocity distribution functions driven by inverse bremsstrahlung heating were measured to be super-Gaussian in the bulk (v/vth 3) and Maxwellian in the tail (v/vth 3) when the laser heating rate dominated over the electron-electron thermalization rate. Simulations with the particle code Quartz showed the shape of the tail was dictated by the uniformity of the laser heating. The reduction of electrons at slow velocities resulted in a ? 40% measured reduction in inverse bremsstrahlung absorption. A reduced model describing the distribution function is given and used to perform a Monte Carlo analysis of the uncertainty in the measurements [A. L. Milder et al., in review Phys. Plasmas (2021)]. The electron density and temperature were determined to a precision of 12% and 21%, respectively, on average while all other parameters defining the distribution function were generally determined to better than 20%. It was found that these uncertainties were primarily due to limited signal to noise and instrumental effects. Distribution function measurements with this level of precision were sufficient to distinguish between Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian distribution functions"--Pages viii-x.
Download or read book Plasma Physics Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 936 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Plasma Catalysis by : Annemie Bogaerts
Download or read book Plasma Catalysis written by Annemie Bogaerts and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for various gas conversion applications, such as CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels, N2 fixation for the synthesis of NH3 or NOx, methane conversion into higher hydrocarbons or oxygenates. It is also widely used for air pollution control (e.g., VOC remediation). Plasma catalysis allows thermodynamically difficult reactions to proceed at ambient pressure and temperature, due to activation of the gas molecules by energetic electrons created in the plasma. However, plasma is very reactive but not selective, and thus a catalyst is needed to improve the selectivity. In spite of the growing interest in plasma catalysis, the underlying mechanisms of the (possible) synergy between plasma and catalyst are not yet fully understood. Indeed, plasma catalysis is quite complicated, as the plasma will affect the catalyst and vice versa. Moreover, due to the reactive plasma environment, the most suitable catalysts will probably be different from thermal catalysts. More research is needed to better understand the plasma–catalyst interactions, in order to further improve the applications.
Book Synopsis Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation by : Eric Beaurepaire
Download or read book Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation written by Eric Beaurepaire and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-12 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in the synthesis of new materials with often complex, nano-scaled structures require increasingly sophisticated experimental techniques that can probe the electronic states, the atomic magnetic moments and the magnetic microstructures responsible for the properties of these materials. At the same time, progress in synchrotron radiation techniques has ensured that these light sources remain a key tool of investigation, e.g. synchrotron radiation sources of the third generation are able to support magnetic imaging on a sub-micrometer scale. With the Fifth Mittelwihr School on Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation the tradition of teaching the state-of-the-art on modern research developments continues and is expressed through the present set of extensive lectures provided in this volume. While primarily aimed at postgraduate students and newcomers to the field, this volume will also benefit researchers and lecturers actively working in the field.
Book Synopsis The British Chess Magazine; Volume 16 by : Anonymous
Download or read book The British Chess Magazine; Volume 16 written by Anonymous and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2022-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Book Synopsis Advanced Techniques for Surface Engineering by : W. Gissler
Download or read book Advanced Techniques for Surface Engineering written by W. Gissler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today's shortages of resources make the search for wear and corrosion resistant materials one of the most important tasks of the next century. Since the surface of a material is the location where any interaction occurs, it is that there the hardest requirements on the material are imposed: to be wear resistant for tools and bearings; to be corrosion resistant for turbine blades and tubes in the petrochemical industry; to be antireflecting for solar cells; to be decorative for architectural panels and to combine several of these properties in other applications. Surface engineering is the general term that incorporates all the techniques by which a surface modification can be accomplished. These techniques include both coating and modification of the surface by ion implantation and laser beam melting. In recent years a continuously growing number of these techniques were developed to the extent that it became more and more difficult to maintain an overlook and to understand which of these highly differentiated techniques might be applied to resolve a given surface engineering problem. A similar development is also occuring for surface characterization techniques. This volume contains contributions from renowned scientists and engineers to the Eurocourse the aim of which was to inform about the various techniques and to give a comprehensive survey of the latest development on this subject.
Book Synopsis Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium by : A.K. Suri
Download or read book Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium written by A.K. Suri and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growth and development witnessed today in modern science, engineering, and technology owes a heavy debt to the rare, refractory, and reactive metals group, of which niobium is a member. Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium presents a vivid account of the metal through its comprehensive discussions of properties and applications, resources and resource processing, chemical processing and compound preparation, metal extraction, and refining and consolidation. Typical flow sheets adopted in some leading niobium-producing countries for the beneficiation of various niobium sources are presented, and various chemical processes for producing pure forms of niobium intermediates such as chloride, fluoride, and oxide are discussed. The book also explains how to liberate the metal from its intermediates and describes the physico-chemical principles involved. It is an excellent reference for chemical metallurgists, hydrometallurgists, extraction and process metallurgists, and minerals processors. It is also valuable to a wide variety of scientists, engineers, technologists, and students interested in the topic.
Book Synopsis EUV Sources for Lithography by : Vivek Bakshi
Download or read book EUV Sources for Lithography written by Vivek Bakshi and published by SPIE Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 1104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume, edited by a senior technical staff member at SEMATECH, is the authoritative reference book on EUV source technology. The volume contains 38 chapters contributed by leading researchers and suppliers in the EUV source field. Topics range from a state-of-the-art overview and in-depth explanation of EUV source requirements, to fundamental atomic data and theoretical models of EUV sources based on discharge-produced plasmas (DPP) and laser-produced plasmas, to a description of prominent DPP and LPP designs and other technologies for producing EUV radiation. Additional topics include EUV source metrology and components (collectors, electrodes), debris mitigation, and mechanisms of component erosion in EUV sources. The volume is intended to meet the needs of both practitioners of the technology and readers seeking an introduction to the subject.
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment of Polymers by : Michael Thomas
Download or read book Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment of Polymers written by Michael Thomas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An indispensable volume detailing the current and potential applications of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment by experts practicing in fields around the world Polymers are used in a wide variety of industries to fabricate legions of products because of their many desirable traits. However, polymers in general (and polyolefins, in particular) are innately not very adhesionable because of the absence of polar or reactive groups on their surfaces and concomitant low surface energy. Surface treatment of polymers, however, is essential to impart reactive chemical groups on their surfaces to enhance their adhesion characteristic. Proper surface treatment can endow polymers with improved adhesion without affecting the bulk properties. A plethora of techniques (ranging from wet to dry, simple to sophisticated, vacuum to non-vacuum) for polymer surface modification have been documented in the literature but the Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (APP) treatment has attracted much attention because it offers many advantages vis-a-vis other techniques, namely uniform treatment, continuous operation, no need for vacuum, simplicity, low cost, no environmental or disposal concern, and applicability to large area samples. Although the emphasis in this book is on the utility of APP treatment for enhancement of polymer adhesion, APP is also applicable and effective to modulate many other surface properties of polymers: superhydrophilicity, superhydrophobicity, anti-fouling, anti-fogging, anti-icing, cell adhesion, biocompatibility, tribological behavior, etc. The key features of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment of Polymers: Address design and functions of various types of reactors Bring out current and potential applications of APP treatment Represent the cumulative wisdom of many key academic and industry researchers actively engaged in this key and enabling technology
Book Synopsis Photovoltaic and Photoactive Materials by : Joseph M. Marshall
Download or read book Photovoltaic and Photoactive Materials written by Joseph M. Marshall and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary objective of this NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) was to present an up-to-date overview of various current areas of interest in the field of photovoltaic and related photoactive materials. This is a wide-ranging subject area, of significant commercial and environmental interest, and involves major contributions from the disciplines of physics, chemistry, materials, electrical and instrumentation engineering, commercial realisation etc. Therefore, we sought to adopt an inter disciplinary approach, bringing together recognised experts in the various fields while retaining a level of treatment accessible to those active in specific individual areas of research and development. The lecture programme commenced with overviews of the present relevance and historical development of the subject area, plus an introduction to various underlying physical principles of importance to the materials and devices to be addressed in later lectures. Building upon this, the ASI then progressed to more detailed aspects of the subject area. We were also fortunately able to obtain a contribution from Thierry Langlois d'Estaintot of the European Commission Directorate, describing present and future EC support for activities in this field. In addition, poster sessions were held throughout the meeting, to allow participants to present and discuss their current activities. These were supported by what proved to be very effective feedback sessions (special thanks to Martin Stutzmann), prior to which groups of participants enthusiastically met (often in the bar) to identify and agree topics of common interest.
