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Thermodynamic Model Of Natural Medieval And Nuclear Waste Glass Durability
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Book Synopsis Thermodynamic Model of Natural, Medieval and Nuclear Waste Glass Durability by :
Download or read book Thermodynamic Model of Natural, Medieval and Nuclear Waste Glass Durability written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thermodynamic model of glass durability based on hydration of structural units has been applied to natural glass, medieval window glasses, and glasses containing nuclear waste. The relative durability predicted from the calculated thermodynamics correlates directly with the experimentally observed release of structural silicon in the leaching solution in short-term laboratory tests. By choosing natural glasses and ancient glasses whose long-term performance is known, and which bracket the durability of waste glasses, the long-term stability of nuclear waste glasses can be interpolated among these materials. The current Savannah River defense waste glass formulation is as durable as natural basalt from the Hanford Reservation (106 years old). The thermodynamic hydration energy is shown to be related to the bond energetics of the glass. 69 references, 2 figures, 1 table.
Book Synopsis Prediction of Glass Durability as a Function of Environmental Conditions by :
Download or read book Prediction of Glass Durability as a Function of Environmental Conditions written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thermodynamic model of glass durability is applied to natural, ancient, and nuclear waste glasses. The durabilities of over 150 different natural and man-made glasses, including actual ancient Roman and Islamic glasses (Jalame ca. 350 AD, Nishapur 10-11th century AD and Gorgon 9-11th century AD), are compared. Glass durability is a function of the thermodynamic hydration free energy, .delta.G/sub hyd/, which can be calculated from glass composition and solution pH. The durability of the most durable nuclear waste glasses examined was /approximately/10/sup 6/ years. The least durable waste glass formulations were comparable in durability to the most durable simulated medieval window glasses of /approximately/10/sup 3/ years. In this manner, the durability of nuclear waste glasses has been interpolated to be /approximately/10/sup 6/ years and no less than 10/sup 3/ years. Hydration thermodynamics have been shown to be applicable to the dissolution of glass in various natural environments. Groundwater-glass interactions relative to geologic disposal of nuclear waste, hydration rind dating of obsidians, andor other archeological studies can be modeled, e.g., the relative durabilities of six simulated medieval window glasses have been correctly predicted for both laboratory (one month) and burial (5 years) experiments. Effects of solution pH on glass dissolution has been determined experimentally for the 150 different glasses and can be predicted theoretically by hydration thermodynamics. The effects of solution redox on dissolution of glass matrix elements such as SI and B have shown to be minimal. The combined effects of solution pH and Eh have been described and unified by construction of thermodynamically calculated Pourbaix (pH-Eh) diagrams for glass dissolution. The Pourbaix diagrams have been quantified to describe glass dissolution as a function of environmental conditions by use of the data derived from hydration thermodynamics. 56 refs., 7 figs.
Book Synopsis Prediction of Radioactive Waste Glass Durability by the Hydration Thermodynamic Model by :
Download or read book Prediction of Radioactive Waste Glass Durability by the Hydration Thermodynamic Model written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of groundwater chemistry on glass durability were examined using the hydration thermodynamic model. The relative durabilities of SiO2, obsidians, basalts, nuclear waste glasses, medieval window glasses, and a frit glass were determined in tuffaceous groundwater, basaltic groundwater, WIPP-A brine, and Permian-A brine using the monolithic MCC-1 durability test. For all the groundwaters, the free energy of hydration, calculated from the glass composition and the final experimental pH, was linearly related to the logarithm of the measured silica concentration. The linear equation was identical to that observed previously for these glasses during MCC-1 testing in deionized water. In the groundwater-dominated MCC-1 experiments, the pH values for all the glasses tested appeared to be buffered by the groundwater-precipitate chemistry. The behavior of poorly durable glasses demonstrated that the silica release is a function of the ionic strength of the solution. The ionic strength, in turn, reflects the effect of the groundwater chemistry on the pH. Using the hydration thermodynamic model, nuclear waste glass durability in saturated repository environments can be predicted from the glass composition and the groundwater and the groundwater pH. 47 refs., 3 figs. 1 tab.
Book Synopsis Prediction of Glass Durability as a Function of Glass Composition and Test Conditions by :
Download or read book Prediction of Glass Durability as a Function of Glass Composition and Test Conditions written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long-term durability of nuclear waste glasses can be predicted by comparing their performance to natural and ancient glasses. Glass durability is a function of the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of glass in solution. The relationship between the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of glass durability can be understood when the relative contributions of glass composition and imposed test conditions are delineated. Glass durability has been shown to be a function of the thermodynamic hydration free energy which can be calculated from the glass composition. Hydration thermodynamics also furnishes a quantitative frame of reference to understand how various test parameters affect glass durability. Linear relationships have been determined between the logarithmic extent of hydration and the calculated hydration free energy for several different test geometries. Different test conditions result in different kinetic reactivity parameters such as the exposed glass surface area (SA), the leachant solution volume (V), and the length of time that the glass is in the leachant (t). Leachate concentrations are known to be a function of the kinetic test parameter (SAV)t. The relative durabilities of glasses, including pure silica, obsidians, nuclear waste glasses, medieval window glasses, and frit glasses define a plane in three dimensional .delta.G/sub hyd/-concentration-(SAV)t space. At constant kinetic conditions, e.g., test geometry and test duration, the three dimensional plane is intersected at constant (SAV)t and the .delta.G/sub hyd/-concentration plots have similar slopes. The slope represents the natural logarithm of the theoretical slope, (12.303 RT), for the rate of glass dissolution. 53 refs., 4 figs.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture, 2 Volume Set by : Pascal Richet
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture, 2 Volume Set written by Pascal Richet and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-03-16 with total page 1573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive and up-to-date encyclopedia to the fabrication, nature, properties, uses, and history of glass The Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture has been designed to satisfy the needs and curiosity of a broad audience interested in the most varied aspects of material that is as old as the universe. As described in over 100 chapters and illustrated with 1100 figures, the practical importance of glass has increased over the ages since it was first man-made four millennia ago. The old-age glass vessels and window and stained glass now coexist with new high-tech products that include for example optical fibers, thin films, metallic, bioactive and hybrid organic-inorganic glasses, amorphous ices or all-solid-state batteries. In the form of scholarly introductions, the Encyclopedia chapters have been written by 151 noted experts working in 23 countries. They present at a consistent level and in a self-consistent manner these industrial, technological, scientific, historical and cultural aspects. Addressing the most recent fundamental advances in glass science and technology, as well as rapidly developing topics such as extra-terrestrial or biogenic glasses, this important guide: Begins with industrial glassmaking Turns to glass structure and to physical, transport and chemical properties Deals with interactions with light, inorganic glass families and organically related glasses Considers a variety of environmental and energy issues And concludes with a long section on the history of glass as a material from Prehistory to modern glass science The Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture has been written not only for glass scientists and engineers in academia and industry, but also for material scientists as well as for art and industry historians. It represents a must-have, comprehensive guide to the myriad aspects this truly outstanding state of matter.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Advanced Radioactive Waste Conditioning Technologies by : Michael I. Ojovan
Download or read book Handbook of Advanced Radioactive Waste Conditioning Technologies written by Michael I. Ojovan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-01-24 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radioactive wastes are generated from a wide range of sources, including the power industry, and medical and scientific research institutions, presenting a range of challenges in dealing with a diverse set of radionuclides of varying concentrations. Conditioning technologies are essential for the encapsulation and immobilisation of these radioactive wastes, forming the initial engineered barrier required for their transportation, storage and disposal. The need to ensure the long term performance of radioactive waste forms is a key driver of the development of advanced conditioning technologies.The Handbook of advanced radioactive waste conditioning technologies provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on the various options available and under development for the treatment and immobilisation of radioactive wastes. The book opens with an introductory chapter on radioactive waste characterisation and selection of conditioning technologies. Part one reviews the main radioactive waste treatment processes and conditioning technologies, including volume reduction techniques such as compaction, incineration and plasma treatment, as well as encapsulation methods such as cementation, calcination and vitrification. This coverage is extended in part two, with in-depth reviews of the development of advanced materials for radioactive waste conditioning, including geopolymers, glass and ceramic matrices for nuclear waste immobilisation, and waste packages and containers for disposal. Finally, part three reviews the long-term performance assessment and knowledge management techniques applicable to both spent nuclear fuels and solid radioactive waste forms.With its distinguished international team of contributors, the Handbook of advanced radioactive waste conditioning technologies is a standard reference for all radioactive waste management professionals, radiochemists, academics and researchers involved in the development of the nuclear fuel cycle. - Provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on the various options available and under development for the treatment and immobilisation of radioactive wastes - Explores radioactive waste characterisation and selection of conditioning technologies including the development of advanced materials for radioactive waste conditioning - Assesses the main radioactive waste treatment processes and conditioning technologies, including volume reduction techniques such as compaction
Book Synopsis Waste Forms Technology and Performance by : National Research Council
Download or read book Waste Forms Technology and Performance written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-09-05 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM) is responsible for cleaning up radioactive waste and environmental contamination resulting from five decades of nuclear weapons production and testing. A major focus of this program involves the retrieval, processing, and immobilization of waste into stable, solid waste forms for disposal. Waste Forms Technology and Performance, a report requested by DOE-EM, examines requirements for waste form technology and performance in the cleanup program. The report provides information to DOE-EM to support improvements in methods for processing waste and selecting and fabricating waste forms. Waste Forms Technology and Performance places particular emphasis on processing technologies for high-level radioactive waste, DOE's most expensive and arguably most difficult cleanup challenge. The report's key messages are presented in ten findings and one recommendation.
Download or read book Radioactive Waste Management written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Corrosion of Ceramic and Composite Materials, Second Edition by : Ronald A. McCauley
Download or read book Corrosion of Ceramic and Composite Materials, Second Edition written by Ronald A. McCauley and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-06-23 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corrosion of Ceramic and Composite Materials, Second Edition is a primary source of guidance for the assessment, interpretation, and inhibition of corrosion phenomena. This book discusses all aspects of corrosion of ceramics, including environments, mechanisms, and materials, and the means to minimize or eliminate corrosion. The author compiles key findings and literature highlights from nearly a decade of scientific advancement, covering emerging techniques in corrosion analysis, characterization, and prediction. He provides at-a-glance coverage of national and international testing procedures for the evaluation of materials stability. The book covers the fundamentals of corrosion by gases, liquids, and solids of several ceramic materials including crystalline materials, glasses, composites, bioceramics, and advanced ceramics. It also discusses property/corrosion relationships and testing. The book collects a generous number of models, figures, and studies illustrating techniques to minimize and reduce the effects of various mechanisms contributing to the corrosion of civil, aerospace, and military structures. The second edition includes a review of all the current literature since publication of the first edition, an additional chapter on composites, and major sections added on bioceramics and weathering of construction materials. Corrosion of Ceramic and Composite Materials, Second Edition explains existing corrosion problems and offers an excellent guide to the design and development of corrosion-resistant structures.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 980 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Archaeological Chemistry by : A Mark Pollard
Download or read book Archaeological Chemistry written by A Mark Pollard and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015-11-09 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The application of chemistry within archaeology is an important and fascinating area. It allows the archaeologist to answer such questions as "what is this artefact made of?", "where did it come from?" and "how has it been changed through burial in the ground?", providing pointers to the earliest history of mankind. Archaeological Chemistry begins with a brief description of the goals and history of archaeological science, and the place of chemistry within it. It sets out the most widely used analytical techniques in archaeology and compares them in the light of relevant applications. The book includes an analysis of several specific archaeological investigations in which chemistry has been employed in tracing the origins of or in preserving artefacts. The choice of these investigations conforms to themes based on analytical techniques, and includes chapters on obsidian, ceramics, glass, metals and resins. Finally, it suggests a future role for chemical and biochemical applications in archaeology. Archaeological Chemistry enables scientists to tackle the fundamental issues of chemical change in the archaeological materials, in order to advance the study of the past. It will prove an essential companion to students in archaeological science and chemistry, field and museum archaeologists, and all those involved in conserving human artefacts.
Download or read book Symposium written by Ian G. MacKinley and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 1168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Glasses and Glass-Ceramics by : K. Annapurna
Download or read book Glasses and Glass-Ceramics written by K. Annapurna and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-29 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents various useful processing techniques and applications of glasses and glass-ceramics. It covers various topics such as introduction to glass, its properties, thermodynamics of glass, heat transfer in glass melts, color in glass and advanced characterization techniques to analyze structure of glasses and glass-ceramics along with functional glasses and glass ceramics for advanced applications. This book will be a useful reference for students, researchers, scientists and technologists working in the field of materials science, especially glass.
Book Synopsis Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XVII by : Materials Research Society
Download or read book Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XVII written by Materials Research Society and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1028 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Conservation and Restoration of Glass by : Sandra Davison
Download or read book Conservation and Restoration of Glass written by Sandra Davison and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-05-09 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conservation and Restoration of Glass is an in-depth guide to the materials and practices required for the care and preservation of glass objects. It provides thorough coverage of both theoretical and practical aspects of glass conservation. This new edition of Newton and Davison's original book, Conservation of Glass, includes sections on the nature of glass, the historical development and technology of glassmaking, and the deterioration of glass. Professional conservators will welcome the inclusion of recommendations for examination and documentation. Incorporating treatment of both excavated glass and historic and decorative glass, the book provides the knowledge required by conservators and restorers and is invaluable for anyone with glass objects in their care.
Book Synopsis Archaeological Chemistry by : A. M. Pollard
Download or read book Archaeological Chemistry written by A. M. Pollard and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 1996 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book enables scientists to tackle the fundamental issues of chemical change in the archaeological materials, in order to advance the study of the past.
Book Synopsis Composition Effects on Chemical Durability and Viscosity of Nuclear Waste Glasses by : Xiangdong Feng
Download or read book Composition Effects on Chemical Durability and Viscosity of Nuclear Waste Glasses written by Xiangdong Feng and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
