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Theoretical And Experimental Determination Of Chemical And Physical Properties Of Novel High Thermal Energy Density Molten Salt Systems For Concentrating Solar Power Csp Storage
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Book Synopsis Theoretical and Experimental Determination of Chemical and Physical Properties of Novel High Thermal Energy Density Molten Salt Systems for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Storage by : Tao Wang
Download or read book Theoretical and Experimental Determination of Chemical and Physical Properties of Novel High Thermal Energy Density Molten Salt Systems for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Storage written by Tao Wang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By using thermodynamic modeling, new eutectic multi-component salt systems have been developed. On the basis of the melting points, the novel systems were categorized into low melting point (LMP) systems and high melting point (HMP) systems. LMP can be used to serve as heat transfer fluid for solar parabolic trough system while the HMP can be used in solar tower or dish systems. Both LMP and HMP systems were synthesized and their melting points and heat capacities were determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The experimentally determined melting points have excellent agreement with the predicted values. The densities for the selected systems were experimentally determined by using both standard densitometer method and Archimedes's principle method. In liquid state, the density values of both LMP and HMP systems decrease linearly as temperature increases. Thermal stabilities of novel systems were determined using TG-DTA. The upper limit temperatures of thermal stability were evaluated for LMP and most of values were found in the range between 673.15K and 723.15K. Compare to LMP systems, HMP salt mixtures show much higher upper limit temperatures, which enable them to be applied as heat transfer fluid for high temperature solar energy collection systems. Thermal conductivities in solid states of salt mixtures were also tested using simplified inverse method. For both LMP and HMP systems, the thermal conductivities decrease as function of temperature. Life cycle information such as the corrosion behaviors of various metallic samples in contact with molten salt systems was determined using both electrochemical method and isothermal dipping method. When dipped inside the LMP systems, protective and dense oxide scales formed on the sample surface prevent any further severe corrosion. For HMP systems, Ni-201 alloy has excellent resistance to high temperature corrosion and can be considered as the construction material for molten salt container. On the basis of density, heat capacity and the melting point, energy storage densities of novel systems were calculated and compared to the existing binary solar salt and HITEC salt. The larger thermal energy density values of current molten salts indicate the better energy storage capacity for solar power generation systems.
Book Synopsis Novel Molten Salts Thermal Energy Storage for Concentrating Solar Power Generation by :
Download or read book Novel Molten Salts Thermal Energy Storage for Concentrating Solar Power Generation written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The explicit UA program objective is to develop low melting point (LMP) molten salt thermal energy storage media with high thermal energy storage density for sensible heat storage systems. The novel Low Melting Point (LMP) molten salts are targeted to have the following characteristics: 1. Lower melting point (MP) compared to current salts (222ðC) 2. Higher energy density compared to current salts (300 MJ/m3) 3. Lower power generation cost compared to current salt In terms of lower power costs, the program target the DOE's Solar Energy Technologies Program year 2020 goal to create systems that have the potential to reduce the cost of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) to less than $15/kWh-th and achieve round trip efficiencies greater than 93%. The project has completed the experimental investigations to determine the thermo-physical, long term thermal stability properties of the LMP molten salts and also corrosion studies of stainless steel in the candidate LMP molten salts. Heat transfer and fluid dynamics modeling have been conducted to identify heat transfer geometry and relative costs for TES systems that would utilize the primary LMP molten salt candidates. The project also proposes heat transfer geometry with relevant modifications to suit the usage of our molten salts as thermal energy storage and heat transfer fluids. The essential properties of the down-selected novel LMP molten salts to be considered for thermal storage in solar energy applications were experimentally determined, including melting point, heat capacity, thermal stability, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, vapor pressure, and corrosion resistance of SS 316. The thermodynamic modeling was conducted to determine potential high temperature stable molten salt mixtures that have thermal stability up to 1000 °C. The thermo-physical properties of select potential high temperature stable (HMP) molten salt mixtures were also experimentally determined. All the salt mixtures align with the go/no-go goals stipulated by the DOE for this project. Energy densities of all salt mixtures were higher than that of the current solar salt. The salt mixtures costs have been estimated and TES system costs for a 2 tank, direct approach have been estimated for each of these materials. All estimated costs are significantly below the baseline system that used solar salt. These lower melt point salts offer significantly higher energy density per volume than solar salt - and therefore attractively smaller inventory and equipment costs. Moreover, a new TES system geometry has been recommended A variety of approaches were evaluated to use the low melting point molten salt. Two novel changes are recommended that 1) use the salt as a HTF through the solar trough field, and 2) use the salt to not only create steam but also to preheat the condensed feedwater for Rankine cycle. The two changes enable the powerblock to operate at 500°C, rather than the current 400°C obtainable using oil as the HTF. Secondly, the use of salt to preheat the feedwater eliminates the need to extract steam from the low pressure turbine for that purpose. Together, these changes result in a dramatic 63% reduction required for 6 hour salt inventory, a 72% reduction in storage volume, and a 24% reduction in steam flow rate in the power block. Round trip efficiency for the Case 5 - 2 tank "direct" system is estimated at>97%, with only small losses from time under storage and heat exchange, and meeting RFP goals. This attractive efficiency is available because the major heat loss experienced in a 2 tank "indirect" system - losses by transferring the thermal energy from oil HTF to the salt storage material and back to oil to run the steam generator at night - is not present for the 2 tank direct system. The higher heat capacity values for both LMP and HMP systems enable larger storage capacities for concentrating solar power.
Book Synopsis Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology by : Marcelle Gaune-Escard
Download or read book Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology written by Marcelle Gaune-Escard and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 902 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written to record and report on recent research progresses in the field of molten salts, Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology focuses on molten salts and ionic liquids for sustainable supply and application of materials. Including coverage of molten salt reactors, electrodeposition, aluminium electrolysis, electrochemistry, and electrowinning, the text provides researchers and postgraduate students with applications include energy conversion (solar cells and fuel cells), heat storage, green solvents, metallurgy, nuclear industry, pharmaceutics and biotechnology.
Book Synopsis Molten Chloride Thermophysical Properties, Chemical Optimization, and Purification by :
Download or read book Molten Chloride Thermophysical Properties, Chemical Optimization, and Purification written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Next-generation concentrating solar power (CSP) technology requires high-temperature heat-transfer fluids and thermal energy storage that can operate in the temperature range of 500°-720°C. This high temperature demands a new chemistry for the heat-transfer fluids that must have high-temperature thermal and chemical stabilities, high energy density, and low corrosion rate on metallic materials used in the heat exchangers, piping, and thermal energy storage tanks. A ternary MgCl2-KCl-NaCl chloride-salt system has been proposed to achieve such goals, given its high-temperature thermal stability. The chloride-salt-based systems have been used by the metallurgy industry as the electrolyte to electrolytically extract metallic magnesium. They have also attracted attentions from the nuclear industry for developing the molten salt fast reactors that can operate at close to atmospheric pressure and at higher temperature than traditional light-water reactors. However, the corrosion properties of the ternary salt are not well known. The corrosion mechanism is believed to be correlated to the presence of MgOHCl impurity at the operation temperature. MgOHCl is fundamentally caused by the hygroscopic nature of the MgCl2 component. Therefore, the first key objective of this project is to understand the nature of the corrosiveness of the ternary chloride-salt system and its prevention by designing new lab-scale purification processes. Because of its importance, a working group called the Chloride Salt Collective across multiple U.S. Department of Energy national laboratories is established to gain experimental agreement on the corrosion behaviors. In addition, water generation during salt dehydration could lead to highly corrosive HCl/water mixture via a hydrolysis process between water and anhydrous MgCl2 or MgCl2 hydrates. MgOHCl will eventually be converted to MgO particulates regardless of the chemical path chosen (i.e., by thermal decomposition, chemical purification with an active metal, or electrochemical purification utilizing the reduction power of electron flows). Large MgO particles with high hardness can wear out bearing and bushing and even clog the delicate channels in the primary heat exchanger. Because of this, a second objective is to understand the chemistry behind salt purification and transfer the scientific understanding to a set of engineering know-how for large-scale salt melter design. Because there is limited information on the thermophysical properties and the sensitivity of these properties around the targeted salt composition, a third objective is to measure thermophysical properties relevant to system and component design and support Topic 1 Liquid Pathway development. For example, composition shift due to salt reaction with water can be a potential issue because it can lead to changes of thermophysical properties, such as (1) melting point (or freeze point), which can jeopardize safe operation of the supercritical CO2 power cycle proposed for next-generation CSP, and (2) heat capacity and density, which can decrease the overall power-generation capability of the plants. The value of the thermal conductivity of the selected salt composition is also a critical criterion for the solar receiver design.
Book Synopsis Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials by : Mohammed Farid
Download or read book Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials written by Mohammed Farid and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-07-26 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on latent heat storage, which is one of the most efficient ways of storing thermal energy. Unlike the sensible heat storage method, the latent heat storage method provides much higher storage density with a smaller difference between storing and releasing temperatures. Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials is structured into four chapters that cover many aspects of thermal energy storage and their practical applications. Chapter 1 reviews selection, performance, and applications of phase change materials. Chapter 2 investigates mathematical analyses of phase change processes. Chapters 3 and 4 present passive and active applications for energy saving, peak load shifting, and price-based control heating using phase change materials. These chapters explore the hot topic of energy saving in an overarching way, and so they are relevant to all courses. This book is an ideal research reference for students at the postgraduate level. It also serves as a useful reference for electrical, mechanical, and chemical engineers and students throughout their work. FEATURES Explains the technical principles of thermal energy storage, including materials and applications in different classifications Provides fundamental calculations of heat transfer with phase change Discusses the benefits and limitations of different types of phase change materials (PCM) in both micro- and macroencapsulations Reviews the mechanisms and applications of available thermal energy storage systems Introduces innovative solutions in hot and cold storage applications
Book Synopsis Experimental Study of Quaternary Nitrate/nitrite Molten Salt as Advanced Heat Transfer Fluid and Energy Storage Material in Concentrated Solar Power by : Sumeet Changla
Download or read book Experimental Study of Quaternary Nitrate/nitrite Molten Salt as Advanced Heat Transfer Fluid and Energy Storage Material in Concentrated Solar Power written by Sumeet Changla and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar energy is used to produce electricity by two methods namely photovoltaic and concentrated solar power plant systems. Concentrated Solar power plants hold a distinct advantage over photovoltaic, which is that of energy storage. Energy can be stored in thermal energy storage system during day time and can be used to dispatch energy during peak demand and during raining or cloudy days to produce electricity. All concentrated solar power plants in operation use sensible heat storage method to store energy. Sensible heat storage system have been used in industry owing to ease of dispatch ability. Currently a binary mixture of NaNO3 and KNO3 (Solar Salt) is being used in industry owing to advantages such as, environmentally safe, low vapor pressure, relatively low cost and easy availability, low viscosity and compatibility with plant piping system. Heat is transferred to energy storage material through heat exchanger by high temperature fluid using forced convection. One of the disadvantages of this salt is low energy storage density, which in turn requires large storage tanks to store the material adding to the cost of the plant. Another drawback of using this mixture is its freezing point being too high. Temperature tends to drop at night and as a result salts tend to freeze. Along with freezing of the salt being an issue, other issue is the salt tends to expand on being heated to reuse again, which may lead to significant damage to Heat transfer fluid pipe system. Auxiliary equipment are required to keep the salt from freezing which increases the cost of the plant. To mitigate the thermodynamic losses because of the presence of the heat exchanger, it has been suggested to use HTF and TES as same substance, which would result in elimination of heat exchanger and reduce thermodynamic losses. From energy point of view, the efficiency of TES is considered high. A new Quaternary nitrate/nitrite mixture has been developed whose melting is 100°C. However, the major drawback of the salt to be used as TES/HTF is its poor thermos-physical properties such as lower specific heat capacity. Earlier there have been reports of substantial improvement in thermal properties of organic/inorganic salts on being doped with nanoparticles in minute concentration. Nanoparticle, on being doped in base salt tend to induce nanostructure, which due to its high surface area and high surface energy increase the heat transfer property. In this work, silica nanoparticle of various sizes are doped in the base eutectic salt to increase its specific heat capacity. After doping the base salt with silica nanoparticle it was observed, that there is anomalous enhancement in the specific heat capacity of the eutectic mixture.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Thermophysical Properties of Enhanced Molten Salt Nanofluids for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Systems by : Joohyun Seo (Ph.D.)
Download or read book Investigation of Thermophysical Properties of Enhanced Molten Salt Nanofluids for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Systems written by Joohyun Seo (Ph.D.) and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies have a great economical and technical potential for energy production in future. Its incorporation with thermal energy storage (TES) overcomes one of the biggest challenges in most renewable energy technologies, the intermittency of energy supply by natural resources. TES with 15-hour storage capacity is already commercialized to operate a CSP plant for 24 hours a day. When the sunlight is concentrated by mirrors into a small focal point, a heat transfer fluid (HTF) transfers the collected heat to a turbine or an engine to produce electricity and any surplus heat to a TES unit for later use. Typical CSP plants used two different materials for HTF and TES, and thus several heat exchangers were necessary between HTF and TES. These heat exchangers can cause a significant temperature drop and associated thermodynamic penalties. The potential capital cost increase is also not negligible. Using a binary nitrate salt (termed as "solar salt") as a single storage fluid for both HTF and TES can not only simplifies the heat transport/storage system but also minimize a potential energy loss. Its high-temperature stability (over 500 °C) can also increase the overall thermodynamic efficiency. However, solar salt has a relatively high melting point (220 °C), and it is likely to freeze under a harsh condition such as nighttime, rainy, or cloudy day. As a result, an auxiliary heater is required for a freeze protection and can significantly decrease the power output. Hence, it is necessary to investigate alternative storage fluid whose melting point is low enough to minimize the energy loss. A ternary nitrate salt mixture (LiNO3-NaNO3-KNO3) has a very low melting point (~100 °C). Using this mixture as a single storage fluid for both HTF and TES in a CSP can significantly reduce the energy loss by the freeze protection but also enhance CSP's energy conversion efficiency. However, the heat storage density of these molten salts is typically low. Literature study shows that dispersing appropriate nano particles can enhance salts' heat capacity. This can not only reduce the required HTF and TES amount, but also reduce the size of thermal transport and storage systems (e.g., pipes, heat exchanger, and storage tanks). In this study, several commercial SiO2 nanoparticles were first dispersed into a ternary nitrate salt to see if it can enhance its effective heat capacity. Several SiO2 nanoparticles at different sizes were tested to investigate the effect of nanoparticle size. Fresh nanoparticles, then, were in-situ synthesized in a binary and ternary nitrate salts. Al(NO3)3·9H2O (aluminum nitrate nonahydrate) and Mg(NO3)2·6H2O (magnesium nitrate hexahydrate) were induced to decompose in a molten nitrate salt to produce Al2O3 and MgO nanoparticles. The new method (Liquid to Liquid) for the sample preparation was used to increase the enhancement of specific heat of a binary nitrate salt with SiO2 nanoparticle. A modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC; Q20, TA Instrument Inc.) was used to measure the effective heat capacity. A discovery hybrid rheometer (HR2, TA Instruments Inc.) was employed to measure the mixture's viscosity. A customized apparatus was built to measure its effective thermal conductivity. A figure of merit analysis was performed to predict the performance of the mixture. A scanning electron microscope (SEM: Hitachi S-3000N and S-5000H) was used for material characterization. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation was performed to investigate the effect of nanoparticles on the observed property measurements.
Book Synopsis Molten Salt Technology by : David G. Lovering
Download or read book Molten Salt Technology written by David G. Lovering and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-14 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Molten Salts Handbook by : George J. Janz
Download or read book Molten Salts Handbook written by George J. Janz and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-06-11 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molten Salts Handbook focuses on the features, properties, and structure of molten salts. This book presents several topics in annotated bibliographic table form, including phase equilibria, chemical syntheses, and molten salt electrolytes. Organized into six chapters, this book starts with a tabular presentation of data of the physical properties, thermodynamic properties, electrochemical properties, practical features, as well as spectroscopy and structure of molten salts. This text then illustrates the design features of different experimental assemblies and provides information on the technique through a liberally annotated bibliography. Other chapters provide a chemical index, which offers a ready guide to the status of data over the entire range of interests. This book presents as well the properties of viscosity, density, surface tension, refractive index, and electrical conductance for different compounds as single salt melts. This book is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers from diverse fields, including theoretical and applied electrochemistry, inorganic coordination chemistry, and transition metal chemistry.
Book Synopsis Molten Salt Chemistry and Technology by : M. Chemla
Download or read book Molten Salt Chemistry and Technology written by M. Chemla and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 1991-01-01 with total page 814 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This "state-of-the-art" volume presents the new developments in fundamental research and in industrial applications of Molten Salts. Special attention is placed on recent developments of special topics such as Electrodeposition of Refractory Metals (Niobium, Molybdenum), and Organic Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Molten Salts.
Book Synopsis Physical Properties Data Compilations Relevant to Energy Storage: Molten salts : data on additional singe and multi-component salt systems by :
Download or read book Physical Properties Data Compilations Relevant to Energy Storage: Molten salts : data on additional singe and multi-component salt systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advances in Molten Salt Chemistry by : J. Braunstein
Download or read book Advances in Molten Salt Chemistry written by J. Braunstein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molten salts are investigated by very diverse techniques and for differ ing purposes, and the results are reported in widely scattered journals. There is a need to keep investigators aware of progress in other specialties and to provide students with source and background material. Advances in Molten Salt Chemistry hopes to fill these needs by providing reviews of recent progress presented, insofar as is reasonable, with enough background material and commentary to be comprehensible to a nonspecialist. We prefer a discussion of underlying principles, to the extent that they are known, and we encourage authors to comment critically on the reliability of data, the utility of models, and the cogency of ideas and theories. We take a broad vie~ of the suitability of topics for inclusion in this series. Both fundamental and technological advances have a place here, as do studies on materials related to molten salts (like liquid silicates, very concentrated aqueous solutions, solutions of salts in liquid metals, and solid electrolytes). We intend this series to serve the needs of those who investigate or use molten salts. We welcome suggestions of topics and suitable authors, as well as comments on the strengths and shortcomings of what is published.
Book Synopsis Optical and Chemical Properties of Molten Salt Mixtures for Use in High Temperature Power Systems by : Stefano Passerini
Download or read book Optical and Chemical Properties of Molten Salt Mixtures for Use in High Temperature Power Systems written by Stefano Passerini and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A future, robust energy portfolio will include, together with fossil fuel technologies and nuclear systems, a mix of renewable energy systems. Within each type of system there will also be variants used to strengthen a nation's baseload and/or peak power requirements. Among renewable energies, solar thermal systems are particularly promising in terms of their capability of contributing to the base-load power generation by providing enough thermal storage for continuous operation. In particular, direct volumetric absorption of the solar heat into molten salts seems to be a promising technology, in terms of efficiency and greenhouse gases emission reduction, which combines the good properties of molten salts as heat storage media with high operating temperatures. Accordingly, the selection of molten salts for this application required knowledge of the salts chemical behavior as well as optical properties. The molten salt selection and characterization was the objective of this Thesis. The light attenuation coefficient of two reagent grade molten salt mixtures (KNO 3 - NaNO 3, 40- 60 wt% and NaCI-KCI, 50-50 wt%) was measured and characterized over the wavelength range 400nm- 800nm and for different operating temperature ranges: 250*C-5000C for the nitrate mixture and 700*C- 8000C for the chloride mixture. The measurements were performed using a unique custom built experimental apparatus based on the transmission technique which combines high accuracy and flexibility in terms of experimental conditions and temperatures with simple layout, use of common lab materials and low cost. The experimental apparatus was validated using published data for both a room temperature fluid (water) as well as a high temperature fluid (a nitrate/nitrate mixture presenting a well known absorption edge shifting with temperature). No previous experimental works characterized molten salts in terms of light attenuation coefficient as a function of temperature and wavelength and under this point of view the obtained results represent unique and direct optical measurement for such a class of fluids. Furthermore, the obtained results are coherent to general theory on molten salts, described as semi-transparent liquids in the visible range and characterized by absorption edges in the ultra-violet and far-infrared regions. About 90% of the solar light emitted in the wavelength range 400nm-800nm is attenuated by 2m of nitrate salt, while about 80% of the solar light emitted in the wavelength range 400nm-800nm is attenuated by 2m of chloride salt. In addition, the chemical stability and material compatibility of molten salt mixtures (including nitrate/nitrite, chloride and carbonate salt mixtures) with common materials of interests were assessed partially through dedicated material compatibility tests and more extensively using a thermodynamic chemistry software, able to predict the equilibrium composition of systems of specified composition at different temperatures. The preliminary melting and material compatibility tests resulted in some of the previously identified salt mixture candidates to be discarded because of undesirable reactions with structural materials or air that made them not suitable for the CSPonD design project.
Book Synopsis Ultra-High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage, Transfer and Conversion by : Alejandro Datas
Download or read book Ultra-High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage, Transfer and Conversion written by Alejandro Datas and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultra-High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage, Transfer and Conversion presents a comprehensive analysis of thermal energy storage systems operating at beyond 800°C. Editor Dr. Alejandro Datas and his team of expert contributors from a variety of regions summarize the main technological options and the most relevant materials and characterization considerations to enable the reader to make the most effective and efficient decisions.This book helps the reader to solve the very specific challenges associated with working within an ultra-high temperature energy storage setting. It condenses and summarizes the latest knowledge, covering fundamentals, device design, materials selection and applications, as well as thermodynamic cycles and solid-state devices for ultra-high temperature energy conversion.This book provides a comprehensive and multidisciplinary guide to engineers and researchers in a variety of fields including energy conversion, storage, cogeneration, thermodynamics, numerical methods, CSP, and materials engineering. It firstly provides a review of fundamental concepts before exploring numerical methods for fluid-dynamics and phase change materials, before presenting more complex elements such as heat transfer fluids, thermal insulation, thermodynamic cycles, and a variety of energy conversation methods including thermophotovoltaic, thermionic, and combined heat and power. Reviews the main technologies enabling ultra-high temperature energy storage and conversion, including both thermodynamic cycles and solid-state devices Includes the applications for ultra-high temperature energy storage systems, both in terrestrial and space environments Analyzes the thermophysical properties and relevant experimental and theoretical methods for the analysis of high-temperature materials
Book Synopsis Molten Salts by : Marcelle Gaune-Escard
Download or read book Molten Salts written by Marcelle Gaune-Escard and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several state-of-the-art applications of molten salts are presented, such as metal-molten salt systems, room temperature glass formation, and room temperature melts. Several recent examples of applications highlight the importance of molten salts in various industries (batteries, pyrochemical reprocessing of nuclear fuel, synthesis and catalysis). The basic concepts of the structure, dynamics, electrochemistry, interfacial and thermodynamic properties are detailed and relevant experimental methods described. Such fundamental concepts are essential for an in-depth understanding of the physicochemical properties of molten salts in general, including metal-molten salts, glass forming and low temperature melts. Experimental methods for investigating structural, dynamical, electrochemical thermodynamical and interfacial properties are detailed, as also are techniques for data collection and analysis. Scientists, engineers and technologists will find the volume a valuable reference source covering a wide spectrum of fundamental concepts and modern technologies.
Book Synopsis Physical Properties Data Compilations Relevant to Energy Storage: Molten salts : data on single and multi-component salt systems by :
Download or read book Physical Properties Data Compilations Relevant to Energy Storage: Molten salts : data on single and multi-component salt systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Utilization of Molten Nitrate Salt Nonomaterials for Heat Capacity Enhancement in Solar Power Applications by : Ramaprasath Devaradjane
Download or read book Utilization of Molten Nitrate Salt Nonomaterials for Heat Capacity Enhancement in Solar Power Applications written by Ramaprasath Devaradjane and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concentrated solar power (CSP) system use general thermodynamic cycle to produce electricity and thus the system efficiency is mainly determined by the working temperature of heat transfer fluid (HTF). Organic-based HTFs (e.g., mineral oil, ethylene glycol, etc.) were firstly used for this application. However, this has limited the working temperature of CSP around 300 °C since these organic material starts to decompose below 400 °C. Typical liquid salts are thermally stable to high temperatures (500~600 °C). Using these salts as HTF can significantly increase the working temperature and as a result the system efficiency can also be highly enhanced. For example increasing working temperature from 300 °C to 500 °C can simply increase Carnot efficiency from 48 % to 61 %. Moreover, these salts are eco-friendly and using them as HTF can reduce the potential environmental cost caused by the conventional HTF. These salts also have very low vapor pressure that can reduce the potential mechanical stress on the pipe / storage system caused by using the conventional HTF. Recently a binary liquid salt (NaNO3-KNO3; also termed as "solar salt") has been introduced and adapted in the most recent CSP plants. This solar salt is also used as thermal energy storage (TES) medium. Extra thermal energy collected in the daytime is stored in solar salt and kept in a TES for later use. When electricity demand peaks (e.g., evening time) solar salt in TES provide thermal energy to continue electricity production. One of the major challenges to use solar salt as HTF / TES is its high freezing point at 220 [degree]C. This has the potential risk of crystallization in a pipe / storage system in a harsh condition (e.g., rainy season) and can result in high maintenance & operation costs for extra freezing protection system (e.g., insulation, auxiliary heater, etc.). Adding Ca(NO3)2 to solar salt can dramatically decrease the freezing point (down to 120 [degree]C). However, this ternary salt mixture has relatively low thermo-physical properties. Doping this material with oxidized nanoparticles can improve these properties. Nanofluids are liquids doped with nanoparticles. They have been proposed for large enhanced thermo-physical properties. In this report, the low thermo-physical properties were highly enhanced by doping with nanoparticles (19 % increase by 1 % nanoparticle concentration by weight). The result of this study will be useful to develop advance HTF / TES material for CSP plants. This will also applicable for other high temperature HTF applications such as geothermal energy, nuclear energy, and other energy generation technologies using thermodynamic cycle.
