Ways of the World

Download Ways of the World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780813526911
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (269 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ways of the World by : M. G. Lay

Download or read book Ways of the World written by M. G. Lay and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 1999-01-30 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive history of the world's roads, highways, bridges, and the people and vehicles that traverse them, from prehistoric times to the present. Encyclopedic in its scope, fascinating in its details, Ways of the World is a unique work for reference and browsing. Maxwell Lay considers the myriad aspects of roads and their users: the earliest pathways, the rise of wheeled vehicles and animals to pull them, the development of surfaced roads, the motives for road and bridge building, and the rise of cars and their influence on roads, cities, and society. The work is amply illustrated, well indexed and cross-referenced, and includes a chronology of road history and a full bibliography. It is indispensable for anyone interested in travel, history, geography, transportation, cars, or the history of technology.

The Silk Road in World History

Download The Silk Road in World History PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195338103
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Silk Road in World History by : Xinru Liu

Download or read book The Silk Road in World History written by Xinru Liu and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ancient trade routes that made up the Silk Road were some of the great conduits of cultural and material exchange in world history. In this intriguing book, Xinru Liu reveals both why and how this long-distance trade in luxury goods emerged in the late third century BCE, following its story through to the Mongol conquest. Liu starts with China's desperate need for what the Chinese called "the heavenly horses" of Central Asia, and describes how the traders who brought these horses also brought other exotic products, some all the way from the Mediterranean. Likewise, the Roman Empire, as a result of its imperial ambition as well as the desire of its citizens for Chinese silk, responded with easterly explorations for trade. The book shows how the middle men, the Kushan Empire, spread Buddhism to China. Missionaries and pilgrims facilitated cave temples along the mountainous routes and monasteries in various oases and urban centers, forming the backbone of the Silk Road. The author also explains how Islamic and Mongol conquerors in turn controlled the various routes until the rise of sea travel diminished their importance.

The History Highway

Download The History Highway PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : M.E. Sharpe
ISBN 13 : 9780765616302
Total Pages : 704 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (163 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The History Highway by : Dennis A. Trinkle

Download or read book The History Highway written by Dennis A. Trinkle and published by M.E. Sharpe. This book was released on 2006 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Guide to history sites on the web for students, teachers and researchers. Offers the most current coverage of historical information available on the Internet. All sites have been thoroughly checked by specialists in the relevant field of history. Covers U.S. and World history.

The King's Best Highway

Download The King's Best Highway PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1439176108
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The King's Best Highway by : Eric Jaffe

Download or read book The King's Best Highway written by Eric Jaffe and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2010-06-11 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A VIVID AND FASCINATING LOOK AT AMERICAN HISTORY THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE COUNTRY’S MOST STORIED HIGHWAY, THE BOSTON POST ROAD During its evolution from Indian trails to modern interstates, the Boston Post Road, a system of over-land routes between New York City and Boston, has carried not just travelers and mail but the march of American history itself. Eric Jaffe captures the progress of people and culture along the road through four centuries, from its earliest days as the king of England’s “best highway” to the current era. Centuries before the telephone, radio, or Internet, the Boston Post Road was the primary conduit of America’s prosperity and growth. News, rumor, political intrigue, financial transactions, and personal missives traveled with increasing rapidity, as did people from every walk of life. From post riders bearing the alarms of revolution, to coaches carrying George Washington on his first presidential tour, to railroads transporting soldiers to the Civil War, the Boston Post Road has been essential to the political, economic, and social development of the United States. Continuously raised, improved, rerouted, and widened for faster and heavier traffic, the road played a key role in the advent of newspapers, stagecoach travel, textiles, mass-produced bicycles and guns, commuter railroads, automobiles—even Manhattan’s modern grid. Many famous Americans traveled the highway, and it drew the keen attention of such diverse personages as Benjamin Franklin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, P. T. Barnum, J. P. Morgan, and Robert Moses. Eric Jaffe weaves this entertaining narrative with a historian’s eye for detail and a journalist’s flair for storytelling. A cast of historical figures, celebrated and unknown alike, tells the lost tale of this road. Revolutionary printer William Goddard created a postal network that united the colonies against the throne. General Washington struggled to hold the highway during the battle for Manhattan. Levi Pease convinced Americans to travel by stagecoach until, half a century later, Nathan Hale convinced them to go by train. Abe Lincoln, still a dark-horse candidate in early 1860, embarked on a railroad speaking tour along the route that clinched the presidency. Bomb builder Lester Barlow, inspired by the Post Road’s notorious traffic, nearly sold Congress on a national system of expressways twenty-five years before the Interstate Highway Act of 1956. Based on extensive travels of the highway, interviews with people living up and down the road, and primary sources unearthed from the great libraries between New York City and Boston—including letters, maps, contemporaneous newspapers, and long-forgotten government documents—The King’s Best Highway is a delightful read for American history buffs and lovers of narrative everywhere.

The Silk Roads

Download The Silk Roads PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 1101946334
Total Pages : 688 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Silk Roads by : Peter Frankopan

Download or read book The Silk Roads written by Peter Frankopan and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2016-02-16 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER • Far more than a history of the Silk Roads, this book is truly a revelatory new history of the world, promising to destabilize notions of where we come from and where we are headed next. "A rare book that makes you question your assumptions about the world.” —The Wall Street Journal From the Middle East and its political instability to China and its economic rise, the vast region stretching eastward from the Balkans across the steppe and South Asia has been thrust into the global spotlight in recent years. Frankopan teaches us that to understand what is at stake for the cities and nations built on these intricate trade routes, we must first understand their astounding pasts. Frankopan realigns our understanding of the world, pointing us eastward. It was on the Silk Roads that East and West first encountered each other through trade and conquest, leading to the spread of ideas, cultures and religions. From the rise and fall of empires to the spread of Buddhism and the advent of Christianity and Islam, right up to the great wars of the twentieth century—this book shows how the fate of the West has always been inextricably linked to the East. Also available: The New Silk Roads, a timely exploration of the dramatic and profound changes our world is undergoing right now—as seen from the perspective of the rising powers of the East.

Asphalt and Politics

Download Asphalt and Politics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 0786454679
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (864 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asphalt and Politics by : Thomas L. Karnes

Download or read book Asphalt and Politics written by Thomas L. Karnes and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2009-10-21 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From animal paths to superhighways, transportation has been the backbone of American expansion and growth. This examination of the interstate highway system in the United States, and the forces that shaped it, includes the introduction of the automobile, the Good Roads Movement, and the Lincoln Highway Association. The book offers an analysis of state and federal road funding, modern road-building options, and the successes and failures of the current highway system. Instructors considering this book for use in a course may request an examination copy here.

The Silk Roads

Download The Silk Roads PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Arcturus Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1398809764
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (988 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Silk Roads by : Geordie Torr

Download or read book The Silk Roads written by Geordie Torr and published by Arcturus Publishing. This book was released on 2021-06-01 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Take an intrepid journey through the history of the Silk Roads with this brilliant reference book. Traversing snowy mountain passes, vast, forbidding deserts and stormy seas, these ancient trade routes were about much more than the movement of goods, they paved the way for an unprecedented period of cultural exchange, diplomacy and conflict creating a legacy that continues to affect global geopolitics in the 21st century. Forged over millennia through a desire for enterprise, the Silk Roads have had an profound influence on Eurasia and beyond, connecting cultures, languages, customs and religions. And with China now working to reopen this ancient trade network, the time is right to shine a new light on its history and impact. This edition has been updated with an expanded chapter on China's efforts to reopen this ancient trade network through the Belt and Road Initiative and the many impacts it has had along the way, from its ambitious infrastructure projects to new cities emerging along its route to the growth of a digital silk road, Geordie Torr examines the profound impacts of the revival of the world's greatest trading route. With helpful timelines and useful information boxes, The Silk Roads gives you everything you need to master the history of this world-changing region.

Stand and Deliver!

Download Stand and Deliver! PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : The History Press
ISBN 13 : 0752468200
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (524 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Stand and Deliver! by : David Brandon

Download or read book Stand and Deliver! written by David Brandon and published by The History Press. This book was released on 2011-09-30 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why is the highwayman largely perceived as a romantic, glamorous and gallant figure? How is it that men who were really nothing more than bandits, who were often gratuitously violent, sometimes murderers and rapists as well, have become the swashbuckling heroes of history? To put their roles in context, the book probles into the economic, social and technological factors that at certain times made highway robbery highly lucrative and which help to explain why some of its exponents eventually disappeared from the scene. Finally, the legacy of the highwayman on pub signs, in films and in fiction is discussed. Informative, stimulating and entertaining, from the pen of a true enthusiast, this book will appeal to anyone interested in the dramatic, murky underworld of history.

Imagined Geographies

Download Imagined Geographies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hong Kong University Press
ISBN 13 : 9888528653
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (885 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Imagined Geographies by : Geoffrey C. Gunn

Download or read book Imagined Geographies written by Geoffrey C. Gunn and published by Hong Kong University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-03 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Imagined Geographies is a pioneering work in the study of history and geography of the pre-1800 world. In this book, Gunn argues that different regions astride the maritime silk roads were not only interconnected but can also be construed as “imagined geographies.” Taking a grand civilizational perspective, five such geographic imaginaries are examined across respective chapters, namely Indian, Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, and European including an imagined Great South Land. Drawing upon an array of marine and other archaeological examples, the author offers compelling evidence of the intertwining of political, cultural, and economic regions across the sea silk roads from ancient times until the seventeenth century. Through a thorough analysis of these five geographic imaginaries, the author sets aside purely national history and looks at the maritime realm from a broader spatial perspective. He challenges the Eurocentric concept of center and periphery and establishes a revisionist view on a decentered world regional history. This book will definitely interest history lovers from all around the world who wants to know more about how their forebears viewed their respective region and how their region fits into world history with local uniqueness. “Gunn takes large themes and makes them understandable. He is not afraid to make the grand statement, and to look at the sweep of history all in one arc. I admire that greatly; this is not history for the faint of heart. But it is history well-done, and history that can show the forest from the trees.” —Eric Tagliacozzo, John Stambaugh Professor of History, Cornell University “This is one of the most ambitious and insightful books that I have read on pre-Modern maritime Asia. The author offers fascinating perspectives on how this vast region was imagined, charted, and experienced over many centuries. That requires mastery of an immense range of scholarship and primary sources. His aim is to knit this watery world together into a conceptual whole. This mission is accomplished with style and discipline.” —Andrew R. Wilson, John A. van Beuren Chair of Asia-Pacific Studies, U.S. Naval War College

The Longest Line on the Map

Download The Longest Line on the Map PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 150110392X
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Longest Line on the Map by : Eric Rutkow

Download or read book The Longest Line on the Map written by Eric Rutkow and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2019-01-08 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the award-winning author of American Canopy, a dazzling account of the world’s longest road, the Pan-American Highway, and the epic quest to link North and South America, a dramatic story of commerce, technology, politics, and the divergent fates of the Americas in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Pan-American Highway, monument to a century’s worth of diplomacy and investment, education and engineering, scandal and sweat, is the longest road in the world, passable everywhere save the mythic Darien Gap that straddles Panama and Colombia. The highway’s history, however, has long remained a mystery, a story scattered among government archives, private papers, and fading memories. In contrast to the Panama Canal and its vast literature, the Pan-American Highway—the United States’ other great twentieth-century hemispheric infrastructure project—has become an orphan of the past, effectively erased from the story of the “American Century.” The Longest Line on the Map uncovers this incredible tale for the first time and weaves it into a tapestry that fascinates, informs, and delights. Rutkow’s narrative forces the reader to take seriously the question: Why couldn’t the Americas have become a single region that “is” and not two near irreconcilable halves that “are”? Whether you’re fascinated by the history of the Americas, or you’ve dreamed of driving around the globe, or you simply love world records and the stories behind them, The Longest Line on the Map is a riveting narrative, a lost epic of hemispheric scale.

The Lincoln Highway

Download The Lincoln Highway PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0735222363
Total Pages : 593 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (352 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Lincoln Highway by : Amor Towles

Download or read book The Lincoln Highway written by Amor Towles and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2023-03-21 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER More than ONE MILLION copies sold A TODAY Show Read with Jenna Book Club Pick A New York Times Notable Book, and Chosen by Oprah Daily, Time, NPR, The Washington Post, Bill Gates and Barack Obama as a Best Book of the Year “Wise and wildly entertaining . . . permeated with light, wit, youth.” —The New York Times Book Review “A classic that we will read for years to come.” —Jenna Bush Hager, Read with Jenna book club “Fantastic. Set in 1954, Towles uses the story of two brothers to show that our personal journeys are never as linear or predictable as we might hope.” —Bill Gates “A real joyride . . . elegantly constructed and compulsively readable.” —NPR The bestselling author of A Gentleman in Moscow and Rules of Civility and master of absorbing, sophisticated fiction returns with a stylish and propulsive novel set in 1950s America In June, 1954, eighteen-year-old Emmett Watson is driven home to Nebraska by the warden of the juvenile work farm where he has just served fifteen months for involuntary manslaughter. His mother long gone, his father recently deceased, and the family farm foreclosed upon by the bank, Emmett's intention is to pick up his eight-year-old brother, Billy, and head to California where they can start their lives anew. But when the warden drives away, Emmett discovers that two friends from the work farm have hidden themselves in the trunk of the warden's car. Together, they have hatched an altogether different plan for Emmett's future, one that will take them all on a fateful journey in the opposite direction—to the City of New York. Spanning just ten days and told from multiple points of view, Towles's third novel will satisfy fans of his multi-layered literary styling while providing them an array of new and richly imagined settings, characters, and themes. “Once again, I was wowed by Towles’s writing—especially because The Lincoln Highway is so different from A Gentleman in Moscow in terms of setting, plot, and themes. Towles is not a one-trick pony. Like all the best storytellers, he has range. He takes inspiration from famous hero’s journeys, including The Iliad, The Odyssey, Hamlet, Huckleberry Finn, and Of Mice and Men. He seems to be saying that our personal journeys are never as linear or predictable as an interstate highway. But, he suggests, when something (or someone) tries to steer us off course, it is possible to take the wheel.” – Bill Gates

The World History Highway: A Guide to Internet Resources

Download The World History Highway: A Guide to Internet Resources PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315498952
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The World History Highway: A Guide to Internet Resources by : Dennis A. Trinkle

Download or read book The World History Highway: A Guide to Internet Resources written by Dennis A. Trinkle and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Complete with a CD-ROM, this specialized edition of The History Highway 3.0 guides users to the incredible amount of information on world history available on the Internet like no other resource. It covers thousands of sites, and the CD-ROM features the entire contents as PDF files with live links, so that users can put the disk into their computers, go online, and click directly to the sites. In addition, the best sites for researchers of all types are highlighted as "Editor's Choice," and there is also helpful information about using the Internet and evaluating information in an online environment.

The History Highway

Download The History Highway PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315289598
Total Pages : 596 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (152 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The History Highway by : Dennis A. Trinkle

Download or read book The History Highway written by Dennis A. Trinkle and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Save yourself and your students hours of research time. Now extensively revised and expanded, "The History Highway" is widely recognized as the one essential tool for students, teachers and researchers seeking a reliable guide to history sites on the web. "The History Highway" offers the broadest, most current coverage of the astonishing amount of historical information available on the Internet: provides detailed, easy-to-use, and up-to-date information on more than 3000 web sites; covers U.S. and World history and all sub-fields; features ten new chapters, with coverage of futurism, environmental history, immigration history, and Mediterranean and Middle Eastern history; all sites have been thoroughly checked by specialists in the relevant field of history; the best sites in each field are clearly identified; hard cover and paperback editions include a CD of the entire contents with live links to sites; and e-book version with live links to sites is in preparation.

Assessing and Managing the Ecological Impacts of Paved Roads

Download Assessing and Managing the Ecological Impacts of Paved Roads PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309100887
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Assessing and Managing the Ecological Impacts of Paved Roads by : National Research Council

Download or read book Assessing and Managing the Ecological Impacts of Paved Roads written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-01-22 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All phases of road developmentâ€"from construction and use by vehicles to maintenanceâ€"affect physical and chemical soil conditions, water flow, and air and water quality, as well as plants and animals. Roads and traffic can alter wildlife habitat, cause vehicle-related mortality, impede animal migration, and disperse nonnative pest species of plants and animals. Integrating environmental considerations into all phases of transportation is an important, evolving process. The increasing awareness of environmental issues has made road development more complex and controversial. Over the past two decades, the Federal Highway Administration and state transportation agencies have increasingly recognized the importance of the effects of transportation on the natural environment. This report provides guidance on ways to reconcile the different goals of road development and environmental conservation. It identifies the ecological effects of roads that can be evaluated in the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of roads and offers several recommendations to help better understand and manage ecological impacts of paved roads.

The Big Roads

Download The Big Roads PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : HMH
ISBN 13 : 054754913X
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (475 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Big Roads by : Earl Swift

Download or read book The Big Roads written by Earl Swift and published by HMH. This book was released on 2011-06-09 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the twists and turns of one of America’s great infrastructure projects with this “engrossing history of the creation of the U.S. interstate system” (Los Angeles Times). It’s become a part of the landscape that we take for granted, the site of rumbling eighteen-wheelers and roadside rest stops, a familiar route for commuters and vacationing families. But during the twentieth century, the interstate highway system dramatically changed the face of our nation. These interconnected roads—over 47,000 miles of them—are man-made wonders, economic pipelines, agents of sprawl, uniquely American symbols of escape and freedom, and an unrivaled public works accomplishment. Though officially named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower, this network of roadways has origins that reach all the way back to the World War I era, and The Big Roads—“the first thorough history of the expressway system” (The Washington Post)—tells the full story of how they came to be. From the speed demon who inspired a primitive web of dirt auto trails to the largely forgotten technocrats who planned the system years before Ike reached the White House to the city dwellers who resisted the concrete juggernaut when it bore down on their neighborhoods, this book reveals both the massive scale of this government engineering project, and the individual lives that have been transformed by it. A fast-paced history filled with fascinating detours, “the book is a road geek’s treasure—and everyone who travels the highways ought to know these stories” (Kirkus Reviews).

Paving Our Ways

Download Paving Our Ways PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000228460
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Paving Our Ways by : Maxwell Lay

Download or read book Paving Our Ways written by Maxwell Lay and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-11-22 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paving Our Ways covers the international history of road paving in an interesting, readable and technically accurate way. It provides an overview of the associated technologies in a historical context. It examines the earliest pavements in Egypt and Mesopotamia and then moves to North Africa, Crete, Greece and Italy, before a review of pavements used by the Romans in their magnificent road system. After its empire collapsed, Roman pavements fell into ruin. The slow recovery of pavements in Europe began in France and then in England. The work of Trésaguet, Telford and McAdam is examined. Asphalt and concrete slowly improved as paving materials in the second part of the 19th century. Major advances occurred in the 20th century with the availability of powerful machinery, pneumatic tyres and bitumen. The advances needed to bring pavements to their current development are explored, as are the tools for financing, constructing, managing and maintaining pavements. The book should appeal to those interested in road paving, and in the history of engineering and transport. It can also serve as a text for courses in engineering history.

The Lincoln Highway: The Story of a Crusade That Made Transportation History

Download The Lincoln Highway: The Story of a Crusade That Made Transportation History PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palala Press
ISBN 13 : 9781378628959
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (289 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Lincoln Highway: The Story of a Crusade That Made Transportation History by : Lincoln Highway Association

Download or read book The Lincoln Highway: The Story of a Crusade That Made Transportation History written by Lincoln Highway Association and published by Palala Press. This book was released on 2018-02-24 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.