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The Usa And The Middle East Since World War 2
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Book Synopsis The USA and the Middle East Since World War 2 by : T.G. Fraser
Download or read book The USA and the Middle East Since World War 2 written by T.G. Fraser and published by Springer. This book was released on 1989-10-16 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Middle East has rarely been absent from the world's media since the end of World War 2. Next to East-West relations, its conflicts have provided the most intractable set of issues in international affairs. Inevitably, the United States became the major outside party. As the Arab-Israeli dispute came to dominate Middle East affairs, the Americans had to reconcile their wide-ranging strategic and economic interests with the domestic pressures to support Israel. This book analyses and illustrates the decisions reached in Washington and examines their impact on the region's quarrels.
Download or read book Shifting Sands written by Joel S. Migdal and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2014-02-18 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Joel S. Migdal revisits the approach U.S. officials have adopted toward the Middle East since World War II, which paid scant attention to tectonic shifts in the region. After the war, the United States did not restrict its strategic model to the Middle East. Beginning with Harry S. Truman, American presidents applied a uniform strategy rooted in the country's Cold War experience in Europe to regions across the globe, designed to project America into nearly every corner of the world while limiting costs and overreach. The approach was simple: find a local power that could play Great Britain's role in Europe after the war, sharing the burden of exercising power, and establish a security alliance along the lines of NATO. Yet regional changes following the creation of Israel, the Free Officers Coup in Egypt, the rise of Arab nationalism from 1948 to 1952, and, later, the Iranian Revolution and the Egypt-Israel peace treaty in 1979 complicated this project. Migdal shows how insufficient attention to these key transformations led to a series of missteps and misconceptions in the twentieth century. With the Arab uprisings of 2009 through 2011 prompting another major shift, Migdal sees an opportunity for the United States to deploy a new, more workable strategy, and he concludes with a plan for gaining a stable foothold in the region.
Book Synopsis America's War for the Greater Middle East by : Andrew J. Bacevich
Download or read book America's War for the Greater Middle East written by Andrew J. Bacevich and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A critical assessment of America's foreign policy in the Middle East throughout the past four decades evaluates and connects regional engagements since 1990 while revealing their massive costs.
Download or read book Three Kings written by Lloyd C. Gardner and published by ReadHowYouWant.com. This book was released on 2011-04 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three Kings reveals a story of America's scramble for political influence, oil concessions, and a new military presence based on airpower and generous American aid to shaky regimes in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, and Iraq. Marshaling new and revelatory evidence from the archives, Lloyd Gardner deftly weaves together three decades of U.S. moves in the region to offer the first history of America's efforts to supplant the British empire in the Middle East. From the early efforts to support and influence the Saudi regime (including the creation of Dhahranairbase, the target of Osama bin Laden's first terrorist attack in 1996) and the CIA-engineered coup in Iran to Nasser's Egypt and, finally, the rise of Iraq as a major petroleum power, Three Kings is ''a valuable contribution to our understanding of our still-deepening involvement in this region'' (Booklist).As American policy makers and military planners grapple with the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq, Gardner uncovers the largely hidden story of how the United States got into the Middle East in the first place.
Book Synopsis Crisis and Crossfire by : Peter L. Hahn
Download or read book Crisis and Crossfire written by Peter L. Hahn and published by Potomac Books, Inc.. This book was released on 2011 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although it seems almost incredible today, the United States had relatively little interest in the Middle East before 1945. But the dynamics and outcome of World War II elevated the importance of the Middle East in the American mind, and the United States has viewed the region with vital interest to its security and economy ever since. The projection of American power into the region has had consequences that have forever changed the United States and the Middle East, with the rise of al Qaeda and the turbulent occupation of Iraq being the latest examples. Crisis and Crossfire surveys and analyzes the broad contours of U.S. involvement in the region. It probes the reasons why the United States implemented various policies and assesses the wisdom of American leaders as they accepted greater responsibilities for preserving stability and security in the Middle East. Major themes include U.S.-Middle East policy in the context of the Cold War, the rise of Arab and Iranian nationalism, decolonization, the U.S. approach to the Arab-Israeli conflict, the politics of Western dependence on Middle Eastern oil, and America's military interventions, particularly its two wars against Iraq. This book's concise narrative and selection of primary-source documents make it an ideal introduction to U.S.-Middle East relations for students and for anyone with an interest in understanding the history behind today's events.
Book Synopsis American Orientalism by : Douglas Little
Download or read book American Orientalism written by Douglas Little and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2009-09-15 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Douglas Little explores the stormy American relationship with the Middle East from World War II through the war in Iraq, focusing particularly on the complex and often inconsistent attitudes and interests that helped put the United States on a collision course with radical Islam early in the new millennium. After documenting the persistence of "orientalist" stereotypes in American popular culture, Little examines oil, Israel, and other aspects of U.S. policy. He concludes that a peculiar blend of arrogance and ignorance has led American officials to overestimate their ability to shape events in the Middle East from 1945 through the present day, and that it has been a driving force behind the Iraq war. For this updated third edition, Little covers events through 2007, including a new chapter on the Bush Doctrine, demonstrating that in many important ways, George W. Bush's Middle Eastern policies mark a sharp break with the past.
Book Synopsis America's War for the Greater Middle East by : Andrew J. Bacevich
Download or read book America's War for the Greater Middle East written by Andrew J. Bacevich and published by Random House Trade Paperbacks. This book was released on 2017-02-07 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: LONGLISTED FOR THE NATIONAL BOOK AWARD • A searing reassessment of U.S. military policy in the Middle East over the past four decades from retired army colonel and New York Times bestselling author Andrew J. Bacevich, with a new afterword by the author From the end of World War II until 1980, virtually no American soldiers were killed in action while serving in the Greater Middle East. Since 1990, virtually no American soldiers have been killed in action anywhere else. What caused this shift? Andrew J. Bacevich, one of the country’s most respected voices on foreign affairs, offers an incisive critical history of this ongoing military enterprise—now more than thirty years old and with no end in sight. During the 1980s, Bacevich argues, a great transition occurred. As the Cold War wound down, the United States initiated a new conflict—a War for the Greater Middle East—that continues to the present day. The long twilight struggle with the Soviet Union had involved only occasional and sporadic fighting. But as this new war unfolded, hostilities became persistent. From the Balkans and East Africa to the Persian Gulf and Central Asia, U.S. forces embarked upon a seemingly endless series of campaigns across the Islamic world. Few achieved anything remotely like conclusive success. Instead, actions undertaken with expectations of promoting peace and stability produced just the opposite. As a consequence, phrases like “permanent war” and “open-ended war” have become part of everyday discourse. Connecting the dots in a way no other historian has done before, Bacevich weaves a compelling narrative out of episodes as varied as the Beirut bombing of 1983, the Mogadishu firefight of 1993, the invasion of Iraq in 2003, and the rise of ISIS in the present decade. Understanding what America’s costly military exertions have wrought requires seeing these seemingly discrete events as parts of a single war. It also requires identifying the errors of judgment made by political leaders in both parties and by senior military officers who share responsibility for what has become a monumental march to folly. This Bacevich unflinchingly does. A twenty-year army veteran who served in Vietnam, Andrew J. Bacevich brings the full weight of his expertise to this vitally important subject. America’s War for the Greater Middle East is a bracing after-action report from the front lines of history. It will fundamentally change the way we view America’s engagement in the world’s most volatile region. Praise for America’s War for the Greater Middle East “Bacevich is thought-provoking, profane and fearless. . . . [His] call for Americans to rethink their nation’s militarized approach to the Middle East is incisive, urgent and essential.”—The New York Times Book Review “Bacevich’s magnum opus . . . a deft and rhythmic polemic aimed at America’s failures in the Middle East from the end of Jimmy Carter’s presidency to the present.”—Robert D. Kaplan, The Wall Street Journal “A critical review of American policy and military involvement . . . Those familiar with Bacevich’s work will recognize the clarity of expression, the devastating directness and the coruscating wit that characterize the writing of one of the most articulate and incisive living critics of American foreign policy.”—The Washington Post “[A] monumental new work.”—The Huffington Post “An unparalleled historical tour de force certain to affect the formation of future U.S. foreign policy.”—Lieutenant General Paul K. Van Riper, U.S. Marine Corps (Ret.)
Book Synopsis The Secret War for the Middle East by : Youssef Aboul-Enein
Download or read book The Secret War for the Middle East written by Youssef Aboul-Enein and published by Naval Institute Press. This book was released on 2013-10-15 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It can be argued that the Middle East during the World War II has been regarded as that conflict’s most overlooked theater of operations. Though the threat of direct Axis invasion never materialized beyond the Egyptian Western Desert with Rommel’s Afrika Korps, this did not limit the Axis from probing the Middle East and cultivating potential collaborators and sympathizers. These actions left an indelible mark in the socio-political evolution of the modern states of the Middle East. This book explores the infusion of the political language of anti-Semitism, nationalism, fascism, and Marxism that were among the ideological byproducts of Axis and Allied intervention in the Arab world. The status of British-dominated Middle East was tailor-made for exploitation by Axis intelligence and propaganda. German and Italian intelligence efforts fueled anti-British resentments; their influence shaped the course of Arab nationalist sentiments throughout the Middle East. A relevant parallel to the pan-Arab cause was Hitler’s attempt to bring ethnic Germans into the fold of a greater German state. In theory, as the Sudeten German stood on par with the Carpathian German, so too, according to doctrinal theory, did the Yemeni stand in union with the Syrian in the imagination of those espousing pan-Arabism. As historic evidence demonstrates, this very commonality proved to be a major factor in the development of relations between Arab and Fascist leaders. The Arab nationalist movement amounted to nothing more than a shapeless, fragmented, counter position to British imperialism, imported to the Arab East via Berlin for Nazi aspirations.
Book Synopsis The United States and the Middle East by : Hooshang Amirahmadi
Download or read book The United States and the Middle East written by Hooshang Amirahmadi and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 1993-01-01 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book advances a critical analysis of U. S. Middle East policy and offers alternative perspectives. It highlights areas of policy shortcomings in the wake of ongoing global and domestic changes and draws attention to the need for a new and more plausible U. S. policy. The United States and the Middle East evaluates the roots and consequences of post-World War II diplomatic and military initiatives, including the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Palestinian question, United States relations with Iran following the Iranian revolution, Irangate, the reflagging of Kuwaiti tankers, and the war led by the United States against Iraq. The important roles of U. S. media and Middle East studies and education in influencing U. S. foreign policy are also emphasized. A concluding chapter focuses on the ongoing global restructuring and the U. S. quest for world leadership in the wake of the Persian Gulf War.
Download or read book Contested Lands written by T. G. Fraser and published by Haus Publishing. This book was released on 2021-11-15 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A history of the last century of tensions in the Middle East. Until the First World War, the Ottoman Empire had dominated the Middle East for four centuries. Its collapse, coupled with the subsequent clash of European imperial policies, unleashed a surge of political feeling among the people of the Middle East as they vied for national self-determination. Over the century that followed, the region has become almost synonymous with unrest and conflict. An accessible survey of the last century, Contested Lands tells the story of what happened in the Middle East and what it means today. T. G. Fraser analyzes the fault lines of the tension, including the damage brought by imperialism, the creation of the State of Israel, competition between secular rulers and emerging democratic and theocratic forces, and the rise of Arab Nationalism in the face of fraying regional alliances and the Islamic revival. Fraser offers a close look at how the events of the twenty-first century—the tragedy of 9/11, the Arab Spring, and Syria’s civil war—have combined with complex social and economic changes to transform the region. Untangling the history of the Middle East, this book offers a detailed and insightful picture of the region and why its heritage remains important today.
Book Synopsis Warfare in the Middle East since 1945 by : Ahron Bregman
Download or read book Warfare in the Middle East since 1945 written by Ahron Bregman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the end of the Second World War and throughout the era that came to be known as the Cold War, the Middle East was a battleground for Great Power rivalries and constant wars. These were fought between Israelis and Arabs, Arabs and Iranians, Arabs and Arabs and also between regional players and outside powers; the region was also the scene of several intense civil wars and insurgencies. The essays gathered in this volume focus on some of the most important facets of these Middle Eastern conflicts. Following a general introduction, the essays are then organised under three major sections. The first focuses on the Arab-Israeli conflict; the second on the Gulf Wars, and the third section concentrates on insurgencies. Together, these essays, all of which were written by leading experts, will provide the reader with a good introduction to warfare in the modern Middle East and show how conflict has shaped the region.
Book Synopsis American Foreign Policy Since World War II by : John W. Spanier
Download or read book American Foreign Policy Since World War II written by John W. Spanier and published by Holt McDougal. This book was released on 1983 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Britain, Egypt, and Iraq during World War II by : Stefanie Wichhart
Download or read book Britain, Egypt, and Iraq during World War II written by Stefanie Wichhart and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-08-26 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the tumultuous war years through the lens of the British Embassies in Cairo and Baghdad, demonstrating the role that the Second World War played in shaping the political and social map of the contemporary Middle East. The war served as a catalyst for seismic changes in Arab society and the emergence of new movements that provided powerful critiques of British intervention and of the governments that facilitated it, making the war a critical turning point in Britain's empire in the Middle East.
Book Synopsis American Science Policy Since World War II by : Bruce L. R. Smith
Download or read book American Science Policy Since World War II written by Bruce L. R. Smith and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 1990 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In American Science Policy Since World War II, author Bruce L.R. Smith makes sense of the break between science and government and identifies the patterns of postwar science affairs.
Book Synopsis American Foreign Policy Since World War II by : Steven W. Hook
Download or read book American Foreign Policy Since World War II written by Steven W. Hook and published by CQ Press. This book was released on 2018-01-17 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Gold Standard for Textbooks on American Foreign Policy American Foreign Policy Since World War II provides you with an understanding of America’s current challenges by exploring its historical experience as the world’s predominant power since World War II. Through this process of historical reflection and insight, you become better equipped to place the current problems of the nation’s foreign policy agenda into modern policy context. With each new edition, authors Steven W. Hook and John Spanier find that new developments in foreign policy conform to their overarching theme—there is an American “style” of foreign policy imbued with a distinct sense of national exceptionalism. This Twenty-First Edition continues to explore America’s unique national style with chapters that address the aftershocks of the Arab Spring and the revival of power politics. Additionally, an entirely new chapter devoted to the current administration discusses the implications of a changing American policy under the Trump presidency.
Book Synopsis The US, the UK and Saudi Arabia in World War II by : Matthew Hinds
Download or read book The US, the UK and Saudi Arabia in World War II written by Matthew Hinds and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2016-02-17 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of Anglo-American relations in Saudi Arabia during the Second World War has generally been viewed as one of discord and hegemonic rivalry, a perspective reinforced by a tendency to consider Britain's decline and the ascent of US power as inevitable. In this engaging and timely study, Matthew Hinds calls into question such assumptions and reveals a relationship that, though hard-nosed, functioned through interdependence and strategic parity. Drawing upon an array of archives from both sides of the Atlantic, Hinds traces the flow of key events and policies as well as the leading figures who shaped events to show why, how and to what extent the allies and Saudi Arabia became 'mixed up together', in the words of Winston Churchill. Perhaps most fundamentally, Britain and the United States were enthralled by the promise of Saudi Arabia serving as an auxiliary to Allied strategy. Obtaining King Ibn Saud's tacit support or more specifically, his 'benevolent neutrality', meant having vital access, not only to the country's prospective oil reserves, but to its prized geographic location, its centrality within Islam and, as international politics increasingly followed an anti-colonial path, to its credentials as a sovereign and independent Arab state. Given what was at stake, London and Washington saw their engagement in Saudi Arabia as seminal; a genuine blueprint for how to forge a lasting 'Special Relationship' throughout the Middle East. Hinds' bold new interpretation is a vital work that enlarges our understanding of the Anglo-American wartime alliance.
Book Synopsis The Middle East And The United States by : David W. Lesch
Download or read book The Middle East And The United States written by David W. Lesch and published by Westview Press. This book was released on 1996-04-04 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The important relationship between the United States and the Middle East has historically been examined from a one-dimensional perspective. This volume brings together noted scholars and diplomats from the Middle East, North America, and Europe to provide a comprehensive multidimensional and cross-cultural reassessment of American policy toward the region in the twentieth century, from the King-Crane Commission following World War I through the current Israeli-PLO peace accords.The book begins by examining the evolution of the U.S. role in the Middle East, from untested international actor to Cold War participant in the 1950s. The discussions explore how the perceived idealism of the Wilsonian approach gave way to economic diplomacy following World War II, which in turn was replaced by a more goal-oriented foreign policy commensurate with the onset of the Cold War. The second section analyzes the varied roles of the United States in the “peace process” in the aftermath of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War and discusses each role in relation to specific events and relationships that characterized the process.Contributors then turn to the 1990-1991 Gulf War, which helped bring about a new regional configuration and created an enhanced role for the United States. The final section offers a retrospective look at the Cold War era in the Middle East and at the new challenges and opportunities that lie ahead for American foreign policy. Among these are the transformation of the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia, the effects of socioeconomic distress on many Arab states, and the corresponding rise of Islamist movements, which many view as inimical to U.S. foreign policy objectives.
