Don't Ask, Don't Tell

Download Don't Ask, Don't Tell PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lynne Rienner Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781588261465
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Don't Ask, Don't Tell by : Aaron Belkin

Download or read book Don't Ask, Don't Tell written by Aaron Belkin and published by Lynne Rienner Publishers. This book was released on 2003 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conservatives and liberals agree that President Bill Clinton's effort to lift the military's gay ban was perhaps one of the greatest blunders of his tenure in office. In this text, experts of both persuasions come together to debate the critical aspects of the gays-in-the-military issue.

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

Download

Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437922082
Total Pages : 14 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" by : Jody Feder

Download or read book "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" written by Jody Feder and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-02 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1993, after months of study, debate, and political controversy, Congress passed and Pres. Clinton signed legislation establishing a revised policy concerning homosexuality in the armed forces. This compromise, colloquially referred to as ¿Don¿t Ask, Don¿t Tell (DADT),¿ holds that ¿the presence in the armed forces of persons who demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion which are the essence of military capability.¿ Service members are not to be asked about, nor allowed to discuss, their sexual orientation. This report provides a legal analysis of the constitutional challenges that have been brought against DADT.

The End of Don't Ask, Don't Tell: The Impact in Studies and Personal Essays by Service Members and Veterans

Download The End of Don't Ask, Don't Tell: The Impact in Studies and Personal Essays by Service Members and Veterans PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 0160915589
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (69 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The End of Don't Ask, Don't Tell: The Impact in Studies and Personal Essays by Service Members and Veterans by : J Ford Huffman

Download or read book The End of Don't Ask, Don't Tell: The Impact in Studies and Personal Essays by Service Members and Veterans written by J Ford Huffman and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2012-12-03 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Featuring 4 reports and 25 personal essays from diverse voices—both straight and gay—representing U.S. Marine Corps, Army, Navy, and Air Force veterans and service members, this anthology examines the impact of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” and its repeal on 20 September 2011 in order to benefit policy makers, historians, researchers, and general readers. Topics include lessons from foreign militaries, serving while openly gay, women at war, returning to duty, marching forward after repeal, and support for the committed same-sex partners and families of gay service members.

Don't

Download Don't PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780822323174
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Don't by : Janet E. Halley

Download or read book Don't written by Janet E. Halley and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the origins and development of the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy and analyzes its assumptions and implications.

Our Time

Download Our Time PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0143122193
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (431 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Our Time by : Josh Seefried

Download or read book Our Time written by Josh Seefried and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2012-08-28 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our Time marks the end of more than a decade of silence, giving voice to the LGBT men and women who served under “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.” These individuals enlisted knowing that the military would ask them to bury an integral part of themselves and yet joined because of their deep belief that the values of the military were worth the tremendous sacrifice. Our Time shares their stories for the first time, revealing an intimate portrait of military life. Edited by air force officer Josh Seefried, a cofounder of the LGBT active duty military association OutServe, Our Time is a collection of remarkable depth and diversity. We witness the abuse—physical and mental—endured at the hands of fellow soldiers and superiors. We see the hardships faced by their families and partners and feel the pain of the choice between military and self. There are also examples of humanity at its very best: leaders with the courage to support their comrades in the face of tremendous pressure, friendships forged and minds opened, and love that endures the very toughest of odds. Throughout we are reminded of the bravery and selflessness of the men and women who chose to serve our country and defend our liberties while their own freedom was withheld. At once a testament to the wrongs of the policy and a celebration of the good that endured in spite of it, Our Time marks the start of a new era in our national history

Evolution of Government Policy Towards Homosexuality in the US Military

Download Evolution of Government Policy Towards Homosexuality in the US Military PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134916329
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (349 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evolution of Government Policy Towards Homosexuality in the US Military by : James E. Parco

Download or read book Evolution of Government Policy Towards Homosexuality in the US Military written by James E. Parco and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-09-17 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout history, homosexuality has been a complicating factor for men and women electing to serve in the armed forces of the United States. The right to serve became increasingly complicated when the Department of Defense responded to congressional legislation in 1993 by adopting a policy that later became known as "don’t ask, don’t tell" (DADT). DADT permitted homosexual members to serve in the forces, so long as they showed no evidence of homosexual behavior. The compromise policy remained in force until Congress passed the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act of 2010 and finally, in September 2011, the ban on gay men and lesbians serving openly in the US armed forces officially came to an end. Reflecting on the 20-year period governed by DADT, this volume explores the history, culture, attitudes and impacts of policy evolution from the mid-20th Century through to the present day. It not only provides insight to the scholarly field of how the most powerful institution in the world has viewed and dealt with homosexuality as it transitioned into the 21st century, but it is also poised to become a seminal collection for researchers in the decades to come. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Homosexuality. "Parco and Levy have produced a fine edited volume dedicated to deepening our understanding of the federal DADT policy. What has resulted is a deep analysis of the federal policies regarding gays and lesbians in the U.S. military. This volume is filled with rich descriptions and analyses written by the very best thinkers about issues pertaining to gays and lesbians in the U.S. military. Parco and Levy not only offer a comprehensive treatment of DADT, but their book will stand the test of time and spur additional important research about gay, lesbian, bisexual, and queer service members. The Rise and Fall of DADT is accessibly written and offers readers a comprehensive understanding of the DADT federal policy and the attendant issues of equity, social justice and ever-changing attitudes about LGBTQ people related to the U.S. military and to the larger American society." John P. Elia, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Homosexuality and Professor and Associate Chair of Health Education at San Francisco State University, USA "As Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs from 2010 to 2012, and the first openly-gay senior official to serve at the Pentagon, I was witness to and honored to be an active participant in the historic process that led to the ban on discrimination against lesbian and gay service members: men and women who had been hiding in plain sight while risking their lives to serve their country honorably. In this volume, Jim Parco and Dave Levy provide what is perhaps the most comprehensive account to date of the evolution of US government policy regarding LGBT service members. Their study includes outstanding firsthand narratives by many friends who played central roles in the repeal of Don’t Ask/Don’t tell, including Sue Fulton, Jonathan Lee and former Congressman Patrick Murphy. Parco and Levy provide the opportunity for scholars, experts and ordinary citizens from all walks of life to share in those journeys and in the very positive results that were achieved." Douglas B. Wilson, former Assistant Secretary of Defense for the United States

Ask and Tell

Download Ask and Tell PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 9780807889855
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (898 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ask and Tell by : Steve Estes

Download or read book Ask and Tell written by Steve Estes and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2009-11-30 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Don't Ask, Don't Tell" was the directive of President Clinton's 1993 military policy regarding gay and lesbian soldiers. This official silence continued a collective amnesia about the patriotic service and courageous sacrifices of homosexual troops. Ask and Tell recovers these lost voices, offering a rich chronicle of the history of gay and lesbian service in the U.S. military from World War II to the Iraq War. Drawing on more than 50 interviews with gay and lesbian veterans, Steve Estes charts the evolution of policy toward homosexuals in the military over the past 65 years, uncovering the ways that silence about sexuality and military service has affected the identities of gay veterans. These veteran voices--harrowing, heroic, and on the record--reveal the extraordinary stories of ordinary Americans, men and women who simply did their duty and served their country in the face of homophobia, prejudice, and enemy fire. Far from undermining national security, unit cohesion, or troop morale, Estes demonstrates, these veterans strengthened the U.S. military in times of war and peace. He also examines challenges to the ban on homosexual service, placing them in the context of the wider movement for gay rights and gay liberation. Ask and Tell is an important compilation of unheard voices, offering Americans a new understanding of the value of all the men and women who serve and protect them.

Homosexuals and the U. S. Military

Download Homosexuals and the U. S. Military PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437923291
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Homosexuals and the U. S. Military by : David F. Burrelli

Download or read book Homosexuals and the U. S. Military written by David F. Burrelli and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-02 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contents: (1) Background and Analysis; (2) Discharge Statistics; (3) Issues: Legal Challenges; Actions Following the Murder of Private Barry Winchell; Recruiting, JROTC, ROTC and Campus Policies; High Schools; Colleges and Universities; Supreme Court Review of the Solomon Amendment; Homosexuals and Marriages; Foreign Military Experiences. Charts and tables.

Tell

Download Tell PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of New England
ISBN 13 : 151260111X
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (126 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tell by : Major Margaret Witt

Download or read book Tell written by Major Margaret Witt and published by University Press of New England. This book was released on 2017-10-03 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1993 Margie Witt, a young Air Force nurse, was chosen as the face of the Air Force's "Cross into the Blue" recruitment campaign. This was also the year that President Clinton's plan for gays to serve openly in the military was quashed by an obdurate Congress, resulting in the blandly cynical political compromise known as Don't Ask, Don't Tell. Contrary to its intent, DADT had the perverse effect of making it harder for gay servicemen and -women to fight expulsion. Over the next seventeen years more than 13,000 gay soldiers, sailors, marines, coast guard, and airmen and -women were removed from military service. That is, until Margie Witt's landmark case put a stop to it. Tell is the riveting story of Major Margaret Witt's dedicated and decorated military career as a frontline flight nurse, and of her love and devotion to her partner-now wife-Laurie Johnson. Tell captures the tension and drama of the politically charged legal battle that led to the congressional repeal of the controversial law and helped pave the way for a suite of landmark political and legal victories for gay rights. Tell is a testament to the power of love to transform hearts and minds, as well as a celebration of the indomitable spirit of Major Witt, her wife Laurie, her dedicated legal team, and the brave men and women who came forward to testify on her behalf in a historic federal trial. "The name Margaret Witt may join the canon of US civil rights pioneers." -Guardian "Major Witt's trial provided an unparalleled opportunity to attack the central premise of [Don't Ask, Don't Tell] . . . and set an important precedent."- New York Times "A landmark ruling."-Politico

Conduct Unbecoming

Download Conduct Unbecoming PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9780312342647
Total Pages : 836 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (426 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Conduct Unbecoming by : Randy Shilts

Download or read book Conduct Unbecoming written by Randy Shilts and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2005-07 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive book on lesbians and gay men in the US military. Randy Shilts, author of the classic documentary history of the AIDS epidemic And The Band Played On, was acclaimed for his ability to take epic histories and molding them into gripping, intimate narratives. Conduct Unbecoming, his groundbreaking exploration of lesbians and gays in the military, came out of hundreds of interviews conducted with servicepeople at all levels of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps and intense research uncovering thousands of documents resulting in a unique history of gays in the military as well as the persecution of gays in the military. Conduct Unbecoming will leave readers moved and imbued with a better understanding of the pressing situation in our nation's military. "A sober, thoroughly researched and engrossingly readable history on the subject. [Shilts's] chronicle is excellent military history, closely woven with an enthralling analysis of the changing definitions of sexuality and personal relationships in American society....[A] landmark book....Remarkable." --New York Times Book Review "A masterpiece of investigative reporting...Shilts has shown us the honor homosexuals have brought, and continue to bring, to the uniforms they wear and the country they serve." - Boston Globe "Gays, we are told, would damage morale in the military. Shilts documents the fact that morale has already been eaten away by hypocrisy, contradictions, and favoritism...This book will be to gay and lesbian liberation what Betty Friedan's was to early feminism or Rachel Carson's to ecological consciousness. No fair-minded person can read Conduct Unbecoming and consider the present system defensible. - USA Today "Gripping reading....the history of homosexual people and the movement for gay/lesbian equality in the United States can nowhere be more clearly told." - Los Angeles Times

Confessions of a Don't Ask, Don't Tell Soldier

Download Confessions of a Don't Ask, Don't Tell Soldier PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780692938287
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (382 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Confessions of a Don't Ask, Don't Tell Soldier by : Rob Smith

Download or read book Confessions of a Don't Ask, Don't Tell Soldier written by Rob Smith and published by . This book was released on 2017-08-31 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moonlight meets American Sniper in this groundbreaking memoir. Rob is a young black man coming to terms with his sexuality amid the backdrop of the hyper-masculine, homophobic U.S. Army. After surviving the notoriously brutal Infantry basic training and then finding himself as a young gay man while remaining closeted to all but a few of his colleagues at his first duty station, he finds himself in dangerous territory after the United States declares war on Iraq and his unit is one of the first called in after the initial invasion. Deftly navigating the intersection of race, sexuality, and public policy, Confessions of a 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Soldier is alternately thought-provoking, humorous, and harrowing. Rob's experience offers a ground-level view of life on the front lines of race and sexuality in the United States military in an unforgettable gay coming-of-age story - with a military twist.

The U.S. Military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy

Download The U.S. Military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Praeger
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The U.S. Military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy by : Melissa Sheridan Embser-Herbert

Download or read book The U.S. Military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy written by Melissa Sheridan Embser-Herbert and published by Praeger. This book was released on 2007-10-30 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Embser-Herbert explores the history of the policy of Don't Ask, Don't Tell, (DADT) the federal law restricting the military service of gays, lesbians, and bisexuals. In this narrative overview, she traces the policy from its origins in the early 1990s, through its evolution and implementation into law in the United States military, before evaluating the impact of post-9/11 events on the military, the policy, and the ongoing debate surrounding the existence of the policy itself as lawmakers consider its repeal. Her three-part history of DADT begins with a brief look at earlier policies that preceded it, a discussion of events in 1992-1993 that resulted in the passage and implementation of the new law, and an examination of the law's impact on the military. She also compares the policy to that of other nations, such as Canada, Australia, and Great Britain, that eliminated similar restrictions as they sought ways to avoid a potential manpower shortage in their armed forces. The War on Terror has returned DADT to the public spotlight. Embser-Herbert examines U.S. experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan and what they can teach about gays and lesbians in the military. She concludes Part I with an analysis of whether the law might be repealed or overturned. Part II of the handbook provides summaries of key legal decisions, and Part III contains key documents, such as the language of the law itself and excerpts from current military regulations and training manuals.

Don't Ask, Don't Tell

Download Don't Ask, Don't Tell PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 162032606X
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Don't Ask, Don't Tell by : John D. Laing

Download or read book Don't Ask, Don't Tell written by John D. Laing and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2013-09-16 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The repeal of the government's policy on homosexual military service, known as Don't Ask, Don't Tell (DADT), has caused much concern among Christian military service members, especially chaplains, and has led to much debate about the morality of homosexuality, the ideal of free speech, and the role of clergy in public service. Can it be scientifically demonstrated that homosexuality is normal? What has homosexual political activity shown to be their agenda, if any? What does the Bible say about homosexuality? How can chaplains who disagree with the homosexual lifestyle respond to the repeal in a way that retains their prophetic voice, but protects them from prosecution? How can chaplains minister to homosexual service members and their families in a post-DADT military? These are just some of the questions addressed in this important work by a group of scholars and chaplains, many of whom serve or have served in the academy, the military, and the church."

Mission Possible

Download Mission Possible PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781737482406
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (824 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mission Possible by : C. Dixon Osburn

Download or read book Mission Possible written by C. Dixon Osburn and published by . This book was released on 2021-09 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under "Don't ask, don't tell," the Pentagon discharged 2-4 service members every day for being gay. Some were subjects of witch hunts. Others faced criminal charges. Many endured harassment, assault and threats. Mission Possible takes readers behind the scenes as Servicemembers Legal Defense Network lawyers repeatedly rushed to the aid of LGBT clients and demanded justice from commanders and Congress. Repealing the ban on open service by lesbian, gay and bisexual service members was a stunning reversal of a law enacted just 17 years prior. It remains the most significant pro-lesbian, gay, bisexual legislation Congress has passed. How did it happen? C. Dixon Osburn's Mission Possible describes the strategy that he and Michelle Benecke, co-founders of SLDN devised to overcome impossible odds. It's a story about the politics of fear and the consequences of a government that tries to muzzle its citizens. It is also a searing, heartbreaking, and ultimately triumphant story of the power of coming out, building a movement, and political savvy. Mission Possible shows that overcoming the odds is both possible and essential.

Unfriendly Fire

Download Unfriendly Fire PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 142990271X
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Unfriendly Fire by : Dr. Nathaniel Frank

Download or read book Unfriendly Fire written by Dr. Nathaniel Frank and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2009-03-03 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the "don't ask, don't tell" policy emerged as a political compromise under Bill Clinton in 1993, it only ended up worsening the destructive gay ban that had been on the books since World War II. Drawing on more than a decade of research and hundreds of interviews, Nathaniel Frank exposes the military's policy toward gays and lesbians as damaging and demonstrates that "don't ask, don't tell" must be replaced with an outright reversal of the gay ban. Frank is one of the nation's leading experts on gays in the military, and in his evenhanded and always scrupulously documented chronicle, he reveals how the ban on open gays and lesbians in the U.S. military has greatly increased discharges, hampered recruitment, and—contrary to the rationale offered by proponents of the ban—led to lower morale and cohesion within military ranks. Frank does not shy away from tackling controversial issues, and he presents indisputable evidence showing that gays already serve openly without causing problems, and that the policy itself is weakening the military it was supposed to protect. In addition to the moral pitfalls of the gay ban, Frank shows the practical damage it has wrought. Most recently, the discharge of valuable Arabic translators (who happen to be gay) under the current policy has left U.S. forces ill-equipped in the fight against terrorism. Part history, part exposé, and fully revealing, Unfriendly Fire is poised to become the definitive story of "don't ask, don't tell." This lively and compelling narrative is sure to make the blood boil of any American who cares about national security, the right to speak the truth, or just plain common sense and fairness.

Irregular Army

Download Irregular Army PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1844678806
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (446 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Irregular Army by : Matt Kennard

Download or read book Irregular Army written by Matt Kennard and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2012-09-17 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the launch of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars—now the longest wars in American history—the US military has struggled to recruit troops. It has responded, as Matt Kennard’s explosive investigative report makes clear, by opening its doors to neo-Nazis, white supremacists, gang members, criminals of all stripes, the overweight, and the mentally ill. Based on several years of reporting, Irregular Army includes extensive interviews with extremist veterans and leaders of far-right hate groups—who spoke openly of their eagerness to have their followers acquire military training for a coming domestic race war. As a report commissioned by the Department of Defense itself put it, “Effectively, the military has a ‘don’t ask, don’t tell’ policy pertaining to extremism.” Irregular Army connects some of the War on Terror’s worst crimes to this opening-up of the US military. With millions of veterans now back in the US and domestic extremism on the rise, Kennard’s book is a stark warning about potential dangers facing Americans—from their own soldiers.

Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965

Download Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : e-artnow
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 by : Morris J. MacGregor

Download or read book Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 written by Morris J. MacGregor and published by e-artnow. This book was released on 2020-06-18 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the quarter century that followed American entry into World War II, the nation's armed forces moved from the reluctant inclusion of a few segregated Negroes to their routine acceptance in a racially integrated military establishment. Nor was this change confined to military installations. By the time it was over, the armed forces had redefined their traditional obligation for the welfare of their members to include a promise of equal treatment for black servicemen wherever they might be. In the name of equality of treatment and opportunity, the Department of Defense began to challenge racial injustices deeply rooted in American society. For all its sweeping implications, equality in the armed forces obviously had its pragmatic aspects. In one sense it was a practical answer to pressing political problems that had plagued several national administrations. In another, it was the services' expression of those liberalizing tendencies that were permeating American society during the era of civil rights activism. But to a considerable extent the policy of racial equality that evolved in this quarter century was also a response to the need for military efficiency. So easy did it become to demonstrate the connection between inefficiency and discrimination that, even when other reasons existed, military efficiency was the one most often evoked by defense officials to justify a change in racial policy."_x000D_ Morris J. MacGregor, Jr., received the A.B. and M.A. degrees in history from the Catholic University of America. He continued his graduate studies at the Johns Hopkins University and the University of Paris on a Fulbright grant. Before joining the staff of the U.S. Army Center of Military History in 1968 he served for ten years in the Historical Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.