The Simple Science of Flight, revised and expanded edition

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Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262513137
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis The Simple Science of Flight, revised and expanded edition by : Henk Tennekes

Download or read book The Simple Science of Flight, revised and expanded edition written by Henk Tennekes and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2009-09-04 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation into how machines and living creatures fly, and of the similarities between butterflies and Boeings, paper airplanes and plovers. From the smallest gnat to the largest aircraft, all things that fly obey the same aerodynamic principles. In The Simple Science of Flight, Henk Tennekes investigates just how machines and creatures fly: what size wings they need, how much energy is required for their journeys, how they cross deserts and oceans, how they take off, climb, and soar. Fascinated by the similarities between nature and technology, Tennekes offers an introduction to flight that teaches by association. Swans and Boeings differ in numerous ways, but they follow the same aerodynamic principles. Biological evolution and its technical counterpart exhibit exciting parallels. What makes some airplanes successful and others misfits? Why does the Boeing 747 endure but the Concorde now seem a fluke? Tennekes explains the science of flight through comparisons, examples, equations, and anecdotes. The new edition of this popular book has been thoroughly revised and much expanded. Highlights of the new material include a description of the incredible performance of bar-tailed godwits (7,000 miles nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand), an analysis of the convergence of modern jetliners (from both Boeing and Airbus), a discussion of the metabolization of energy featuring Lance Armstrong, a novel treatment of the aerodynamics of drag and trailing vortices, and an emphasis throughout on evolution, in nature and in engineering. Tennekes draws on new evidence on bird migration, new wind-tunnel studies, and data on new airliners. And his analysis of the relative efficiency of planes, trains, and automobiles is newly relevant. (On a cost-per-seat scale, a 747 is more efficient than a passenger car.)

The Simple Science of Flight

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Author :
Publisher : MIT Press (MA)
ISBN 13 : 9780262700658
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis The Simple Science of Flight by : Hendrik Tennekes

Download or read book The Simple Science of Flight written by Hendrik Tennekes and published by MIT Press (MA). This book was released on 1997 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the smallest gnat to the largest aircraft, all things that fly obey the same aerodynamic principles. The Simple Science of Flight offers a leisurely introduction to the mechanics of flight and, beyond that, to the scientific attitude that finds wonder in simple calculations, forging connections between, say, the energy efficiency of a peanut butter sandwich that fuels your body and that of the kerosene that fuels a jumbo jet. It is the product of a lifetime of watching and investigating the way flight happens. He covers paper airplanes, kites, gliders, and human-powered flying machines as well as birds and insects, explaining difficult concepts like lift, drag, wing loading, and cruising speed through many fascinating comparisons, anecdotes, and examples. Equations, often the best shorthand to explain and connect phenomena, are integrated seamlessly into the flow of the text in such a way that even math-phobic readers should not be put off. Tennekes begins with a simple comparison of the relative fuel consumption of hummingbirds, cars, and airplanes, then turns to the relations between an airplane's weight, its wing area, and its cruising speed. After showing that it is possible to collect data on all flying creatures and flying machines in a single "Great Flight Diagram", he looks at energetics through the considerable efforts of a little 35-gram bird in a wind tunnel. There are stories on the effects of headwinds, tailwinds, and weather conditions on both birds and planes, on the elegance of the mechanics that makes flight possible, and on the aerodynamics of sophisticated flying toys.

The Simple Science of Flight, revised and expanded edition

Download The Simple Science of Flight, revised and expanded edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262258471
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis The Simple Science of Flight, revised and expanded edition by : Henk Tennekes

Download or read book The Simple Science of Flight, revised and expanded edition written by Henk Tennekes and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2009-09-04 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation into how machines and living creatures fly, and of the similarities between butterflies and Boeings, paper airplanes and plovers. From the smallest gnat to the largest aircraft, all things that fly obey the same aerodynamic principles. In The Simple Science of Flight, Henk Tennekes investigates just how machines and creatures fly: what size wings they need, how much energy is required for their journeys, how they cross deserts and oceans, how they take off, climb, and soar. Fascinated by the similarities between nature and technology, Tennekes offers an introduction to flight that teaches by association. Swans and Boeings differ in numerous ways, but they follow the same aerodynamic principles. Biological evolution and its technical counterpart exhibit exciting parallels. What makes some airplanes successful and others misfits? Why does the Boeing 747 endure but the Concorde now seem a fluke? Tennekes explains the science of flight through comparisons, examples, equations, and anecdotes. The new edition of this popular book has been thoroughly revised and much expanded. Highlights of the new material include a description of the incredible performance of bar-tailed godwits (7,000 miles nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand), an analysis of the convergence of modern jetliners (from both Boeing and Airbus), a discussion of the metabolization of energy featuring Lance Armstrong, a novel treatment of the aerodynamics of drag and trailing vortices, and an emphasis throughout on evolution, in nature and in engineering. Tennekes draws on new evidence on bird migration, new wind-tunnel studies, and data on new airliners. And his analysis of the relative efficiency of planes, trains, and automobiles is newly relevant. (On a cost-per-seat scale, a 747 is more efficient than a passenger car.)

The Simple Science of Flight

Download The Simple Science of Flight PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press (MA)
ISBN 13 : 9780262259231
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (592 download)

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Book Synopsis The Simple Science of Flight by : Henk Tennekes

Download or read book The Simple Science of Flight written by Henk Tennekes and published by MIT Press (MA). This book was released on 2009-09-04 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation into how machines and living creatures fly, and of the similarities between butterflies and Boeings, paper airplanes and plovers.

Flight Theory and Aerodynamics

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119233402
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Flight Theory and Aerodynamics by : Charles E. Dole

Download or read book Flight Theory and Aerodynamics written by Charles E. Dole and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-11-21 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pilot's guide to aeronautics and the complex forces of flight Flight Theory and Aerodynamics is the essential pilot's guide to the physics of flight, designed specifically for those with limited engineering experience. From the basics of forces and vectors to craft-specific applications, this book explains the mechanics behind the pilot's everyday operational tasks. The discussion focuses on the concepts themselves, using only enough algebra and trigonometry to illustrate key concepts without getting bogged down in complex calculations, and then delves into the specific applications for jets, propeller crafts, and helicopters. This updated third edition includes new chapters on Flight Environment, Aircraft Structures, and UAS-UAV Flight Theory, with updated craft examples, component photos, and diagrams throughout. FAA-aligned questions and regulatory references help reinforce important concepts, and additional worked problems provide clarification on complex topics. Modern flight control systems are becoming more complex and more varied between aircrafts, making it essential for pilots to understand the aerodynamics of flight before they ever step into a cockpit. This book provides clear explanations and flight-specific examples of the physics every pilot must know. Review the basic physics of flight Understand the applications to specific types of aircraft Learn why takeoff and landing entail special considerations Examine the force concepts behind stability and control As a pilot, your job is to balance the effects of design, weight, load factors, and gravity during flight maneuvers, stalls, high- or low-speed flight, takeoff and landing, and more. As aircraft grow more complex and the controls become more involved, an intuitive grasp of the physics of flight is your most valuable tool for operational safety. Flight Theory and Aerodynamics is the essential resource every pilot needs for a clear understanding of the forces they control.

Microbites: Flight

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Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0744037492
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbites: Flight by : DK

Download or read book Microbites: Flight written by DK and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2020-10-13 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This nonfiction chapter book about flight is chock-full of bite-size facts, black-and-white photographs, and CGI illustrations to dazzle and engage even the most reluctant reader. The astonishing science of airplanes, helicopters, and other flying contraptions might seem beyond reach, but Microbites: Flight breaks it all down into manageable chunks of information on need-to-know topics like how planes fly, history's largest airships, early spacecraft, and other feats of flight engineering. Illustrations and photographs accent nearly every page, while highlighted text calls out important takeaways about each chapter topic, revealing new details about what keeps these marvelous machines aloft. For further learning, kids can turn to the book's eight-page reference section, where they'll find a glossary, a historical timeline, and a list of the most awe-inspiring aviators. Whether they're new to flight science or seasoned pros, readers will find plenty of fascinating facts to chew on in Microbites: Flight. DK's Microbites series takes daunting nonfiction topics and transforms them into easy-to-digest, mini-guides on kids' favorite subjects from history, science, and the natural world. Packed with eye-catching illustrations, detailed photographs, and the latest scientific research on everything from dinosaurs to mummies, the Microbites series encourages a healthy reading appetite in kids ages 8 through 12, and will leave them hungry to learn more.

How We Decide

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Author :
Publisher : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
ISBN 13 : 0547347480
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (473 download)

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Book Synopsis How We Decide by : Jonah Lehrer

Download or read book How We Decide written by Jonah Lehrer and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. This book was released on 2010-01-14 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book to use the unexpected discoveries of neuroscience to help us make the best decisions Since Plato, philosophers have described the decision-making process as either rational or emotional: we carefully deliberate, or we “blink” and go with our gut. But as scientists break open the mind’s black box with the latest tools of neuroscience, they’re discovering that this is not how the mind works. Our best decisions are a finely tuned blend of both feeling and reason—and the precise mix depends on the situation. When buying a house, for example, it’s best to let our unconscious mull over the many variables. But when we’re picking a stock, intuition often leads us astray. The trick is to determine when to use the different parts of the brain, and to do this, we need to think harder (and smarter) about how we think. Jonah Lehrer arms us with the tools we need, drawing on cutting-edge research as well as the real-world experiences of a wide range of “deciders”—from airplane pilots and hedge fund investors to serial killers and poker players. Lehrer shows how people are taking advantage of the new science to make better television shows, win more football games, and improve military intelligence. His goal is to answer two questions that are of interest to just about anyone, from CEOs to firefighters: How does the human mind make decisions? And how can we make those decisions better?

Flight Stability and Automatic Control

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Author :
Publisher : WCB/McGraw-Hill
ISBN 13 : 9780071158381
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (583 download)

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Book Synopsis Flight Stability and Automatic Control by : Robert C. Nelson

Download or read book Flight Stability and Automatic Control written by Robert C. Nelson and published by WCB/McGraw-Hill. This book was released on 1998 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Flight Stability and Automatic Control presents an organized introduction to the useful and relevant topics necessary for a flight stability and controls course. Not only is this text presented at the appropriate mathematical level, it also features standard terminology and nomenclature, along with expanded coverage of classical control theory, autopilot designs, and modern control theory. Through the use of extensive examples, problems, and historical notes, author Robert Nelson develops a concise and vital text for aircraft flight stability and control or flight dynamics courses.

PBS Illustrated Guide to Aerodynamics 2/E

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Author :
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education
ISBN 13 : 9780830639014
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis PBS Illustrated Guide to Aerodynamics 2/E by : Hubert C. Smith

Download or read book PBS Illustrated Guide to Aerodynamics 2/E written by Hubert C. Smith and published by McGraw-Hill Education. This book was released on 1991-12-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. The principles of flight made easy to understand, even fascinating, to pilots and technicians Most pilots and flight students wince at the mention of the term "aerodynamics" because most courses and books dealing with the subject do so using complicated scientific theory and intricate mathematical formulas. And yet, an understanding of aerodynamics is essential to the people who operate and maintain airplanes. This unique introductory guide, which sold more than 20,000 copies in its first edition, proves that the principles of flight can be easy to understand, even fascinating, to pilots and technicians who want to know how and why an aircraft behaves as it does. Avoiding technical jargon and complex calculations, Hubert "Skip" Smith demonstrates how aerodynamic factors affect all aircraft in terms of lift, thrust, drag, in-air performance, stability, and control. Readers also get an inside look at how modern aircraft are designed-including all the steps in the design process, from concept to test flight and the reasoning behind them. This edition features expanded coverage of aircraft turning and accelerated climb performance, takeoff velocities, load and velocity-load-factors, area rules, and hypersonic flight, as well as the latest advances in laminar flow airfoils, wing and fuselage design, and high-performance lightplanes. Question and answer sections are added for classroom use.

Moonshot

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1534440518
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (344 download)

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Book Synopsis Moonshot by : Brian Floca

Download or read book Moonshot written by Brian Floca and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2019-04-09 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “An extraordinary delight for a reader of any age.” —The New York Times Book Review Brian Floca explores Apollo 11’s famed moon landing with this newly expanded edition of Moonshot! Simply told, grandly shown, and now with eight additional pages of brand-new art and more in-depth information about the historic moon landing, here is the flight of Apollo 11. Here for a new generation of readers and explorers are the steady astronauts clicking themselves into gloves and helmets, strapping themselves into sideways seats. Here are their great machines in all their detail and monumentality, the ROAR of rockets, and the silence of the Moon. Here is a story of adventure and discovery—a story of leaving and returning during the summer of 1969, and a story of home, seen whole, from far away.

Aircraft Basic Science, Eighth Edition

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Author :
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071799184
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis Aircraft Basic Science, Eighth Edition by : Michael J. Kroes

Download or read book Aircraft Basic Science, Eighth Edition written by Michael J. Kroes and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2013-03-30 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn the latest technologies needed to pass the FAA airframe and powerplant maintenance certification! Aircraft Basic Science, Eighth Edition, is a valuable resource for students of aviation technology that provides updated information needed to prepare for an FAA airframe and powerplant maintenance certification. This expanded edition includes recent advances in technology, such as the use of composite aircraft materials, with revised examples and figures to more accurately reflect the state of the industry. For easy reference, chapters are illustrated and present specific aspects of aircraft materials, fabrication processes, maintenance tools, and federal aviation regulations. This updated edition includes: The use, inspection, and fabrication of composite structures, including honeycomb, fiberglass, and carbon fiber materials 4-page full-color insert Hypersonic flight aerodynamics as they apply to high-speed aircraft and space reentry vehicles Tilt rotor aircraft aerodynamics and design New alloys and processes used in aircraft such as powered aluminum and friction stir welding Relevant ICAO/EASA (European and international) rules and regulations including maintenance and repair organizations (MROs), the NASA safety reporting system, ATA systems, the electronic document retrieval system, and recordkeeping systems Ground handling and safety for large, airline-style aircraft New alternative fuels under development including bio and other synthetic fuels FAA Airframe and Powerplant certification requirements needed to perform and approve aircraft maintenance

Understanding Flight, Second Edition

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Author :
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071626972
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (716 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Flight, Second Edition by : David W. Anderson

Download or read book Understanding Flight, Second Edition written by David W. Anderson and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2009-05-01 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover how planes get--and stay--airborne Now you can truly master an understanding of the phenomenon of flight. This practical guide is the most intuitive introduction to basic flight mechanics available. Understanding Flight, Second Edition, explains the principles of aeronautics in terms, descriptions, and illustrations that make sense--without complicated mathematics. Updated to include helicopter flight fundamentals and aircraft structures, this aviation classic is required reading for new pilots, students, engineers, and anyone fascinated with flight. Understanding Flight, Second Edition, covers: Physics of flight Wing design and configuration Stability and control Propulsion High-speed flight Performance and safety Aerodynamic testing Helicopters and autogyros Aircraft structures and materials

Picture-Perfect Science Lessons

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Author :
Publisher : NSTA Press
ISBN 13 : 1936137720
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (361 download)

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Book Synopsis Picture-Perfect Science Lessons by : Karen Rohrich Ansberry

Download or read book Picture-Perfect Science Lessons written by Karen Rohrich Ansberry and published by NSTA Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this newly revised and expanded 2nd edition of Picture-Perfect Science Lessons, classroom veterans Karen Ansberry and Emily Morgan, who also coach teachers through nationwide workshops, offer time-crunched elementary educators comprehensive background notes to each chapter, new reading strategies, and show how to combine science and reading in a natural way with classroom-tested lessons in physical science, life science, and Earth and space science.

Human Performance and Limitations in Aviation

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1405147342
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Performance and Limitations in Aviation by : R. D. Campbell

Download or read book Human Performance and Limitations in Aviation written by R. D. Campbell and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human error is cited as a major cause in over 70% of accidents, andit is widely agreed that a better understanding of humancapabilities and limitations - both physical and psychological -would help reduce human error and improve flight safety. This book was first published when the UK Civil AviationAuthority introduced an examination in human performance andlimitations for all private and professional pilot licences. Nowthe Joint Aviation Authorities of Europe have published a newsyllabus as part of their Joint Aviation Requirements for FlightCrew Licensing. The book has been completely revised and rewritten to takeaccount of the new syllabus. The coverage of basic aviationpsychology has been greatly expanded, and the section on aviationphysiology now includes topics on the high altitude environment andon health maintenance. Throughout, the text avoids excessive jargonand technical language. "There is no doubt that this book provides an excellent basicunderstanding of the human body, its limitations, the psychologicalprocesses and how they interact with the aviation environment. I amcurrently studying for my ATPL Ground Exams and I found this bookto be an invaluable aid. It is equally useful for those studyingfor the PPL and for all pilots who would like to be reminded oftheir physiological and psychological limitations." –General Aviation, June 2002

Handbook of Bird Biology

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118291042
Total Pages : 736 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Bird Biology by : Irby J. Lovette

Download or read book Handbook of Bird Biology written by Irby J. Lovette and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-06-27 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selected by Forbes.com as one of the 12 best books about birds and birding in 2016 This much-anticipated third edition of the Handbook of Bird Biology is an essential and comprehensive resource for everyone interested in learning more about birds, from casual bird watchers to formal students of ornithology. Wherever you study birds your enjoyment will be enhanced by a better understanding of the incredible diversity of avian lifestyles. Arising from the renowned Cornell Lab of Ornithology and authored by a team of experts from around the world, the Handbook covers all aspects of avian diversity, behaviour, ecology, evolution, physiology, and conservation. Using examples drawn from birds found in every corner of the globe, it explores and distills the many scientific discoveries that have made birds one of our best known - and best loved - parts of the natural world. This edition has been completely revised and is presented with more than 800 full color images. It provides readers with a tool for life-long learning about birds and is suitable for bird watchers and ornithology students, as well as for ecologists, conservationists, and resource managers who work with birds. The Handbook of Bird Biology is the companion volume to the Cornell Lab’s renowned distance learning course, Ornithology: Comprehensive Bird Biology.

Carbon Black

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135146261X
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbon Black by : Jean-Baptiste Donnet

Download or read book Carbon Black written by Jean-Baptiste Donnet and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this reference provides comprehensive examinations of developments in the processing and applications of carbon black, including the use of new analytical tools such as scanning tunnelling microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inverse gas chromatography.;Completely rewritten and updated by numerous experts in the field to reflect the enormous growth of the field since the publication of the previous edition, Carbon Black: discusses the mechanism of carbon black formation based on recent advances such as the discovery of fullerenes; elucidates micro- and macrostructure morphology and other physical characteristics; outlines the fractal geometry of carbon black as a new approach to characterization; reviews the effect of carbon black on the electrical and thermal conductivity of filled polymers; delineates the applications of carbon black in elastomers, plastics, and zerographic toners; and surveys possible health consequences of exposure to carbon black.;With over 1200 literature citations, tables, and figures, this resource is intended for physical, polymer, surface and colloid chemists; chemical and plastics engineers; spectroscopists; materials scientists; occupational safety and health physicians; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

A First Course in Turbulence

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Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262536307
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis A First Course in Turbulence by : Henk Tennekes

Download or read book A First Course in Turbulence written by Henk Tennekes and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2018-04-27 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book specifically designed to offer the student a smooth transitionary course between elementary fluid dynamics (which gives only last-minute attention to turbulence) and the professional literature on turbulent flow, where an advanced viewpoint is assumed. The subject of turbulence, the most forbidding in fluid dynamics, has usually proved treacherous to the beginner, caught in the whirls and eddies of its nonlinearities and statistical imponderables. This is the first book specifically designed to offer the student a smooth transitionary course between elementary fluid dynamics (which gives only last-minute attention to turbulence) and the professional literature on turbulent flow, where an advanced viewpoint is assumed. Moreover, the text has been developed for students, engineers, and scientists with different technical backgrounds and interests. Almost all flows, natural and man-made, are turbulent. Thus the subject is the concern of geophysical and environmental scientists (in dealing with atmospheric jet streams, ocean currents, and the flow of rivers, for example), of astrophysicists (in studying the photospheres of the sun and stars or mapping gaseous nebulae), and of engineers (in calculating pipe flows, jets, or wakes). Many such examples are discussed in the book. The approach taken avoids the difficulties of advanced mathematical development on the one side and the morass of experimental detail and empirical data on the other. As a result of following its midstream course, the text gives the student a physical understanding of the subject and deepens his intuitive insight into those problems that cannot now be rigorously solved. In particular, dimensional analysis is used extensively in dealing with those problems whose exact solution is mathematically elusive. Dimensional reasoning, scale arguments, and similarity rules are introduced at the beginning and are applied throughout. A discussion of Reynolds stress and the kinetic theory of gases provides the contrast needed to put mixing-length theory into proper perspective: the authors present a thorough comparison between the mixing-length models and dimensional analysis of shear flows. This is followed by an extensive treatment of vorticity dynamics, including vortex stretching and vorticity budgets. Two chapters are devoted to boundary-free shear flows and well-bounded turbulent shear flows. The examples presented include wakes, jets, shear layers, thermal plumes, atmospheric boundary layers, pipe and channel flow, and boundary layers in pressure gradients. The spatial structure of turbulent flow has been the subject of analysis in the book up to this point, at which a compact but thorough introduction to statistical methods is given. This prepares the reader to understand the stochastic and spectral structure of turbulence. The remainder of the book consists of applications of the statistical approach to the study of turbulent transport (including diffusion and mixing) and turbulent spectra.