The Role And Origin Of Microglia In Retinal Neurodegenerative Disorders

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ROLE & ORIGIN OF MICROGLIA IN

Author : Bo Peng
Publisher : Open Dissertation Press
ISBN 13 : 9781361025123
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (251 download)

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Book Synopsis ROLE & ORIGIN OF MICROGLIA IN by : Bo Peng

Download or read book ROLE & ORIGIN OF MICROGLIA IN written by Bo Peng and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "The Role and Origin of Microglia in Retinal Neurodegenerative Disorders" by Bo, Peng, 彭勃, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Microglia are the mononuclear phagocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), which constitute the first defense line of the innate immune system. In neurodegenerative disorders, microglia react rapidly and exert protective roles by scavenging pathogens and cell debris. However, the over-activated microglia in chronic neurodegenerative disorders produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and exacerbate neuronal loss. Thus, a dual role of microglia complicates the microglial contribution to neurodegeneration. In the present studies, we investigated the role of microglia in retinal neurodegenerative disorders. We first studied the role of microglial activation in retinitis pigmentosa (RP), an inherited photoreceptor-degenerative disease. In some RP patients, rod-specific genetic mutations lead to rod degeneration followed by cone death. It has been previously shown that microglia respond to pathological disruptions and become activated in RP. However, the role of microglial activation in RP remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the contribution of microglial activation to photoreceptor degeneration in the rd10 mouse model of RP. First, we found microglial activation was an early event prior to photoreceptor death in RP retinas. Pharmacological suppression of microglial activation by minocycline ameliorated photoreceptor degeneration preserved photoreceptor structure and improved retinal function and visual behavior in the rd10 mouse. Second, we determined that the neuroprotective effects of minocycline were exerted via both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. Third, we found that Cx3cr1 deficiency enhanced microglial neurotoxicity and subsequently accelerated photoreceptor loss in rd10 mice, suggesting that the fractalkine/Cx3cr1 signaling pathway might protect microglial from activation. Collectively, we concluded that suppression of microglial activation could be a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of human RP. Microglia respond to neural insults by rapidly changing their phenotype and contributing to inflammation. However, the origin of activated microglia in the CNS is hotly debated. In the other study, we investigated the origin of activated microglia in the optic nerve transection (ONT) model. The ONT induces the retrograde degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In response to RGC degeneration, retinal microglia were activated and exhibited a rod microglia phenotype, which displayed sausage-shaped cell bodies and slender processes and aligned parallelly with the axon bundles of RGCs. We first characterized temporal and spatial appearances of rod microglia in the ONT model. We found that rod microglia were capable of phagocytosing RGC debris. Moreover, we found that retinal resident microglia rather than bone-marrow-derived precursors were the major contributor to microgliosis. Collectively, this study sheds light on the function and origin of activated microglia in neurodegeneration, which may facilitate therapeutic interventions aiming at restraining the neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. Subjects: Retinitis pigmentosa Retinal degeneration Microglia

The Role and Origin of Microglia in Retinal Neurodegenerative Disorders

Author : 彭勃
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (938 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role and Origin of Microglia in Retinal Neurodegenerative Disorders by : 彭勃

Download or read book The Role and Origin of Microglia in Retinal Neurodegenerative Disorders written by 彭勃 and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Microglia in Health and Disease: A Unique Immune Cell Population

Author : Alessandro Michelucci
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889456013
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Microglia in Health and Disease: A Unique Immune Cell Population by : Alessandro Michelucci

Download or read book Microglia in Health and Disease: A Unique Immune Cell Population written by Alessandro Michelucci and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-10-05 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microglia are essential for the development and function of the adult brain. Their ontogeny, together with the absence of turnover from the periphery and the singular environment of the central nervous system (CNS), make microglia a unique cell population compared to other tissue-macrophages. The unique properties and functions of microglial cells, such as their role in synaptic pruning or the exceptional capacity to scan the brain parenchyma and rapidly react to its perturbations, have emerged in recent years. In the coming years, understanding how microglia acquire and maintain their unique profiles in order to fulfil distinct tasks in the healthy CNS and how these are altered in disease, will be essential to develop strategies to diagnose or treat CNS disorders with an immunological component. This Research Topic covers several aspects of microglial biology, ranging from their origin and the functional role of microglia during development and lifespan, their molecular properties compared with other brain and peripheral immune cells to microglial phenotypes and functional states in neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumours. In conclusion, the present Research Topic provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of several cellular and molecular mechanisms that make microglia a unique immune cell population within the healthy CNS as well as under inflammatory, neurodegenerative and tumorigenic processes.

Patterning and Cell Type Specification in the Developing CNS and PNS

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123973481
Total Pages : 993 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Patterning and Cell Type Specification in the Developing CNS and PNS by :

Download or read book Patterning and Cell Type Specification in the Developing CNS and PNS written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-05-06 with total page 993 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of neural development are essential for understanding evolution and disorders of neural systems. Recent advances in genetic, molecular, and cell biological methods have generated a massive increase in new information, but there is a paucity of comprehensive and up-to-date syntheses, references, and historical perspectives on this important subject. The Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience series is designed to fill this gap, offering the most thorough coverage of this field on the market today and addressing all aspects of how the nervous system and its components develop. Particular attention is paid to the effects of abnormal development and on new psychiatric/neurological treatments being developed based on our increased understanding of developmental mechanisms. Each volume in the series consists of review style articles that average 15-20pp and feature numerous illustrations and full references. Volume 1 offers 48 high level articles devoted mainly to patterning and cell type specification in the developing central and peripheral nervous systems. Series offers 144 articles for 2904 full color pages addressing ways in which the nervous system and its components develop Features leading experts in various subfields as Section Editors and article Authors All articles peer reviewed by Section Editors to ensure accuracy, thoroughness, and scholarship Volume 1 sections include coverage of mechanisms which: control regional specification, regulate proliferation of neuronal progenitors and control differentiation and survival of specific neuronal subtypes, and controlling development of non-neural cells

Etiology of Parkinson's Disease

Author : Jonas H. Ellenberg
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824788230
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (882 download)

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Book Synopsis Etiology of Parkinson's Disease by : Jonas H. Ellenberg

Download or read book Etiology of Parkinson's Disease written by Jonas H. Ellenberg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1995-03-01 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive reference provides a detailed overview of current concepts regarding the cause of Parkinson's disease-emphasizing the issues involved in the design, implementation, and analysis of epidemiological studies of parkinsonism.

Mononuclear Phagocyte Biology

Author : Alvin Volkman
Publisher : Marcel Dekker
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Mononuclear Phagocyte Biology by : Alvin Volkman

Download or read book Mononuclear Phagocyte Biology written by Alvin Volkman and published by Marcel Dekker. This book was released on 1984 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Webvision

Author : Helga Kolb
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Webvision by : Helga Kolb

Download or read book Webvision written by Helga Kolb and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Retinal Degenerative Diseases

Author : Matthew M. LaVail
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461406315
Total Pages : 867 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Retinal Degenerative Diseases by : Matthew M. LaVail

Download or read book Retinal Degenerative Diseases written by Matthew M. LaVail and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-12-21 with total page 867 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will contain the proceedings of the XIV International Symposium on Retinal Degeneration (RD2010), held July 13-17, 2010, in Mont-Tremblant, Quebec, Canada. The volume will present representative state-of-the-art research in almost all areas of retinal degenerations, ranging from cytopathologic, physiologic, diagnostic and clinical aspects; animal models; mechanisms of cell death; candidate genes, cloning, mapping and other aspects of molecular genetics; and developing potential therapeutic measures such as gene therapy and neuroprotective agents for potential pharmaceutical therapy.

Progressive Brain Disorders in Childhood

Author : Juan M. Pascual
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107042054
Total Pages : 507 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Progressive Brain Disorders in Childhood by : Juan M. Pascual

Download or read book Progressive Brain Disorders in Childhood written by Juan M. Pascual and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-20 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A review of childhood neurodegenerative and other progressive but non-degenerative disorders to guide their diagnosis and management.

White Matter Diseases

Author : Massimo Filippi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303038621X
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis White Matter Diseases by : Massimo Filippi

Download or read book White Matter Diseases written by Massimo Filippi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-13 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides cutting-edge information on the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures and treatment approaches for the main white matter (WM) disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). WM lesions are associated with many neurological conditions, and with aging. The diagnostic work-up of neurological diseases characterized by the presence of these lesions has changed dramatically over the past few years. This is mainly due on the one hand to the discovery of specific pathogenetic factors in some of these conditions, and on the order to the optimized use of diagnostic tools. All of this has resulted in new diagnostic algorithms, and in the identification of new neurological conditions. The book offers neurologists essential guidance in the diagnosis and treatment of the most frequent WM conditions, promoting their correct and cost-saving diagnosis and management. By integrating neurological, laboratory and imaging concepts with the demands of accurate diagnosis, this reference guide provides a state-of-the-art overview of the current state of knowledge on these conditions, as well as practical guidelines for their diagnosis and treatment.

The Biology of Multiple Sclerosis

Author : Gregory Atkins
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139851063
Total Pages : 141 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis The Biology of Multiple Sclerosis by : Gregory Atkins

Download or read book The Biology of Multiple Sclerosis written by Gregory Atkins and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-11-08 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiple sclerosis is the most common debilitating neurological disease in people under the age of forty in the developed world. Many publications cover medical and clinical approaches to the disease; however, The Biology of Multiple Sclerosis provides a clear and concise up-to-date overview of the scientific literature on the various theories of MS pathogenesis. Covering the main elements of scientific research into multiple sclerosis, the book contains chapters on the neuropathology of the disease as well as an account of the most extensively used animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The book contains chapters regarding the role of viruses in the development of multiple sclerosis. Viruses have long been implicated and chapters on animal models based on virus infection, as well as their possible role in the etiology of MS, are included. Of interest to MS researchers, the book is written to also be of value to postgraduate and medical students.

Retinal Immunobiology and Retinopathy

Author : Andrew W. Taylor
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889715159
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Retinal Immunobiology and Retinopathy by : Andrew W. Taylor

Download or read book Retinal Immunobiology and Retinopathy written by Andrew W. Taylor and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-10-20 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Topic Editor Andrew Taylor has a sponsored research agreement and is a consultant with Palatin Technologies Inc. in Cranbury, New Jersey. All other Topic Editors declare no competing interests with regards to the Research Topic subject.

Translocator Protein (TSPO)

Author : Giovanni Natile
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3038427578
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Translocator Protein (TSPO) by : Giovanni Natile

Download or read book Translocator Protein (TSPO) written by Giovanni Natile and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-03-05 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Translocator Protein (TSPO)" that was published in IJMS

Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases

Author : Israel Hanin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475791453
Total Pages : 690 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases by : Israel Hanin

Download or read book Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases written by Israel Hanin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents the third in a series of International Conferences related to Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases. The first one took place in Eilat, Israel, in 1985; and the second one in Kyoto, Japan, in 1989. This book contains the full text of oral and poster presentations from the Third International Conference on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: Recent Developments, held in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. on November 1-6, 1993. The Chicago Conference was attended by 270 participants. The Scientific Program was divided into nine oral sessions, a keynote presentation, and a poster session. The conference culminated in a Round Table Discussion involving all of the participants in the conference. The four and one-half day meeting served as an excellent medium for surveying the current status of clinical and preclinical developments in AD and PD. There were 59 oral presentations and 93 posters. This book incorporates a majority of both.

Photobiomodulation in the Brain

Author : Michael R. Hamblin
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128153067
Total Pages : 656 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Photobiomodulation in the Brain by : Michael R. Hamblin

Download or read book Photobiomodulation in the Brain written by Michael R. Hamblin and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-07-13 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photobiomodulation in the Brain: Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy in Neurology and Neuroscience presents the fundamentals of photobiomodulation and the diversity of applications in which light can be implemented in the brain. It will serve as a reference for future research in the area, providing the basic foundations readers need to understand photobiomodulation’s science-based evidence, practical applications and related adaptations to specific therapeutic interventions. The book covers the mechanisms of action of photobiomodulation to the brain, and includes chapters describing the pre-clinical studies and clinical trials that have been undertaken for diverse brain disorders, including traumatic events, degenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Provides a much-needed reference on photobiomodulation with an unprecedented focus on the brain and its disorders Features a body of world-renowned editors and chapter authors that promote research, policy and funding Discusses the recent and rapid accumulation of literature in this area of research and the shift towards the use of non-invasive techniques in therapy

Neuroprotection

Author : Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789847362
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroprotection by : Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang

Download or read book Neuroprotection written by Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-08-28 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuroprotection is a strategy to prevent or delay the progression of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, acute neurological disorders, or even mental disorders. The major aim of this book is to focus on different approaches to achieve neuroprotection. In this book, there are chapters discussing imidazoline ligands and opioid ligands in Alzheimer's disease, the beneficial effects of adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists modulating microglial responses, and different approaches to achieve neuroprotection against aging-associated macular degeneration. This book will give insights to scientists in the field to stimulate their research, medical professionals to review their clinical practices, and others who would like to learn more about different neuroprotective approaches.

Magnesium in the Central Nervous System

Author : Robert Vink
Publisher : University of Adelaide Press
ISBN 13 : 0987073052
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Magnesium in the Central Nervous System by : Robert Vink

Download or read book Magnesium in the Central Nervous System written by Robert Vink and published by University of Adelaide Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain is the most complex organ in our body. Indeed, it is perhaps the most complex structure we have ever encountered in nature. Both structurally and functionally, there are many peculiarities that differentiate the brain from all other organs. The brain is our connection to the world around us and by governing nervous system and higher function, any disturbance induces severe neurological and psychiatric disorders that can have a devastating effect on quality of life. Our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the brain has improved dramatically in the last two decades. In particular, the critical role of cations, including magnesium, has become evident, even if incompletely understood at a mechanistic level. The exact role and regulation of magnesium, in particular, remains elusive, largely because intracellular levels are so difficult to routinely quantify. Nonetheless, the importance of magnesium to normal central nervous system activity is self-evident given the complicated homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the concentration of this cation within strict limits essential for normal physiology and metabolism. There is also considerable accumulating evidence to suggest alterations to some brain functions in both normal and pathological conditions may be linked to alterations in local magnesium concentration. This book, containing chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field of magnesium research, brings together the latest in experimental and clinical magnesium research as it relates to the central nervous system. It offers a complete and updated view of magnesiums involvement in central nervous system function and in so doing, brings together two main pillars of contemporary neuroscience research, namely providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms involved in brain function, and emphasizing the connections between the molecular changes and behavior. It is the untiring efforts of those magnesium researchers who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the mysteries of magnesiums role in biological systems that has inspired the collation of this volume of work.