The Relocation Of Native Peoples Of North America

Download The Relocation Of Native Peoples Of North America full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Relocation Of Native Peoples Of North America ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Indians on the Move

Author : Douglas K. Miller
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469651394
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Indians on the Move by : Douglas K. Miller

Download or read book Indians on the Move written by Douglas K. Miller and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2019-02-20 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1972, the Bureau of Indian Affairs terminated its twenty-year-old Voluntary Relocation Program, which encouraged the mass migration of roughly 100,000 Native American people from rural to urban areas. At the time the program ended, many groups--from government leaders to Red Power activists--had already classified it as a failure, and scholars have subsequently positioned the program as evidence of America's enduring settler-colonial project. But Douglas K. Miller here argues that a richer story should be told--one that recognizes Indigenous mobility in terms of its benefits and not merely its costs. In their collective refusal to accept marginality and destitution on reservations, Native Americans used the urban relocation program to take greater control of their socioeconomic circumstances. Indigenous migrants also used the financial, educational, and cultural resources they found in cities to feed new expressions of Indigenous sovereignty both off and on the reservation. The dynamic histories of everyday people at the heart of this book shed new light on the adaptability of mobile Native American communities. In the end, this is a story of shared experience across tribal lines, through which Indigenous people incorporated urban life into their ideas for Indigenous futures.

Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory

Author : Claudio Saunt
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393609855
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (936 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory by : Claudio Saunt

Download or read book Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory written by Claudio Saunt and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2020-03-24 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2021 Bancroft Prize and the 2021 Ridenhour Book Prize Finalist for the 2020 National Book Award for Nonfiction Named a Top Ten Best Book of 2020 by the Washington Post and Publishers Weekly and a New York Times Critics' Top Book of 2020 A masterful and unsettling history of “Indian Removal,” the forced migration of Native Americans across the Mississippi River in the 1830s and the state-sponsored theft of their lands. In May 1830, the United States launched an unprecedented campaign to expel 80,000 Native Americans from their eastern homelands to territories west of the Mississippi River. In a firestorm of fraud and violence, thousands of Native Americans lost their lives, and thousands more lost their farms and possessions. The operation soon devolved into an unofficial policy of extermination, enabled by US officials, southern planters, and northern speculators. Hailed for its searing insight, Unworthy Republic transforms our understanding of this pivotal period in American history.

Atlas of the United States

Author : Rand Mcnally
Publisher : Rand McNally
ISBN 13 : 9780528016653
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (166 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Atlas of the United States by : Rand Mcnally

Download or read book Atlas of the United States written by Rand Mcnally and published by Rand McNally. This book was released on 2016-10-26 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atlas of the United States ] Grades 3-6 Atlas Features: [€[Extensive coverage of the United States and its regions through maps, photos, graphs, and text [€[Section on map & globe skills covers topics such as directions, scale, and how to read thematic maps [€[World map section features physical, political, and thematic maps [€[10 U.S. history maps [€[Eye-catching photos, engaging text, and fascinating "Time to Explore" features help to engage students [€[128 pages, paperback, 8.5" x 10 7/8"

An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (10th Anniversary Edition)

Author : Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 0807013145
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (10th Anniversary Edition) by : Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz

Download or read book An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States (10th Anniversary Edition) written by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2023-10-03 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York Times Bestseller Now part of the HBO docuseries "Exterminate All the Brutes," written and directed by Raoul Peck Recipient of the American Book Award The first history of the United States told from the perspective of indigenous peoples Today in the United States, there are more than five hundred federally recognized Indigenous nations comprising nearly three million people, descendants of the fifteen million Native people who once inhabited this land. The centuries-long genocidal program of the US settler-colonial regimen has largely been omitted from history. Now, for the first time, acclaimed historian and activist Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz offers a history of the United States told from the perspective of Indigenous peoples and reveals how Native Americans, for centuries, actively resisted expansion of the US empire. With growing support for movements such as the campaign to abolish Columbus Day and replace it with Indigenous Peoples’ Day and the Dakota Access Pipeline protest led by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States is an essential resource providing historical threads that are crucial for understanding the present. In An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States, Dunbar-Ortiz adroitly challenges the founding myth of the United States and shows how policy against the Indigenous peoples was colonialist and designed to seize the territories of the original inhabitants, displacing or eliminating them. And as Dunbar-Ortiz reveals, this policy was praised in popular culture, through writers like James Fenimore Cooper and Walt Whitman, and in the highest offices of government and the military. Shockingly, as the genocidal policy reached its zenith under President Andrew Jackson, its ruthlessness was best articulated by US Army general Thomas S. Jesup, who, in 1836, wrote of the Seminoles: “The country can be rid of them only by exterminating them.” Spanning more than four hundred years, this classic bottom-up peoples’ history radically reframes US history and explodes the silences that have haunted our national narrative. An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States is a 2015 PEN Oakland-Josephine Miles Award for Excellence in Literature.

Land Too Good for Indians

Author : John P. Bowes
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806154284
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Land Too Good for Indians by : John P. Bowes

Download or read book Land Too Good for Indians written by John P. Bowes and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2016-05-10 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of Indian removal has often followed a single narrative arc, one that begins with President Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal Act of 1830 and follows the Cherokee Trail of Tears. In that conventional account, the Black Hawk War of 1832 encapsulates the experience of tribes in the territories north of the Ohio River. But Indian removal in the Old Northwest was much more complicated—involving many Indian peoples and more than just one policy, event, or politician. In Land Too Good for Indians, historian John P. Bowes takes a long-needed closer, more expansive look at northern Indian removal—and in so doing amplifies the history of Indian removal and of the United States. Bowes focuses on four case studies that exemplify particular elements of removal in the Old Northwest. He traces the paths taken by Delaware Indians in response to Euro-American expansion and U.S. policies in the decades prior to the Indian Removal Act. He also considers the removal experience among the Seneca-Cayugas, Wyandots, and other Indian communities in the Sandusky River region of northwestern Ohio. Bowes uses the 1833 Treaty of Chicago as a lens through which to examine the forces that drove the divergent removals of various Potawatomi communities from northern Illinois and Indiana. And in exploring the experiences of the Odawas and Ojibwes in Michigan Territory, he analyzes the historical context and choices that enabled some Indian communities to avoid relocation west of the Mississippi River. In expanding the context of removal to include the Old Northwest, and adding a portrait of Native communities there before, during, and after removal, Bowes paints a more accurate—and complicated—picture of American Indian history in the nineteenth century. Land Too Good for Indians reveals the deeper complexities of this crucial time in American history.

Indian Removal

Author : Grant Foreman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Indian Removal by : Grant Foreman

Download or read book Indian Removal written by Grant Foreman and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The forcible uprooting and expulsion of the 60,000 Indians comprising the Five Civilized Tribes, including the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole, unfolded a story that was unparalleled in the history of the United States. The tribes were relocated to Oklahoma and there were chroniclers to record the events and tragedy along the "Trail of Tears."

Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian

Author : Gary Clayton Anderson
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806145080
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian by : Gary Clayton Anderson

Download or read book Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian written by Gary Clayton Anderson and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2014-03-10 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mention “ethnic cleansing” and most Americans are likely to think of “sectarian” or “tribal” conflict in some far-off locale plagued by unstable or corrupt government. According to historian Gary Clayton Anderson, however, the United States has its own legacy of ethnic cleansing, and it involves American Indians. In Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian, Anderson uses ethnic cleansing as an analytical tool to challenge the alluring idea that Anglo-American colonialism in the New World constituted genocide. Beginning with the era of European conquest, Anderson employs definitions of ethnic cleansing developed by the United Nations and the International Criminal Court to reassess key moments in the Anglo-American dispossession of American Indians. Euro-Americans’ extensive use of violence against Native peoples is well documented. Yet Anderson argues that the inevitable goal of colonialism and U.S. Indian policy was not to exterminate a population, but to obtain land and resources from the Native peoples recognized as having legitimate possession. The clashes between Indians, settlers, and colonial and U.S. governments, and subsequent dispossession and forcible migration of Natives, fit the modern definition of ethnic cleansing. To support the case for ethnic cleansing over genocide, Anderson begins with English conquerors’ desire to push Native peoples to the margin of settlement, a violent project restrained by the Enlightenment belief that all humans possess a “natural right” to life. Ethnic cleansing comes into greater analytical focus as Anderson engages every major period of British and U.S. Indian policy, especially armed conflict on the American frontier where government soldiers and citizen militias alike committed acts that would be considered war crimes today. Drawing on a lifetime of research and thought about U.S.-Indian relations, Anderson analyzes the Jacksonian “Removal” policy, the gold rush in California, the dispossession of Oregon Natives, boarding schools and other “benevolent” forms of ethnic cleansing, and land allotment. Although not amounting to genocide, ethnic cleansing nevertheless encompassed a host of actions that would be deemed criminal today, all of which had long-lasting consequences for Native peoples.

I've Been Here All the While

Author : Alaina E. Roberts
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812297989
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis I've Been Here All the While by : Alaina E. Roberts

Download or read book I've Been Here All the While written by Alaina E. Roberts and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2021-03-12 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perhaps no other symbol has more resonance in African American history than that of "40 acres and a mule"—the lost promise of Black reparations for slavery after the Civil War. In I've Been Here All the While, we meet the Black people who actually received this mythic 40 acres, the American settlers who coveted this land, and the Native Americans whose holdings it originated from. In nineteenth-century Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma), a story unfolds that ties African American and Native American history tightly together, revealing a western theatre of Civil War and Reconstruction, in which Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole Indians, their Black slaves, and African Americans and whites from the eastern United States fought military and rhetorical battles to lay claim to land that had been taken from others. Through chapters that chart cycles of dispossession, land seizure, and settlement in Indian Territory, Alaina E. Roberts draws on archival research and family history to upend the traditional story of Reconstruction. She connects debates about Black freedom and Native American citizenship to westward expansion onto Native land. As Black, white, and Native people constructed ideas of race, belonging, and national identity, this part of the West became, for a short time, the last place where Black people could escape Jim Crow, finding land and exercising political rights, until Oklahoma statehood in 1907.

Encyclopedia of Native Tribes of North America

Author : Michael Johnson
Publisher : Firefly Books
ISBN 13 : 9781770854611
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (546 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Native Tribes of North America by : Michael Johnson

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Native Tribes of North America written by Michael Johnson and published by Firefly Books. This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for the first edition: "A model of excellence in the art of reference volume publishing ... Every public and school library ... should acquire this treasure. It will remain the standard for many years to come." -- Dr. James A. Clifton, Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University "This substantial reference remains one of the most elaborately illustrated books on Native Americans now in print... Highly recommended." -- Library Journal This superb, fully illustrated reference offers the most up-to-date and essential facts on the identity, kinships, locations, populations and cultural characteristics of some 400 separately identifiable peoples native to the North American continent, both living and extinct, from the Canadian Arctic to the Rio Grande. This revised edition adds 32 pages, updates all facts and provides improved illustrations and maps. The abundance of illustrations and photographs form an especially rich store of material describing the vast range of Native American material culture. The maps are valuable pictorial representations of major historical events. Population and settlement trends based on the most recent US Census paint detailed portraits of all officially recognized tribes. The book includes: More than 300 color and archival photographs, many of them improved selections Extensive visual coverage of tribal dress and cultural artifacts 21 regional maps, including prehistoric cultural and historic sites and tribe distribution maps, as well as maps showing movement of tribes and non-indigenous troops during conflicts, all updated as needed More than 100 specially commissioned color illustrations, also improved as needed. This is one of the most comprehensive, up-to-date and useful references published in recent years. Scholarly and accessible, it is an important record of the Native American peoples and an essential purchase for schools and libraries.

Indian Metropolis

Author : James B. LaGrand
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 9780252027727
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (277 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Indian Metropolis by : James B. LaGrand

Download or read book Indian Metropolis written by James B. LaGrand and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "More than an outgrowth of public policy implemented by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the exodus of American Indians from reservations to cities was linked to broader patterns of social and political change after World War II. Indian Metropolis places the Indian people within the context of many of the twentieth century's major themes, including rural to urban migration, the expansion of the wage labor economy, increased participation in and acceptance of political radicalism, and growing interest in ethnic nationalism."--Jacket.

After the Trail of Tears

Author : William G. McLoughlin
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 146961734X
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis After the Trail of Tears by : William G. McLoughlin

Download or read book After the Trail of Tears written by William G. McLoughlin and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2014-07-01 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This powerful narrative traces the social, cultural, and political history of the Cherokee Nation during the forty-year period after its members were forcibly removed from the southern Appalachians and resettled in what is now Oklahoma. In this master work, completed just before his death, William McLoughlin not only explains how the Cherokees rebuilt their lives and society, but also recounts their fight to govern themselves as a separate nation within the borders of the United States. Long regarded by whites as one of the 'civilized' tribes, the Cherokees had their own constitution (modeled after that of the United States), elected officials, and legal system. Once re-settled, they attempted to reestablish these institutions and continued their long struggle for self-government under their own laws--an idea that met with bitter opposition from frontier politicians, settlers, ranchers, and business leaders. After an extremely divisive fight within their own nation during the Civil War, Cherokees faced internal political conflicts as well as the destructive impact of an influx of new settlers and the expansion of the railroad. McLoughlin brings the story up to 1880, when the nation's fight for the right to govern itself ended in defeat at the hands of Congress.

A Mind Spread Out on the Ground

Author : Alicia Elliott
Publisher : Melville House
ISBN 13 : 161219866X
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (121 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis A Mind Spread Out on the Ground by : Alicia Elliott

Download or read book A Mind Spread Out on the Ground written by Alicia Elliott and published by Melville House. This book was released on 2020-08-04 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In her raw, unflinching memoir . . . she tells the impassioned, wrenching story of the mental health crisis within her own family and community . . . A searing cry." —New York Times Book Review The Mohawk phrase for depression can be roughly translated to "a mind spread out on the ground." In this urgent and visceral work, Alicia Elliott explores how apt a description that is for the ongoing effects of personal, intergenerational, and colonial traumas she and so many Native people have experienced. Elliott's deeply personal writing details a life spent between Indigenous and white communities, a divide reflected in her own family, and engages with such wide-ranging topics as race, parenthood, love, art, mental illness, poverty, sexual assault, gentrification, and representation. Throughout, she makes thrilling connections both large and small between the past and present, the personal and political. A national bestseller in Canada, this updated and expanded American edition helps us better understand legacy, oppression, and racism throughout North America, and offers us a profound new way to decolonize our minds.

North American Indian Tribes of the Great Lakes

Author : Michael G Johnson
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1780964994
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis North American Indian Tribes of the Great Lakes by : Michael G Johnson

Download or read book North American Indian Tribes of the Great Lakes written by Michael G Johnson and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2012-02-20 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book details the growth of the European Fur trade in North America and how it drew the Native Americans who lived in the Great Lakes region, notably the Huron, Dakota, Sauk and Fox, Miami and Shawnee tribes into the colonial European Wars. During the French and Indian War, the American Revolution, and the War of 1812, these tribes took sides and became important allies of the warring nations. However, slowly the Indians were pushed westward by the encroachment of more settlers. This tension finally culminated in the 1832 Black Hawk's War, which ended with the deportation of many tribes to distant reservations.

Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States

Author : Julie Koppel Maldonado
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319052667
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States by : Julie Koppel Maldonado

Download or read book Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States written by Julie Koppel Maldonado and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-04-05 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a long history and deep connection to the Earth’s resources, indigenous peoples have an intimate understanding and ability to observe the impacts linked to climate change. Traditional ecological knowledge and tribal experience play a key role in developing future scientific solutions for adaptation to the impacts. The book explores climate-related issues for indigenous communities in the United States, including loss of traditional knowledge, forests and ecosystems, food security and traditional foods, as well as water, Arctic sea ice loss, permafrost thaw and relocation. The book also highlights how tribal communities and programs are responding to the changing environments. Fifty authors from tribal communities, academia, government agencies and NGOs contributed to the book. Previously published in Climatic Change, Volume 120, Issue 3, 2013.

The Other Trail of Tears

Author : Mary Stockwell
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781594162589
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Other Trail of Tears by : Mary Stockwell

Download or read book The Other Trail of Tears written by Mary Stockwell and published by . This book was released on 2016-03-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Story of the Longest and Largest Forced Migration of Native Americans in American History The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was the culmination of the United States' policy to force native populations to relocate west of the Mississippi River. The most well-known episode in the eviction of American Indians in the East was the notorious "Trail of Tears" along which Southeastern Indians were driven from their homes in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to reservations in present-day Oklahoma. But the struggle in the South was part of a wider story that reaches back in time to the closing months of the War of 1812, back through many states--most notably Ohio--and into the lives of so many tribes, including the Delaware, Seneca, Shawnee, Ottawa, and Wyandot (Huron). They, too, were forced to depart from their homes in the Ohio Country to Kansas and Oklahoma. The Other Trail of Tears: The Removal of the Ohio Indians by award-winning historian Mary Stockwell tells the story of this region's historic tribes as they struggled following the death of Tecumseh and the unraveling of his tribal confederacy in 1813. At the peace negotiations in Ghent in 1814, Great Britain was unable to secure a permanent homeland for the tribes in Ohio setting the stage for further treaties with the United States and encroachment by settlers. Over the course of three decades the Ohio Indians were forced to move to the West, with the Wyandot people ceding their last remaining lands in Ohio to the U.S. Government in the early 1850s. The book chronicles the history of Ohio's Indians and their interactions with settlers and U.S. agents in the years leading up to their official removal, and sheds light on the complexities of the process, with both individual tribes and the United States taking advantage of opportunities at different times. It is also the story of how the native tribes tried to come to terms with the fast pace of change on America's western frontier and the inevitable loss of their traditional homelands. While the tribes often disagreed with one another, they attempted to move toward the best possible future for all their people against the relentless press of settlers and limited time.

Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes

Author : Carl Waldman
Publisher : Infobase Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1438110103
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (381 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes by : Carl Waldman

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes written by Carl Waldman and published by Infobase Publishing. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, illustrated encyclopedia which provides information on over 150 native tribes of North America, including prehistoric peoples.

Facing East from Indian Country

Author : Daniel K. Richter
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674042727
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Facing East from Indian Country by : Daniel K. Richter

Download or read book Facing East from Indian Country written by Daniel K. Richter and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-01 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the beginning, North America was Indian country. But only in the beginning. After the opening act of the great national drama, Native Americans yielded to the westward rush of European settlers. Or so the story usually goes. Yet, for three centuries after Columbus, Native people controlled most of eastern North America and profoundly shaped its destiny. In Facing East from Indian Country, Daniel K. Richter keeps Native people center-stage throughout the story of the origins of the United States. Viewed from Indian country, the sixteenth century was an era in which Native people discovered Europeans and struggled to make sense of a new world. Well into the seventeenth century, the most profound challenges to Indian life came less from the arrival of a relative handful of European colonists than from the biological, economic, and environmental forces the newcomers unleashed. Drawing upon their own traditions, Indian communities reinvented themselves and carved out a place in a world dominated by transatlantic European empires. In 1776, however, when some of Britain's colonists rebelled against that imperial world, they overturned the system that had made Euro-American and Native coexistence possible. Eastern North America only ceased to be an Indian country because the revolutionaries denied the continent's first peoples a place in the nation they were creating. In rediscovering early America as Indian country, Richter employs the historian's craft to challenge cherished assumptions about times and places we thought we knew well, revealing Native American experiences at the core of the nation's birth and identity.