The Relationship Between Individual Differences In Cognitive Social And Personality Development And The Increase In Complexity Of Childrens Alcohol Expectancies

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The Relationship Between Individual Differences in Cognitive, Social and Personality Development and the Increase in Complexity of Children's Alcohol Expectancies

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Author : Nicole M. Bekman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

Book Synopsis The Relationship Between Individual Differences in Cognitive, Social and Personality Development and the Increase in Complexity of Children's Alcohol Expectancies by : Nicole M. Bekman

Download or read book The Relationship Between Individual Differences in Cognitive, Social and Personality Development and the Increase in Complexity of Children's Alcohol Expectancies written by Nicole M. Bekman and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: The current study aimed to simultaneously examine cognitive, social and personality development in a cross-sectional sample of 3rd, 4th and 5th grade children to explore the interplay among these processes and how they relate to changes in children's understanding of alcohol. To replicate previous work, this study comprehensively examined relative increases in types of expectancies as a function of development. Results demonstrated that children in higher grades held more positive, negative and sedating expectancies of alcohol and positive alcohol expectancies increased more than negative alcohol expectancies. Improved performance on cognitive measures were associated with positive alcohol expectancy endorsement, indicating that children's ability to incorporate positive beliefs about alcohol, which are conflicting with information typically taught to children in this age range, may be related to their ability to form and articulate concepts with age. Among male participants, sensation seeking increased with age and was strongly associated with positive ideas about alcohol use, such as wanting to experiment with alcohol or planning to drink as an adult. Social influences on alcohol expectancies included exposure to drinking. When children's parents drank more, they had higher positive, negative and sedating alcohol expectancies, indicating that they had a greater understanding of all potential consequences of drinking, while children whose friends drank had higher positive but not other types of expectancies. Additionally, children who turned to adults for advice held increasing levels of negative and sedating alcohol expectancies across age, while children who sought support from their peers showed higher levels of positive and arousing expectancies across age groups. The interplay between cognitive development and risk factors such as social awareness of alcohol, source of social influence, and sensation seeking personality begins to demonstrate key relationships to alcohol expectancies in late childhood. These social and personality risk factors are likely to play an even greater role in early adolescence as children move to middle school and experience puberty. This study provides a basis for future elaboration of the roles these constructs play in an individual's ability to understand the multifaceted expectations that are held in our society about the effects of alcohol on human behavior.

Reducing Underage Drinking

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Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309089352
Total Pages : 761 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

Book Synopsis Reducing Underage Drinking by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Reducing Underage Drinking written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-03-26 with total page 761 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol use by young people is extremely dangerous - both to themselves and society at large. Underage alcohol use is associated with traffic fatalities, violence, unsafe sex, suicide, educational failure, and other problem behaviors that diminish the prospects of future success, as well as health risks â€" and the earlier teens start drinking, the greater the danger. Despite these serious concerns, the media continues to make drinking look attractive to youth, and it remains possible and even easy for teenagers to get access to alcohol. Why is this dangerous behavior so pervasive? What can be done to prevent it? What will work and who is responsible for making sure it happens? Reducing Underage Drinking addresses these questions and proposes a new way to combat underage alcohol use. It explores the ways in which may different individuals and groups contribute to the problem and how they can be enlisted to prevent it. Reducing Underage Drinking will serve as both a game plan and a call to arms for anyone with an investment in youth health and safety.

Priming Expectancies

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Author : Ty Brumback
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (743 download)

Book Synopsis Priming Expectancies by : Ty Brumback

Download or read book Priming Expectancies written by Ty Brumback and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Investigations of the anticipated effects of alcohol indicate that cognitive frameworks are highly correlated with drinking and other variables associated with alcohol use, explaining up to 50% of the variance in drinking outcomes (Goldman, Darkes, & Del Boca, 1999; Goldman, 2002; Goldman et al., 2006; Goldman, Reich, & Darkes, 2006). Furthermore, alcohol expectancies appear to mediate the relationship between a variety of risk factors, such as sensation seeking, and alcohol outcomes (Darkes, Greenbaum, & Goldman, 2004). The current study examined the relationship of these cognitive networks with a physiological index of expectancy violation Participants were presented with statements reflecting a wide range of alcohol outcome effects, which either violated or confirmed the participant's own set of alcohol expectancies, while the ERPs evoked by these stimuli were recorded. As predicted, the P300 amplitude elicited by negative alcohol expectancy stimuli was positively correlated with the degree of endorsement of positive/arousing expectancies on the self-report measure. That is, the higher the individual's positive/arousing expectancies, the larger the P300 elicited by stimuli asserting the negative effects of alcohol. There was no significant correlation, however, between P300 amplitude elicited by positive alcohol expectancy vi stimuli and the degree of endorsement of negative/sedating expectancies on the selfreport measure. In addition, individual differences relating to alcohol expectancies were examined as well. These results were able to identify specific stimuli that violated expectancies for each individual, as well as those that tended to violate expectancies in systematic ways across subjects. These findings provide a way forward for more precise assessment and prediction based on the well developed cognitive model of Alcohol Expectancies. In sum, variations in the amplitude of the P300 were consistent with the model of Alcohol Expectancies. Words imputing negative/sedating effects of alcohol elicited a large P300 in individuals with higher positive alcohol expectancies. By indexing the brain's electrophysiological response sensitive to expectancy violations, these findings demonstrate concordance between verbal measures of alcohol expectancies, which by their very nature are introspective, and a psychophysiological index of expectancy thought to operate automatically and to be independent of overt responding.

The Genetics of Alcoholism

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Author : Henri Begleiter
Publisher : Alcohol and Alcoholism
ISBN 13 : 9780195088779
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (887 download)

Book Synopsis The Genetics of Alcoholism by : Henri Begleiter

Download or read book The Genetics of Alcoholism written by Henri Begleiter and published by Alcohol and Alcoholism. This book was released on 1995 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides an in-depth look at the genetic influences that contribute to the development of alcoholism. Part I: Epidemiologic Studies contains five chapters that examine the various approaches employed in the study of the genetics of alcoholism. It provides a historical perspectiveand details all the essentials of this subject. Part II: Selective Breeding Studies highlights the results of research involving the selective breeding of rodents. This type of research has produced homogenous strains exhibiting specific behavioral responses considered significant in thedevelopment and maintenance of alcohol dependence. The studies presented in Part III: Phenotypic Studies investigate and analyze phenotypic markers that serve as correlates to the genotypic determinants of alcoholism. Through its broad scope, this volume provides for the first time a panoramic viewof the knowledge available on the hereditary influences of alcoholism.

Adolescent Substance Use Disorders, An Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America

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Author : Yifrah Kaminer
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1455700207
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

Book Synopsis Adolescent Substance Use Disorders, An Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America by : Yifrah Kaminer

Download or read book Adolescent Substance Use Disorders, An Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America written by Yifrah Kaminer and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2010-06-29 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive issue on Substance Abuse in youth begins with articles on epidemiological trends, genetic risk factors, neurobiology of substance use disorders, and race and gender associations, and then provides detailed reviews on prevention and various treatment methodologies. Treatments discussed include individual and group interventions (motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy), contingency reinforcement, multidimentional family therapy, pharmacotherapy, and post-treatment aftercare. Also reviewed in detail are substance use disorders and psychiatric comorbidity. The issue then takes a close look at two emerging areas of concern in youth: gambling and internet occupation, and energy drink use. By all accounts, a must-read issue for psychiatrists everywhere.

Empirical Modeling of Children's Alcohol Expectancies

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Author : Michael Eric Dunn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (335 download)

Book Synopsis Empirical Modeling of Children's Alcohol Expectancies by : Michael Eric Dunn

Download or read book Empirical Modeling of Children's Alcohol Expectancies written by Michael Eric Dunn and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Examining the Interface Between Alcohol Expectancies, Psychophysiological Reactivity to Alcohol Picture Cues, and Risk for Substance Use Disorders

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Author : Ashlee C. Carter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (678 download)

Book Synopsis Examining the Interface Between Alcohol Expectancies, Psychophysiological Reactivity to Alcohol Picture Cues, and Risk for Substance Use Disorders by : Ashlee C. Carter

Download or read book Examining the Interface Between Alcohol Expectancies, Psychophysiological Reactivity to Alcohol Picture Cues, and Risk for Substance Use Disorders written by Ashlee C. Carter and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: The study examined the overlap between cognitive and affective measures of alcohol expectancies as they related to risk for developing alcohol use disorders. It was hypothesized that cognitive-based, paper-and-pencil measures and appetitive psychophysiological reactivity to alcohol cues would correlate and independently correlate to drinking behavior in a sample of college drinkers. It was also hypothesized that genetic risk would impact the relationship between upstream and downstream expectancy measures, given that children of alcoholics displayed blunted reactivity to appetitive cues. A sample of 137 college drinkers (67 males; mean age = 20.23 " 1.61) reporting a range of drinking behavior (mean quantity/occasion = 4.03 " 2.34; mean frequency/month = 6.24 " 4.31) and genetic risk for alcohol use disorders (47 children of alcoholics) participated in this study. The cue reactivity paradigm included the measurement of skin conductance, cardiac response, and acoustic startle eyeblink response to a randomized sequence of alcohol and neutral pictures. Questionnaires and interviews assessed alcohol expectancies, family history, drinking behavior, and risk. Findings revealed that cognitive and affective measures shared modest overlap in the overall sample, such that sedating and negative alcohol expectancies were positively correlated with less appetitive early acoustic startle response. However, alcohol expectancies were not significantly correlated with any of the remaining psychophysiological measures. Further, affective measures were not related to drinking behavior, indicating failure to detect drinking variance in a sample of college drinkers. Findings also indicated that genetic risk impacted the relationship between cognitive and affective measures of expectancy. Specifically, children of alcoholics (COAs) displayed stronger relationships between both positive and negative expectancies and early startle response than their peers. Further, COA Status moderated the relationship between early startle response and Social/Physical Pleasure and Positive/Arousing alcohol expectancies. This dissertation provided evidence that cognitive and affective measures of alcohol expectancies shared modest overlap, indicating that expectancy subscales and early acoustic startle response tapped into the same expectancy construct. Further, genetic risk moderated the strength of relationships between upstream and downstream expectancy measures, which were stronger in children of alcoholics. Overall, affective measures of expectancy were more sensitive to expectancy variation in high-risk college drinkers.

The Promise of Adolescence

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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309490111
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

Book Synopsis The Promise of Adolescence by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book The Promise of Adolescence written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-07-26 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolescenceâ€"beginning with the onset of puberty and ending in the mid-20sâ€"is a critical period of development during which key areas of the brain mature and develop. These changes in brain structure, function, and connectivity mark adolescence as a period of opportunity to discover new vistas, to form relationships with peers and adults, and to explore one's developing identity. It is also a period of resilience that can ameliorate childhood setbacks and set the stage for a thriving trajectory over the life course. Because adolescents comprise nearly one-fourth of the entire U.S. population, the nation needs policies and practices that will better leverage these developmental opportunities to harness the promise of adolescenceâ€"rather than focusing myopically on containing its risks. This report examines the neurobiological and socio-behavioral science of adolescent development and outlines how this knowledge can be applied, both to promote adolescent well-being, resilience, and development, and to rectify structural barriers and inequalities in opportunity, enabling all adolescents to flourish.

Social Situations and Alcohol

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Author : Idan Ariel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (811 download)

Book Synopsis Social Situations and Alcohol by : Idan Ariel

Download or read book Social Situations and Alcohol written by Idan Ariel and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol is one of the most widely used recreational drugs in the United States today, despite being associated with a myriad of negative effects. Alcohol consumption occurs most frequently within social contexts, and seems to be strongly related to many social factors. It is known that an individual's expectations of the effects of alcohol influences his/her drinking behavior, and that social alcohol expectancies are some of the most frequently reported expectancies. In this study, we explored the relationship between alcohol expectancies and social influences by examining whether exposure to a social context would differentially activate alcohol expectancies. 115 young-adult male participants were exposed to either a social context or a control condition. Subsequently, participants' alcohol expectancies were assessed using both explicit and implicit measurements. Differences between conditions were found on the implicit expectancy measure (a free association task) but not on the explicit expectancy measures. Results from the free association task indicated that participants who were exposed to a social context were more likely to report positive and arousing words in response to the prompt "alcohol makes me _______". These differences suggest that exposure to a social context may not overtly change individuals' alcohol expectancies, but may increase the availability of positive and arousing alcohol expectancies. This increase in availability of positive and arousing expectancies may explain one of the mechanisms involved in deciding to engage in social drinking.

The Role of Individual Differences in Learning Alcohol Expectancy Associations

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Author : Howard R. Steinberg
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (52 download)

Book Synopsis The Role of Individual Differences in Learning Alcohol Expectancy Associations by : Howard R. Steinberg

Download or read book The Role of Individual Differences in Learning Alcohol Expectancy Associations written by Howard R. Steinberg and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: These findings suggest that significant differences exist in the ability to learn alcohol to expectancy word associations, and lend support to recent theories that implicate individual difference factors as a predisposition for the development of problematic alcohol to expectancy associations in memory.

The Role of Sensation Seeking in Children's Ability to Learn Alcohol Expectancy Associations

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Author : Nicole M. Bekman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (55 download)

Book Synopsis The Role of Sensation Seeking in Children's Ability to Learn Alcohol Expectancy Associations by : Nicole M. Bekman

Download or read book The Role of Sensation Seeking in Children's Ability to Learn Alcohol Expectancy Associations written by Nicole M. Bekman and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Sensation seeking is a personality characteristic associated with problematic alcohol use and positive alcohol expectancies, but little research has examined the relationship between sensation seeking and the acquisition of alcohol expectancy information. In a recent study (Steinberg, 2003), sensation seeking was associated with how quickly and accurately college-aged students were able to learn alcohol-expectancy word pairs in a paired associate learning task. In this age group, however, the individuals had fully developed alcohol expectancies that may have influenced their rates of learning. The current study sought to minimize the influence of previously held alcohol expectancies by exploring this relationship in children when the development of alcohol expectancies is just beginning. The participants in this study were fifth grade students. A series of regressions examined the relationship between sensation seeking, alcohol expectancies, current and predicted future drinking with the acquisition of alcohol and expectancy word pairs in a paired associate learning task. Although no statistically significant relationships were found, children with higher drinking frequency and males with higher Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS) demonstrated a minor advantage in their ability to match alcohol and expectancy words in cued-recall trials. Although the results of this study are inconclusive, they suggest that sensation seeking may play a role in the acquisition of alcohol expectancies. Future research with refined word pairs and a larger sample size is necessary to further clarify these trends.

Children of Alcoholics

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Author : Kenneth J. Sher
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226752716
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (527 download)

Book Synopsis Children of Alcoholics by : Kenneth J. Sher

Download or read book Children of Alcoholics written by Kenneth J. Sher and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1991-10-08 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study offers a comprehensive, critical look at what is known and not known about children of alcoholics, and also constructs a model for assessing existing theory and introducing new methodological rigor into this field.

Research Awards Index

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1436 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

Book Synopsis Research Awards Index by :

Download or read book Research Awards Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 1436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Research Grants Index

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Author : National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Division of Research Grants
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1362 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

Book Synopsis Research Grants Index by : National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Division of Research Grants

Download or read book Research Grants Index written by National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Division of Research Grants and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 1362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Child Development and Education

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Author : Teresa M. McDevitt
Publisher : Pearson Higher Education AU
ISBN 13 : 1442564113
Total Pages : 713 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (425 download)

Book Synopsis Child Development and Education by : Teresa M. McDevitt

Download or read book Child Development and Education written by Teresa M. McDevitt and published by Pearson Higher Education AU. This book was released on 2012-08-21 with total page 713 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Child Development and Education is a comprehensive child development text written especially for educators. It helps students to translate developmental theories into practical implications for teaching and caring for youngsters with diverse backgrounds, characteristics and needs. The text draws from innumerable theoretical concepts, research studies conducted around the world and the authors’ own experiences as parents, teachers, psychologists and researchers to identify strategies for promoting young people’s physical, cognitive and social–emotional growth. In this Australian edition, contemporary Australian and New Zealand research has been highlighted, and local educational structures, philosophies and controversies have been reflected.

The Role of Alcohol Expectations in the Co-occurrence of Alcohol-related Problems with Anxiety and Depressive Traits in a Juvenile Correction Sample

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Author : Brett E. Scofield
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780549003236
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

Book Synopsis The Role of Alcohol Expectations in the Co-occurrence of Alcohol-related Problems with Anxiety and Depressive Traits in a Juvenile Correction Sample by : Brett E. Scofield

Download or read book The Role of Alcohol Expectations in the Co-occurrence of Alcohol-related Problems with Anxiety and Depressive Traits in a Juvenile Correction Sample written by Brett E. Scofield and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol-related expectations have been defined as the anticipated consequences from consuming alcohol (Brown, Goldman, Inn, & Anderson, 1980). Previous research has been conducted to examine the role of alcohol expectations in the co-occurrence of alcohol problems with anxiety and depressive symptoms. In the current study, the relationship between alcohol problems, anxiety and depressive traits, and alcohol expectancies were examined within a male juvenile correction sample. Specifically, statistical analyses were conducted to test the degree to which alcohol expectancies combined with anxiety/depression traits improve the prediction of alcohol-related problems beyond that of anxiety/depression traits alone. Archival data were collected from 205 incarcerated male adolescents who completed both the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire - Adolescent Form (AEQ-A) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - Adolescent (MMPI-A). Two research hypotheses were tested using correlation and regression analyses. The results demonstrated that depressive traits significantly predicted an increase in alcohol-related problems, and the addition of expectancies related to global positive changes and increased social behavior produced a significant gain in the prediction of alcohol problems. Furthermore, anxiety traits significantly predicted an increase in alcohol-related problems, and the inclusion of tension reduction expectancies yielded a significant gain in prediction. The results suggest that alcohol-related problems may be exacerbated by the presence of reinforcement-based expectancies in male juvenile offenders who are concurrently experiencing elevated levels of anxiety and depressive traits. These findings have implications for prevention and treatment programs that utilize cognitive-behavioral and expectancy challenge techniques to affect change in problematic alcohol consumption behaviors.

Cumulated Index Medicus

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1836 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)

Book Synopsis Cumulated Index Medicus by :

Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: