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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 70 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (244 download)
Download or read book The Relationship Among Test Anxiety, Trait Anxiety and Verbal Working Memory written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Kareem Al-Khalil
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (664 download)
Download or read book Test Anxiety, Working Memory and Verbal SAT Performance written by Kareem Al-Khalil and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author's abstract: The present study examined the relationship between test anxiety, working memory, and verbal SAT performance. Test anxiety negatively affects performance because it decreases working memory space available for processing test information. However, the present study wanted to asses this theory with an experimental design to infer causation about test anxiety. Therefore, participants with high and low trait test anxiety were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Participants in the experimental group completed the assessments under conditions of elevated stress. However, these conditions had no effect on their performance. The only observed effect was that participants with high test trait anxiety scored lower on the verbal SAT than their lower test trait anxiety counterparts. However, no difference in working memory span was observed between participants with high and low test trait anxiety. The null results between experimental and control groups were attributed to ineffective stress manipulation. That is, the participants in the experimental group did not feel any more stress than participants in the control group. Future studies will have to utilize methods directed towards increasing effect size, such as recruiting a larger sample size and using more extreme scores as cutoffs.
Author : Matthew Owens
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (827 download)
Download or read book Exploring the Role of Working Memory and Understanding Educational Underachievement in Anxiety and Depression written by Matthew Owens and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research has shown that high levels of emotion are associated with lowered academic performance. However, the mechanisms involved in this relationship are as yet unclear. One potentially important process is the disruption of working memory. Building on previous research such as Wine (1971) and Sarason (Sarason, 1984), Eysenck and Calvo (1992) formulated a processing efficiency theory (PET) to account for the disruptive effects of anxiety on cognitive task performance. Briefly, PET suggests that anxiety can have the effect of reducing cognitive storage and processing resources in the working memory system. One effect is a reduction in task effectiveness, or the accuracy of performance. H.C. Ellis and colleagues have proposed a similar model, the resource allocation model, with special reference to depressed mood (e.g. Ellis & Moore, 1999). Under both theoretical frameworks, the negative effects of emotion are assumed to be most clearly seen on complex cognitive tasks. In addition, the negative effects of anxiety on performance are thought to be most pronounced under stressful conditions. This thesis explored the relationship between emotion, working memory and academic performance in an attempt to further understand the processes involved in educational underachievement in anxiety and depression. The first empirical investigation reported in Chapter Three was an initial step in testing the simple relationship between three emotions (trait anxiety, depression and test anxiety) and academic performance measures. Consistent with previous research moderate negative relationships were found between the two constructs. Chapter Four showed that working memory partially mediated the negative trait anxiety-academic performance relationship. Chapter Five replicated the mediation hypothesis also incorporating depression and test anxiety. A moderated mediation hypothesis was also tested. That is, that the negative links between emotion, working memory and academic performance were shown to be most pronounced when stress reactivity was high. Chapter Six replicated these moderated mediation results and tested an emotion x working memory interaction hypothesis that suggested that those with high emotion and low working memory were the poorest academic performers. Chapter Seven evaluated the moderated mediation and interaction hypotheses in a longitudinal study which allowed for some preliminary conclusions to be made concerning causality. It was shown that emotion was negatively associated with academic performance via verbal working memory over time when stress reactivity was high. Over time, high emotion and low working memory in combination were associated with lower academic performance. In Chapter Eight, the implications of the findings in this thesis for theory and practice were discussed.
Author : Joyce L.Y. Chong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (225 download)
Download or read book Anxiety and Working Memory written by Joyce L.Y. Chong and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A dominant theory in the anxiety-working memory literature is the Processing Efficiency Theory (Eysenck & Calvo, 1992). According to this theory, worry - the cognitive component of state anxiety - pre-empts capacity in the central executive and phonological loop components within Baddeley and Hitch's (1974) fixed-capacity working memory system. Central to the Processing Efficiency Theory is the distinction between performance effectiveness (i.e. quality of performance) and processing efficiency (i.e. performance effectiveness divided by effort), with anxiety proposed to impair efficiency to a greater extent than it does effectiveness. The existing literature has provided support for this theory, although there exist factors that complicate the findings, including the nature of the working memory tasks utilised, comorbid depression, and the distinction between trait and state anxiety. Clarification of the limiting factors in the anxiety-working memory literature was sought over a series of initial methodological studies. The first study was an initial step in addressing the issue of comorbid depression, identifying measures that maximised the distinction between anxiety and depression. The second study identified verbal and spatial span tasks suitable for examining the various working memory systems. The third study considered a possible role for somatic anxiety in the anxiety-working memory relationship, and additionally addressed the state/trait anxiety distinction. These three initial studies culminated in the fourth study which formally addressed the predictions of the Processing Efficiency Theory, and explored the cognitive/somatic anxiety distinction more fully. For the third and fourth studies, high and low trait anxious individuals underwent either cognitive (ego threat instruction) or somatic (anxious music) stress manipulations, and completed a series of span tasks assessing all components of the working memory system. Unexpectedly, the fourth study yielded a notable absence of robust effects in support of the Processing Efficiency Theory. A consideration of the research into the fractionation of central executive processes, together with an examination of tasks utilised in the existing literature, suggested that anxiety might not affect all central executive processes equally. Specifically, the tasks utilised in this programme of research predominantly invoke the process of updating, and it has recently been suggested that anxiety may not actually impair this process (Dutke & Stöber, 2001). This queried whether the current conceptualisation of the central executive component as a unified working memory system within the PET was adequate or if greater specification of this component was necessary. One central executive process identified as possibly mediating the anxiety-working memory relationship is that of inhibition, and the focus of the fifth study thus shifted to clarifying this more complex relationship. In addition to one of the verbal span tasks utilised in the third and fourth studies, the reading span task (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980) and a grammatical reasoning task (MacLeod & Donnellan, 1993) were also included. Inhibitory processing was measured using the directed ignoring task (Hopko, Ashcraft, Gute, Ruggerio, & Lewis, 1998). This study established that inhibition was affected by a cognitive stress manipulation and inhibition also played a part in the anxiety-working memory link. However other central executive processes were also implicated, suggesting a need for greater specification of the central executive component of working memory within the PET. A finding that also emerged from this, and the third and fourth studies, was that situational stress, rather than trait or state anxiety, was predominantly responsible for impairments in working memory. Finally, a theoretical analysis placing the anxiety-working memory relationship within a wider context was pursued, specifically examining how the Processing Efficiency Theory is nested within other accounts examining the relationship between mood and working memory. In particular, similarities between the theoretical accounts of the relationships between anxiety and working memory, and depression and working memory, suggest the operation of similar mechanisms in the way each mood impacts on performance. Despite the similarities, potential distinctions between the impact each has on performance are identified, and recommendations for future research are made.
Author : Moshe Zeidner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306471450
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)
Download or read book Test Anxiety written by Moshe Zeidner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-27 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examination stress and test anxiety are pervasive problems in modern society. As the information age continues to evolve, test scores will become even more important than they are today in evaluating applicants for demanding jobs and candidates for admission into highly competitive educational programs. Because test anxiety gen- ally causes decrements in performance and undermines academic achievement, the development of effective therapeutic interventions for reducing its adverse effects will continue to be an important priority for counselors, psychologists, and educators. Alleviating test anxiety will also serve to counteract the diminished access to edu- tional and occupational opportunities that is frequently experienced by test-anxious individuals. As its title promises, this volume provides a state-of-the-art evaluation of the nature, antecedents, correlates, and consequences of examination stress and test anxiety. Professor Zeidner’s cogent and comprehensive analysis of the affective, cognitive, somatic, and behavioral manifestations of test anxiety are grounded in the extensive knowledge he has gained from his own research on the assessment and treatment of test anxiety. This work has also benefitted from the author’s lo- standing and productive collaboration with leading contributors to test anxiety theory and research, and his active participation in national and international conferences devoted to understanding test anxiety, including those convened by the Society for Test Anxiety Research (STAR).
Author : Tracy Packiam Alloway
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 113620816X
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (362 download)
Download or read book Working Memory written by Tracy Packiam Alloway and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-10-28 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Working memory – the conscious processing of information – is increasingly recognized as one of the most important aspects of intelligence. This fundamental cognitive skill is deeply connected to a great variety of human experience – from our childhood, to our old age, from our evolutionary past, to our digital future. In this volume, leading psychologists review the latest research on working memory and consider what role it plays in development and over the lifespan. It is revealed how a strong working memory is connected with success (academically and acquiring expertise) and a poor working memory is connected with failure (addictive behavior and poor decision-making). The contributions also show how working memory played a role in our cognitive evolution and how the everyday things we do, such as what we eat and how much we sleep, can have an impact on how well it functions. Finally, the evidence on whether or not working memory training is beneficial is explored. This volume is essential reading for students, researchers, and professionals with an interest in human memory and its improvement, including those working in cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, developmental psychology, gerontology, education, health, and clinical psychology.
Author : Michael Eysenck
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642683908
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (426 download)
Download or read book Attention and Arousal written by Michael Eysenck and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thinker who has a mortal fear of being wrong will give all that is valuable in himself to that little ambition. Walter Lippmann (1914) Psychology has always been plagued by passing fads and fan cies to a greater extent than is seemly in a scientific discipline. Over the past few years the Zeitgeist can be summed up by the two words 'cognitive psychology'. Indeed, a recent poll of academic psychologists in American indicated that over 80% of them regarded themselves as cognitive psychologists! Cognitive psychology is in the ascendant, but it has never been clear to me that it has addressed all of the appropriate is sues. In particular, information processing in the real world (and even in the laboratory) occurs within a motivational and emotional context, but cognitive psychologists usually main tain the convenient fiction that cognition can fruitfully be stud ied in isolation. The main reason for writing this book was to at tempt to demonstrate that there can be a useful cross-fertiliza tion between cognitive and motivational-emotional psycholo gy and that there are already tantalizing glimpses of the poten tial advantages of such inter-disciplinary research. The ideas of Donald Broadbent and his associates have exer cised a formative influence during the writing of this book. They discovered some years ago that there are intriguing simi larities (as well as differences) in the effects on performance of such apparently quite disparate factors as white noise, time of day, introversion-extraversion and incentive.
Author : Charles Donald Spielberger
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 9780891162124
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (621 download)
Download or read book Test Anxiety written by Charles Donald Spielberger and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1995 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1995. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Author : Nelson Cowan
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1317232380
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)
Download or read book Working Memory Capacity written by Nelson Cowan and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2016-04-14 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of one's memory "filling up" is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a "full brain" makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers.
Author : Amelia Tjendra
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Test Anxiety and Test Performance: a Look at Interference and Learning Deficit Models written by Amelia Tjendra and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Vanessa L. Gill
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)
Download or read book Trait Anxiety and Trait Worry are Not Associated with Visual Working Memory Updating Effectiveness written by Vanessa L. Gill and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of the current study was to investigate the relationship between trait worry, trait anxiety, and visual working memory (WM) updating accuracy. Participants completed questionnaires assessing trait anxiety and worry. Participants completed a WM updating task, during which they were presented with an array of shapes. Each shape was occluded by a square and participants were required to monitor the successive swapping of WM item pairs. Participants were then probed with one square and were asked to indicate the shape that would be in that location. We expected a decline in accuracy on the task as set size and the number of swaps increased. We also predicted that trait worry, but not trait anxiety, would be associated with updating accuracy deficits as set size and number of swaps increased. We found that WM updating accuracy declined as set size increased. We also found that updating accuracy declined as the number of swaps increased. We found no effect of trait worry or trait anxiety on updating accuracy. In line with prior research, our results suggest that individuals with high trait anxiety and high trait worry do not experience impairment in updating accuracy.
Author : Nilam Patel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (19 download)
Download or read book Interactions of Anxiety and Cognition written by Nilam Patel and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of anxiety on cognitive and emotional processing can be captured by performance on cognitive tasks under different emotional conditions. Cognitive load (difficulty), age, and state and trait-anxiety can modulate these effects. For example, adolescents may be at greater risk for the deleterious effects of anxiety because of immature brain functions. The proclivity for experiencing anxiety, as with high trait-anxiety, also influences cognitive performance. Here we examine the relationship between anxiety and cognitive performance from the perspective of cognitive resource availability and prioritization by manipulating anxiety and task difficulty. For the first two experiments, state anxiety was experimentally manipulated through the presence (threat condition) or absence (safe condition) of a threatening stimulus (a loud scream). Anxiety was assessed physiologically using eye-blink startle responses. Cognitive load was manipulated through a verbal working memory (WM) n-back task with loads of 1-back, 2-back and 3-back. To examine developmental effects of the relationship between anxiety and cognition, the first experiment compared 25 healthy adolescents (10-17 years old) with 25 healthy adults (22 - 46 years). Anxiety manipulation did not impact WM performance and physiological anxiety differently in the two age groups, however, eye-blink startle was modulated by load in adults but not adolescents. In both age groups, reduced WM accuracy was found during threat vs. safe conditions for the low and medium cognitive load tasks, but not for the high load task. Reaction times (RTs) did not differ between threat and safety conditions for low or medium loads, but were shorter during threat vs. safety at high load. Anxiety responses of eye-blink startle decreased as load increased, indicating moderation of anxiety during high load but not during low or medium loads. The results suggest that adolescents, similarly to adults, have mechanisms that prioritize task performance over the processing of threat during high cognitive load.To examine the effects of trait-anxiety, the second experiment used the same paradigm in 20 healthy low trait-anxious adults and 20 healthy high trait-anxious adults. No effects of trait-anxiety were found. Across both groups, accuracy was greater during safety than threat for medium load, but not low or high load tasks. During medium load, there were shorter RTs for the safe than threat condition. Lastly, physiological anxiety (eye-blink responses) increased as load decreased, which again indicated moderation of anxiety by the high load task, but not by the low or medium load task. In the third experiment, we manipulated anxiety through a combination of neuropeptides and social-stress, and examined their impact on decision-making. Task difficulty was modulated based on the level of decision-making complexity in a risk-taking task. Twenty-nine healthy adults (14 males) were intra-nasally administered one of three drugs, oxytocin (OT), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or placebo (PLC) in three separate sessions. Risk-taking behavior on the Stunt task was assessed in an anxiety-inducing social-stress situation (evaluation by unfamiliar peers) and a non-social context along with neuropeptide administration. OT is associated with anxiolytic effects and approach behaviors and thus should enhance risk-taking while AVP is associated with anxiogenic effects and defensive behaviors and thus should reduce risk-taking. The interaction of these neuropeptides with social manipulation should be stronger in the social-stress than non-social context. Betting-rate revealed that OT and AVP led to risk-aversion relative to PLC. AVP reduced risk-taking during positive risk-valence (high win-probability), regardless of social context or sex. In contrast, OT reduced risk-taking during negative risk-valence (low win-probability), only in the social-stress context in men. Findings revealed that both neuropeptides reduced risk-taking, possibly in a way akin to promoting defensive behavior. In sum, through manipulations of anxiety and cognitive difficulty, these three experiments allowed for a better understanding of the relationships between anxious states and cognitive processes. Specifically, there is a relationship between anxiety and cognitive performance that varies by cognitive resource prioritization which is dependent on the difficulty of the task and anxious state.
Author : James Allen Hinshaw
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (122 download)
Download or read book The Relationship Between State and Trait Anxiety, Heart Rate, and Level of Learning on a Verbal Learning Task written by James Allen Hinshaw and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Oscar Hardin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (324 download)
Download or read book The Relationship Between Trait Anxiety and Counselor Verbal Responses written by Oscar Hardin and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Nazanin Derakhshan
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135848599
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (358 download)
Download or read book Emotional States, Attention, and Working Memory written by Nazanin Derakhshan and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Special Issue is concerned with the effects of three emotional states (positive affect; anxiety; and depression) on performance. More specifically, the contributors focus on the potential mediating effects of attention and of executive processes of working memory. The evidence discussed suggests that anxiety and depression both impair the executive functions of shifting and inhibition, in part due to task-irrelevant processing (e.g., rumination; worry). In contrast, positive affect seems to enhance the shifting function and does not impair the inhibition function. The complicating role of motivational intensity is also discussed, as are implications for future research.
Author : Shane Darke
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 768 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (22 download)
Download or read book The Relationship Between Test Anxiety and Cognitive Task Performance written by Shane Darke and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Michael W. Eysenck
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1134831188
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (348 download)
Download or read book Anxiety written by Michael W. Eysenck and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-05-24 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theorists are increasingly arguing that it is fruitful to approach anxiety from the cognitive perspective, and the empirical evidence supports that contention. The cognitive perspective is also adopted in this book, but the approach represents a development and extension of earlier ones. For example, most previous theories and research have been based on anxiety either in clinical or in normal groups. In contrast, one of the central themes of this book is that there are great advantages to be gained from a joint consideration of clinical and normal anxiety. Another theme of this book is that it is of major importance to establish whether or not there is a cognitive vulnerability factor which is associated with at least some forms of clinical anxiety. It is argued (with supporting evidence) that there is a latent cognitive vulnerability factor for generalized anxiety disorder which manifests itself under stressful conditions. This vulnerability factor is characterized by hypervigilance, and is found predominantly in normals high in the personality dimension of trait anxiety. The scope of the book extends to the effects of anxiety on performance and to the phenomenon of worry, which is regarded as the cognitive component of anxiety. In both cases, a new theoretical framework is presented. Correction notice: In chapter 4, on pages 70-71, Christos Halkiopoulos should have been credited for his role as the inventor of the Dot Probe Paradigm and for the design and execution of the experiment discussed in Eysenck, M. W. (1991 a). Trait anxiety and cognition. In C. D. Spielberger, I. G. Sarason, Z. Kulczar, and J. Van Heck (Eds.), Stress and Emotion, Vol. 14. London: Hemisphere.
