The Politics of Frenchness in Colonial Algeria, 1930-1954

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Author :
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer
ISBN 13 : 9781580461054
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis The Politics of Frenchness in Colonial Algeria, 1930-1954 by : Jonathan Keith Gosnell

Download or read book The Politics of Frenchness in Colonial Algeria, 1930-1954 written by Jonathan Keith Gosnell and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2002 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of French citizenship and cultural identity in Algeria during the last quarter-century of colonial rule. In recent years, a multicultural society and changing conceptions of French identity have been the source of considerable debate in scholarship, literature and the media in France. This book examines equally contested definitionsof French identity from the past, but not those forged within the borders of the French 'Hexagon, ' as French geographic space is sometimes called. It is the study of French sentiment in colonial Algeria of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, during the last quarter century of colonial rule in North Africa. It seeks to uncover elements of French identity that were generated past the Pyrenees and the Alps, beyond the bordering Atlantic Ocean, English Channel and Mediterranean Sea, outside the physical space so central to "Frenchness." It asks whether far-reaching state institutions could transform indigenous and settler populations in colonial Algeria -- Europeans, Jews and Muslims -- intoFrench men and women. It examines what these individuals wrote of French sentiment in colonial Algeria. Did they articulate alternative definitions of French identity? The colonial "periphery" is clearly quite central to France'sevolving postcolonial sense of self. Colonial Algerian heterogeneity and the country's unique relationship to France make it an especially rich site in which to study French national and cultural identities. French military conquest and the occupation of the North African coast established one of the oldest and largest settler colonies within the French Empire. Unlike other colonies, Algeria lay relatively close to metropolitan France, a daylong journey by ship from Marseilles. No colony other than Algeria was granted French departmental status. No other land administered under the auspices of the French Empire had as numerous a European settler population, many of whom becamenaturalized French citizens. This study suggests that although Algeria had become officially French, "Algerie française", even at the pinnacle of its acceptance, was more diverse and more contested than its title suggests.

Colonial Algeria and the Politics of Citizenship

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350260037
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Colonial Algeria and the Politics of Citizenship by : Avner Ofrath

Download or read book Colonial Algeria and the Politics of Citizenship written by Avner Ofrath and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2023-01-26 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores citizenship politics in colonial Algeria, which became a key battlefield for struggles over participation of the body politic and the reach of universal promise in 1789. In examining these struggles, Avner Ofrath shows how colonialism dissolved the political community as a frame of participation and negotiation, first in the colonies and ultimately in the metropole. Revealing the racialization of citizenship from the late 19th century onwards, this book shows how lawmakers under the Third French Republic construed colonial subjugation around rigid ethnic-religious criteria in order to protect settler privileges and exclude Algerian Muslims. Portraying Islam as oppressive and unmodern, the exclusion and othering of Muslims led to a concept of citizenship that was deeply hostile to religious difference. Despite this, Colonial Algeria and the Politics of Citizenship shows how Algeria witnessed some of the most powerful contestations of racialized citizenship seen in a colony. From a successful Jewish campaign for full political rights in the 1860s, to Muslims' demand for reform in the 1930s, Algerians insisted on Maghribi languages, religions and history as indispensable dimensions of political life. Tracing intellectual and political networks throughout the Maghrib, the Mashriq, and across the Mediterranean, Avner Ofrath weaves Algeria into a global history of citizenship in the age of empire.

The Invention of Decolonization

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Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780801443602
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (436 download)

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Book Synopsis The Invention of Decolonization by : Todd Shepard

Download or read book The Invention of Decolonization written by Todd Shepard and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this account of the Algerian War's effect on French political structures and notions of national identity, Todd Shepard asserts that the separation of Algeria from France was truly a revolutionary event with lasting consequences for French social and political life. For more than a century, Algeria had been legally and administratively part of France; after the bloody war that concluded in 1962, it was other--its eight million Algerian residents deprived of French citizenship while hundreds of thousands of French pieds noirs were forced to return to a country that was never home. This rupture violated the universalism that had been the essence of French republican theory since the late eighteenth century. Shepard contends that because the amputation of Algeria from the French body politic was accomplished illegally and without explanation, its repercussions are responsible for many of the racial and religious tensions that confront France today. In portraying decolonization as an essential step in the inexorable "tide of history," the French state absolved itself of responsibility for the revolutionary change it was effecting. It thereby turned its back not only on the French of Algeria--Muslims in particular--but also on its own republican principles and the 1958 Constitution. From that point onward, debates over assimilation, identity, and citizenship--once focused on the Algerian "province/colony"--have troubled France itself. In addition to grappling with questions of race, citizenship, national identity, state institutions, and political debate, Shepard also addresses debates in Jewish history, gender history, and queer theory.

Citizenship and Antisemitism in French Colonial Algeria, 1870–1962

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316991636
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (169 download)

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Book Synopsis Citizenship and Antisemitism in French Colonial Algeria, 1870–1962 by : Sophie B. Roberts

Download or read book Citizenship and Antisemitism in French Colonial Algeria, 1870–1962 written by Sophie B. Roberts and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-28 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Professor Roberts examines the relationship between antisemitism and the practices of citizenship in a colonial context. She focuses on the experience of Algerian Jews and their evolving identity as citizens as they competed with the other populations in the colony, including newly naturalised non-French settlers and Algerian Muslims, for control over the scarce resources of the colonial state. The author argues that this resulted in antisemitic violence and hotly contested debates over the nature of French identity and rights of citizenship. Tracing the ambiguities and tensions that Algerian Jews faced, the book shows that antisemitism was not coherent or stable but changed in response to influences within Algeria, and from metropolitan France, Europe and the Middle East. Written for a wide audience, this title contributes to several fields including Jewish history, colonial and empire studies, antisemitism within municipal politics, and citizenship, and adds to current debates on transnationalism and globalization.

Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-62

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230500951
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-62 by : Martin S. Alexander

Download or read book Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-62 written by Martin S. Alexander and published by Springer. This book was released on 2002-08-21 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Algerian War 1954-62 was one of the most prolonged and violent examples of decolonization. At times horribly savage, it was an undeclared war in the sense that no formal declaration of hostilities was ever made. Bringing to an end one hundred and thirty two years of French rule, the Algerian struggle caused the fall of six French prime ministers, the collapse of the Fourth Republic and expulsion of one million French settlers. This volume, bringing together leading experts in the field, focuses on one of the key actors in the drama - the French army. They show that the Algerian War was just as much about conflicts of ideas, beliefs and loyalties as it was about simple military operations. In this way, the collection goes beyond polemic and recrimination to explore the many and varied nuances of what was one of the historically most important of the grand style colonial wars.

Citizenship and Antisemitism in French Colonial Algeria, 1870-1962

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107188156
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Citizenship and Antisemitism in French Colonial Algeria, 1870-1962 by : Sophie B. Roberts

Download or read book Citizenship and Antisemitism in French Colonial Algeria, 1870-1962 written by Sophie B. Roberts and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-28 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the relationship between antisemitism and the practices of citizenship in a colonial context, focusing on experiences of Algerian Jews.

Empire's Legacy

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0190875666
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Empire's Legacy by : John Welly Peter Veugelers

Download or read book Empire's Legacy written by John Welly Peter Veugelers and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Settler relations and identities in colonial Algeria -- The unmaking of the colony -- From newcomers to incipient constituency -- New political configurations -- Gaullism loses ground -- Building a base for the National Front -- The far right organizes in the Var -- A city under the far right -- Discourse and politics -- Transmitting a far right affinity -- Holding off the National Front.

Radio and the Politics of Sound in Interwar France, 1921–1939

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316489825
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (164 download)

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Book Synopsis Radio and the Politics of Sound in Interwar France, 1921–1939 by : Rebecca P. Scales

Download or read book Radio and the Politics of Sound in Interwar France, 1921–1939 written by Rebecca P. Scales and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-02-24 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In December 1921, France broadcast its first public radio program from a transmitter on the Eiffel Tower. In the decade that followed, radio evolved into a mass media capable of reaching millions. Crowds flocked to loudspeakers on city streets to listen to propaganda, children clustered around classroom radios, and families tuned in from their living rooms. Radio and the Politics of Sound in Interwar France, 1921–1939 examines the impact of this auditory culture on French society and politics, revealing how broadcasting became a new platform for political engagement, transforming the act of listening into an important, if highly contested, practice of citizenship. Rejecting models of broadcasting as the weapon of totalitarian regimes or a tool for forging democracy from above, the book offers a more nuanced picture of the politics of radio by uncovering competing interpretations of listening and diverse uses of broadcast sound that flourished between the world wars.

The Blood of the Colony

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Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674248449
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis The Blood of the Colony by : Owen White

Download or read book The Blood of the Colony written by Owen White and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2021-01-12 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The surprising story of the wine industry’s role in the rise of French Algeria and the fall of empire. “We owe to wine a blessing far more precious than gold: the peopling of Algeria with Frenchmen,” stated agriculturist Pierre Berthault in the early 1930s. In the last decades of the nineteenth century, Europeans had displaced Algerians from the colony’s best agricultural land and planted grapevines. Soon enough, wine was the primary export of a region whose mostly Muslim inhabitants didn’t drink alcohol. Settlers made fortunes while drawing large numbers of Algerians into salaried work for the first time. But the success of Algerian wine resulted in friction with French producers, challenging the traditional view that imperial possessions should complement, not compete with, the metropole. By the middle of the twentieth century, amid the fight for independence, Algerians had come to see the rows of vines as an especially hated symbol of French domination. After the war, Algerians had to decide how far they would go to undo the transformations the colonists had wrought—including the world’s fourth-biggest wine industry. Owen White examines Algeria’s experiment with nationalized wine production in worker-run vineyards, the pressures that resulted in the failure of that experiment, and the eventual uprooting of most of the country’s vines. With a special focus on individual experiences of empire, from the wealthiest Europeans to the poorest laborers in the fields, The Blood of the Colony shows the central role of wine in the economic life of French Algeria and in its settler culture. White makes clear that the industry left a long-term mark on the development of the nation.

The Extreme Right in Interwar France

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351889907
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis The Extreme Right in Interwar France by : Samuel Kalman

Download or read book The Extreme Right in Interwar France written by Samuel Kalman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historians of the French extreme right frequently denote the existence of a strong xenophobic and nationalist tradition dating from the 1880s, a perpetual anti-republicanism which pervaded twentieth-century political discourse. Much attention is habitually paid to the interwar era, deemed the zenith of this success, when the leagues attracted hundreds of thousands of members and enjoyed significant political acclaim. Most works on the subject speak of 'the French right' or 'French fascism', presenting compendia of figures and organizations, from the Dreyfus Affair in the 1890s through the notorious Vichy regime, the authoritarian construct which emerged following the defeat to Nazi Germany in June 1940. However, historians rarely discuss the programmatic elements of extreme right-wing doctrine, which demanded the eradication of parliamentary democracy and the transformation of the nation and state according to group principles. Instead, most detail the organization and membership of various organizations, and often recount their quotidian activities as political actors within (and in opposition to) the Third Republic. This book offers a new interpretation of the extreme right in interwar French politics, focusing upon the largest and most influential such groups in 1920s and 1930s, the Faisceau and the Croix de Feu. It explores their designs for extensive political, economic, and social renewal, a project that commanded significant attention from the leadership and rank-and-file of both organizations, providing the overarching goal behind their aspiration to power. The book examines five components of these efforts: A renewal of politics and government, the establishment of a new economic order, a revaluation of gender and familial relations, the role of youth in the new socio-political construct, and the politics of exclusion inherent in every facet of Faisceau and CDF doctrine. In so doing it contributes to a historical understanding of the programmatic elements of the interwar extreme-right, while simultaneously situating its most prominent exponents within their broader historical context.

Political Belief in France, 1927-1945

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Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807161004
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Belief in France, 1927-1945 by : Caroline Campbell

Download or read book Political Belief in France, 1927-1945 written by Caroline Campbell and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2015-12-09 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the inter war era, the rise of the largest political movement in modern French history, the powerful Croix de Feu (1927–1936), and its successor, the Parti Social Français, or PSF (1936–1945), led to a sharp rightward turn in France’s political culture. Political Belief in France, 1927–1945 traces the central role of women in this shift, arguing that they transformed the Croix de Feu/PSF from a paramilitary league for veterans into a social reform movement that sought to remake the politics, society, and culture of the French Republic. Following the creation of a Women’s Section in 1934, the women of the Croix de Feu/PSF developed a wide array of social programs, including welfare services, youth development, and health-care initiatives. At a time of economic depression and high unemployment, these popular programs tempered the organization’s fearsome reputation as a violent paramilitary group. While the efforts of the Women’s Section had the veneer of moderation, they accentuated the long-standing conservative image of France as a deeply Christian society and sought to assimilate people of different ethnoreligious backgrounds into the dominant national community. Croix de Feu/PSF women promoted their socialagenda as a religious and patriotic duty, a reflection of the individual’s responsibility to make personal sacrifices on behalf of their vision for France’s Christian civilization. The Croix de Feu/PSF’s ethnoreligious nationalism circulated throughout the French imperial nation-state, making the movement the premier defender of an empire at the height of its power. But women in North African branches faced substantial marginalization, and the movement remained dangerously sectarian in the Maghreb, driving indigenous activists from reformism to anticolonialism. The Croix de Feu/PSF thus set the stage for both the authoritarian, anti-Semitic Vichy regime and the decolonization that followed the war. The first book on women of the French far right in the age of fascism, Political Belief in France, 1927–1945 contributes to the fields of French history, gender studies, the history of fascism, and the history of empire.

Decolonization and the French of Algeria

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137520752
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (375 download)

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Book Synopsis Decolonization and the French of Algeria by : Sung-Eun Choi

Download or read book Decolonization and the French of Algeria written by Sung-Eun Choi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-01-26 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1962, almost one million people were evacuated from Algeria. France called these citizens Repatriates to hide their French Algerian origins and to integrate them into society. This book is about Repatriation and how it became central to France's postcolonial understanding of decolonization, the Algerian past, and French identity.

"Painting, Politics and the Struggle for the ?ole de Paris, 1944?964 "

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351555189
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis "Painting, Politics and the Struggle for the ?ole de Paris, 1944?964 " by : Natalie Adamson

Download or read book "Painting, Politics and the Struggle for the ?ole de Paris, 1944?964 " written by Natalie Adamson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Painting, Politics and the Struggle for the ?ole de Paris, 1944-1964 is the first book dedicated to the postwar or 'nouvelle' ?ole de Paris. It challenges the customary relegation of the ?ole de Paris to the footnotes, not by arguing for some hitherto 'hidden' merit for the art and ideas associated with this school, but by establishing how and why the ?ole de Paris was a highly significant vehicle for artistic and political debate. The book presents a sustained historical study of how this 'school' was constituted by the paintings of a diverse group of artists, by the combative field of art criticism, and by the curatorial policies of galleries and state exhibitions. By thoroughly mining the extensive resources of the newspaper and art journal press, gallery and government archives, artists' writings and interviews with surviving artists and art critics, the book traces the artists, exhibitions, and art critical debates that made the ?ole de Paris a zone of aesthetic and political conflict. Through setting the ?ole de Paris into its artistic, social, and political context, Natalie Adamson demonstrates how it functioned as the defining force in French postwar art in its defence of the tradition of easel painting, as well as an international point of reference for the expansion of modernism. In doing so, she presents a wholly new perspective on the vexed relationships between painting, politics, and national identity in France during the two decades following World War II.

The New White Race

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Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 149622521X
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (962 download)

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Book Synopsis The New White Race by : Charlotte Ann Legg

Download or read book The New White Race written by Charlotte Ann Legg and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2021-06 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New White Race traces the development of the press in Algeria between 1860 and 1914, examining the particular role of journalists in shaping the power dynamics of settler colonialism. Constrained in different ways by the limitations imposed on free expression in a colonial context, diverse groups of European settlers, Algerian Muslims, and Algerian Jews nevertheless turned to the press to articulate their hopes and fears for the future of the land they inhabited and to imagine forms of community which would continue to influence political debates until the Algerian War. The frontiers of these imagined communities did not necessarily correlate with those of the nation--either French or Algerian--but framed processes of identification that were at once local, national, and transnational. The New White Race explores these processes of cultural and political identification, highlighting the production practices, professional networks, and strategic-linguistic choices mobilized by journalists as they sought to influence the sentiments of their readers and the decisions of the French state. Announcing the creation of a "new white race" among the mixed European population of Algeria, settler journalists hoped to increase the autonomy of the settler colony without forgoing the protections afforded by their French rulers. Their ambivalent expressions of "French" belonging, however, reflected tensions among the colonizers; these tensions were ably exploited by those who sought to transform or contest French imperial rule.

Historical Dictionary of Algeria

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Publisher : Scarecrow Press
ISBN 13 : 0810864800
Total Pages : 623 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Historical Dictionary of Algeria by : Phillip C. Naylor

Download or read book Historical Dictionary of Algeria written by Phillip C. Naylor and published by Scarecrow Press. This book was released on 2006-09-05 with total page 623 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is the second largest country in Africa. This, coupled with its location near Europe and its prized hydrocarbons (oil and gas), continues to increase Algeria's international importance. Algeria's fight for liberation from French colonialism, which it finally achieved in 1962, was made famous by Gillo Pontecorvo's The Battle of Algiers (1966) and stands as an inspiration for many nearby countries. However, recent violence caused in part by ideological rivalry between a declining socialism and rising Islamism, illustrates post-colonial peril and tragedy. Today, Algeria endeavors to reconcile its past with its present. The third edition of the Historical Dictionary of Algeria has undergone extensive and substantial changes since previous editions, especially taking into account Algeria's civil strife of the 1990s and the country's controversial re-institutionalization and re-democratization. This is accomplished by means of a chronology, a list of acronyms and abbreviations, an introductory essay, maps, black & white photos, economic tables and statistics, appendixes, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on significant persons, places, and events.

Mecca of Revolution

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199899150
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (998 download)

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Book Synopsis Mecca of Revolution by : Jeffrey James Byrne

Download or read book Mecca of Revolution written by Jeffrey James Byrne and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-15 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mecca of Revolution traces the ideological and methodological evolution of the Algerian Revolution, showing how an anticolonial nationalist struggle culminated in independent Algeria's ambitious agenda to reshape not only its own society, but international society too. In this work, Jeffrey James Byrne first examines the changing politics and international strategies of the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) during its war with France, including the embrace of more encompassing visions of "decolonization" that necessitated socio-economic transformation on a global scale along Marxist/Leninist/Fanonist/Maoist/Guevarian lines. After independence, the Algerians played a leading role in Arab-African affairs as well as the far-reaching Third World project that challenged structural inequalities in the international system and the world economy, including initiatives such as the Non-Aligned Movement, the G77, and the Afro-Asian movement. At the same time, Algiers, nicknamed the "Mecca of Revolution," became a key nexus in an intercontinental transnational network of liberation movements, revolutionaries, and radical groups of various kinds. Drawing on unprecedented access to archival materials from the FLN, the independent Algerian state, and half a dozen other countries, Byrne narrates a postcolonial, or "South-South," international history. He situates dominant paradigms such as the Cold War in the larger context of decolonization and sheds new light on the relationships between the emergent elites of Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Mecca of Revolution shows how Third Worldism evolved from a subversive transnational phenomenon into a mode of elite cooperation that reinforced the authority of the post-colonial state. In so doing, the Third World movement played a key role in the construction of the totalizing international order of the late-twentieth century.

Regeneration Through Empire

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Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 0803244975
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Regeneration Through Empire by : Margaret Cook Andersen

Download or read book Regeneration Through Empire written by Margaret Cook Andersen and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2015-01-01 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870–71, French patriots feared that their country was in danger of becoming a second-rate power in Europe. Decreasing birth rates had largely slowed French population growth, and the country’s population was not keeping pace with that of its European neighbors. To regain its standing in the European world, France set its sights on building a vast colonial empire while simultaneously developing a policy of pronatalism to reverse these demographic trends. Though representing distinct political movements, colonial supporters and pronatalist organizations were born of the same crisis and reflected similar anxieties concerning France’s trajectory and position in the world. Regeneration through Empire explores the intersection between colonial lobbyists and pronatalists in France’s Third Republic. Margaret Cook Andersen argues that as the pronatalist movement became more organized at the end of the nineteenth century, pronatalists increasingly understood their demographic crisis in terms that transcended the boundaries of the metropole and began to position the French empire, specifically its colonial holdings in North Africa and Madagascar, as a key component in the nation’s regeneration. Drawing on an array of primary sources from French archives, Regeneration through Empire is the first book to analyze the relationship between depopulation and imperialism.