The Polio Years in Texas

Download The Polio Years in Texas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Texas A&M University Press
ISBN 13 : 1603441654
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Polio Years in Texas by : Heather Green Wooten

Download or read book The Polio Years in Texas written by Heather Green Wooten and published by Texas A&M University Press. This book was released on 2009-10-25 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the 1930s to the 1950s, in response to the rising epidemic of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio), Texas researchers led a wave of discoveries in virology, rehabilitative therapies, and the modern intensive care unit that transformed the field nationally. The disease threatened the lives of children and adults in the United States, especially in the South, arousing the same kind of fear more recently associated with AIDS and other dread diseases. Houston and Harris County, Texas, had the second-highest rate of infection in the nation, and the rest of the Texas Gulf Coast was particularly hard-hit by this debilitating illness. At the time, little was known, but eventually the medical responses to polio changed the medical landscape forever. Polio also had a sweeping cultural and societal effect. It engendered fearful responses from parents trying to keep children safe from its ravages and an all-out public information blitz aimed at helping a frightened population protect itself. The disease exacted a very real toll on the families, friends, healthcare resources, and social fabric of those who contracted the disease and endured its acute, convalescent, and rehabilitation phases. In The Polio Years in Texas, Heather Green Wooten draws on extensive archival research as well as interviews conducted over a five-year period with Texas polio survivors and their families. This is a detailed and intensely human account of not only the epidemics that swept Texas during the polio years, but also of the continuing aftermath of the disease for those who are still living with its effects. Public health and medical professionals, historians, and interested general readers will derive deep and lasting benefits from reading The Polio Years in Texas.

Polio

Download Polio PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1787380874
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (873 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Polio by : Thomas Abraham

Download or read book Polio written by Thomas Abraham and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-29 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1988, the World Health Organization launched a twelve-year campaign to wipe out polio. Thirty years and several billion dollars over budget later, the campaign grinds on, vaccinating millions of children and hoping that each new year might see an end to the disease. But success remains elusive, against a surprisingly resilient virus, an unexpectedly weak vaccine and the vagaries of global politics, meeting with indifference from governments and populations alike. How did an innocuous campaign to rid the world of a crippling disease become a hostage of geopolitics? Why do parents refuse to vaccinate their children against polio? And why have poorly paid door-to-door healthworkers been assassinated? Thomas Abraham reports on the ground in search of answers.

Three Minutes for a Dog

Download Three Minutes for a Dog PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : FriesenPress
ISBN 13 : 1525525336
Total Pages : 155 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Three Minutes for a Dog by : Paul R. Alexander

Download or read book Three Minutes for a Dog written by Paul R. Alexander and published by FriesenPress. This book was released on 2020-04-13 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contrary to popular belief Polio is not extinct. This is the true story of an indomitable spirit afflicted with unimaginable physical and psychological challenges. Paul Alexander’s life is a saga that started in 1946 and has been profoundly shaped by the Polio epidemic of the early 1950’s. Survivors of the 1950’s Polio Epidemic in America are rare. Polio victims, like Paul Alexander, who require the assistance of an “Iron Lung” respirator for their life’s breath are even rarer. Paul Alexander has crafted his life against all odds and has a courageous and compelling story to share with us all. Victims of Polio, their families, friends and communities are struggling to cope with this obscure but still dangerous infectious disease. This book is a testimony to the strength of the human spirit and an affirmation of the need to continue efforts to eradicate the pestilence of Polio from the planet.

Small Steps

Download Small Steps PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Albert Whitman & Company
ISBN 13 : 0807574600
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Small Steps by : Peg Kehret

Download or read book Small Steps written by Peg Kehret and published by Albert Whitman & Company. This book was released on 1996-01-01 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1996 Golden Kite Award for Nonfiction 1997 ALA Notable Books for Children 1997 Top Ten Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Readers 1997 Pen Center USA West Literary Award 1998 Dorothy Canfield Fisher Book Award (Vermont) 1998-1999 Mark Twain Award (Missouri) 1998 Joan Fassler Memorial Book Award 1998-1999 Texas Bluebonnet Award, Runner-Up 1998-1999 William Allen White Master Reading List (Kansas) 1998-1999 Pennsylvania Young Readers' Choice Award Master List 1998-1999 Sequoyah Book Award Master List (Oklahoma) 1998-1999 Volunteer State Book Award Master List (Tennessee) 1998-1999 NH Great Stone Face Children's Book Award Master List 1999 Sasquatch Reading Award Master List (Washington State) 2000-2001 Iowa Children's Choice Awards Master List 2001 Rebecca Caudill Young Readers' Book Award Master List (Illinois) 2001 Young Hoosier Book Award 2015 Bluestem Book Award Master List In a riveting story of courage and hope, Peg Kehret writes about months spent in a hospital when she was twelve, first struggling to survive a severe case of polio, then slowly learning to walk again. Peg Kehret was stricken with polio when she was twelve years old. At first paralyzed and terrified, she fought her way to recovery, aided by doctors and therapists, a loving family, supportive roommates fighting their own battles with the disease, and plenty of grit and luck. With the humor and suspense that are her trademarks, acclaimed author Peg Kehret vividly recreates the true story of her year of heartbreak and triumph.

Dirt and Disease

Download Dirt and Disease PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780813517865
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (178 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dirt and Disease by : Naomi Rogers

Download or read book Dirt and Disease written by Naomi Rogers and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dirt and Disease is a social, cultural, and medical history of the polio epidemic in the United States. Naomi Rogers focuses on the early years from 1900 to 1920, and continues the story to the present. She explores how scientists, physicians, patients, and their families explained the appearance and spread of polio and how they tried to cope with it. Rogers frames this study of polio within a set of larger questions about health and disease in twentieth-century American culture.

Selling Science

Download Selling Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813574412
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Selling Science by : Stephen E. Mawdsley

Download or read book Selling Science written by Stephen E. Mawdsley and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2016-08 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, when many parents seem reluctant to have their children vaccinated, even with long proven medications, the Salk vaccine trial, which enrolled millions of healthy children to test an unproven medical intervention, seems nothing short of astonishing. In Selling Science, medical historian Stephen E. Mawdsley recounts the untold story of the first large clinical trial to control polio using healthy children—55,000 healthy children—revealing how this long-forgotten incident cleared the path for Salk’s later trial. Mawdsley describes how, in the early 1950s, Dr. William Hammon and the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis launched a pioneering medical experiment on a previously untried scale. Conducted on over 55,000 healthy children in Texas, Utah, Iowa, and Nebraska, this landmark study assessed the safety and effectiveness of a blood component, gamma globulin, to prevent paralytic polio. The value of the proposed experiment was questioned by many prominent health professionals as it harbored potential health risks, but as Mawdsley points out, compromise and coercion moved it forward. And though the trial returned dubious results, it was presented to the public as a triumph and used to justify a federally sanctioned mass immunization study on thousands of families between 1953 and 1954. Indeed, the concept, conduct, and outcome of the GG study were sold to health professionals, medical researchers, and the public at each stage. At a time when most Americans trusted scientists, their mutual encounter under the auspices of conquering disease was shaped by politics, marketing, and at times, deception. Drawing on oral history interviews, medical journals, newspapers, meeting minutes, and private institutional records, Selling Science sheds light on the ethics of scientific conduct, and on the power of marketing to shape public opinion about medical experimentation.

Elegy for a Disease

Download Elegy for a Disease PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1466852968
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (668 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Elegy for a Disease by : Anne Finger

Download or read book Elegy for a Disease written by Anne Finger and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2013-09-17 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the first half of the twentieth century, epidemics of polio caused fear and panic, killing some who contracted the disease, leaving others with varying degrees of paralysis. The defeat of polio became a symbol of modern technology's ability to reduce human suffering. But while the story of polio may have seemed to end on April 12, 1956, when the Salk vaccine was declared a success, millions of people worldwide are polio survivors. In this dazzling memoir, Anne Finger interweaves her personal experience with polio with a social and cultural history of the disease. Anne contracted polio as a very young child, just a few months before the Salk vaccine became widely available. After six months of hospitalization, she returned to her family's home in upstate New York, using braces and crutches. In her memoir, she writes about the physical expansiveness of her childhood, about medical attempts to "fix" her body, about family violence, job discrimination, and a life rich with political activism, writing, and motherhood. She also writes an autobiography of the disease, describing how it came to widespread public attention during a 1916 epidemic in New York in which immigrants, especially Italian immigrants, were scapegoated as being the vectors of the disease. She relates the key roles that Franklin Roosevelt played in constructing polio as a disease that could be overcome with hard work, as well as his ties to the nascent March of Dimes, the prototype of the modern charity. Along the way, we meet the formidable Sister Kenny, the Australian nurse who claimed to have found a revolutionary treatment for polio and who was one of the most admired women in America at mid-century; a group of polio survivors who formed the League of the Physically Handicapped to agitate for an end to disability discrimination in Depression-era relief projects; and the founders of the early disability-rights movement, many of them polio survivors who, having been raised to overcome obstacles and triumph over their disabilities, confronted a world filled with barriers and impediments that no amount of hard work could overcome. Anne Finger writes with the candor and the skill of a novelist, and shows not only how polio shaped her life, but how it shaped American cultural experience as well.

Jonas Salk

Download Jonas Salk PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199334412
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Jonas Salk by : Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs

Download or read book Jonas Salk written by Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "He first full biography of Jonas Salk offers a complete picture of the enigmatic figure, from his early years working on an influenza vaccine--for which he never fully got credit--to his seminal creation of the Polio vaccine, up through his later work to find a cure for AIDS"--

The Polio Years in Texas

Download The Polio Years in Texas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Texas A&M University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781603441650
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (416 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Polio Years in Texas by : Heather Green Wooten

Download or read book The Polio Years in Texas written by Heather Green Wooten and published by Texas A&M University Press. This book was released on 2009-10-25 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the 1930s to the 1950s, in response to the rising epidemic of paralytic poliomyelitis (polio), Texas researchers led a wave of discoveries in virology, rehabilitative therapies, and the modern intensive care unit that transformed the field nationally. The disease threatened the lives of children and adults in the United States, especially in the South, arousing the same kind of fear more recently associated with AIDS and other dread diseases. Houston and Harris County, Texas, had the second-highest rate of infection in the nation, and the rest of the Texas Gulf Coast was particularly hard-hit by this debilitating illness. At the time, little was known, but eventually the medical responses to polio changed the medical landscape forever. Polio also had a sweeping cultural and societal effect. It engendered fearful responses from parents trying to keep children safe from its ravages and an all-out public information blitz aimed at helping a frightened population protect itself. The disease exacted a very real toll on the families, friends, healthcare resources, and social fabric of those who contracted the disease and endured its acute, convalescent, and rehabilitation phases. In The Polio Years in Texas, Heather Green Wooten draws on extensive archival research as well as interviews conducted over a five-year period with Texas polio survivors and their families. This is a detailed and intensely human account of not only the epidemics that swept Texas during the polio years, but also of the continuing aftermath of the disease for those who are still living with its effects. Public health and medical professionals, historians, and interested general readers will derive deep and lasting benefits from reading The Polio Years in Texas.

The Cutter Incident

Download The Cutter Incident PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780300126051
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (26 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cutter Incident by : Paul A. Offit

Download or read book The Cutter Incident written by Paul A. Offit and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2007-09-18 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vaccines have saved more lives than any other single medical advance. Yet today only four companies make vaccines, and there is a growing crisis in vaccine availability. Why has this happened? This remarkable book recounts for the first time a devastating episode in 1955 at Cutter Laboratories in Berkeley, California, thathas led many pharmaceutical companies to abandon vaccine manufacture. Drawing on interviews with public health officials, pharmaceutical company executives, attorneys, Cutter employees, and victims of the vaccine, as well as on previously unavailable archives, Dr. Paul Offit offers a full account of the Cutter disaster. He describes the nation's relief when the polio vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk in 1955, the production of the vaccine at industrial facilities such as the one operated by Cutter, and the tragedy that occurred when 200,000 people were inadvertently injected with live virulent polio virus: 70,000 became ill, 200 were permanently paralyzed, and 10 died. Dr. Offit also explores how, as a consequence of the tragedy, one jury's verdict set in motion events that eventually suppressed the production of vaccines already licensed and deterred the development of new vaccines that hold the promise of preventing other fatal diseases.

The Discovery of the Polio Vaccine

Download The Discovery of the Polio Vaccine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Core Library
ISBN 13 : 9781532114885
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (148 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Discovery of the Polio Vaccine by : Duchess Harris

Download or read book The Discovery of the Polio Vaccine written by Duchess Harris and published by Core Library. This book was released on 2018-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery of a vaccine for polio in the 1950s has prevented millions of cases of this severe paralyzing disease. The Discovery of the Polio Vaccine examines this historic advance from multiple perspectives, including those of Jonas Salk, Albert Sabin, and modern organizations working to wipe out polio once and for all. Easy-to-read text, vivid images, and helpful back matter give readers a clear look at this subject. Features include a table of contents, infographics, a glossary, additional resources, and an index. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Core Library is an imprint of Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO.

Splendid Solution

Download Splendid Solution PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 0425205703
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (252 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Splendid Solution by : Jeffrey Kluger

Download or read book Splendid Solution written by Jeffrey Kluger and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2006-02-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The compelling true story of Dr. Jonas Salk's quest to develop a vaccine for polio. In 1916, the United States was hit with one of the worst polio epidemics in history. The disease was a terrifying enigma: striking out of nowhere, it afflicted tens of thousands of children and left them—literally overnight—paralyzed. Others it simply killed. At the same time, a child named Jonas Salk was born.... When Franklin Delano Roosevelt was diagnosed with polio shortly before assuming the Presidency, Salk was given an impetus to study this deadly illness. After assisting in the creation of an influenza vaccine, Salk took up the challenge. His progress in combating the virus was hindered by the politics of medicine and by a rival researcher determined to discredit his proposed solution. But Salk's perseverance made history—and for close to seventy years his vaccine has saved countless lives, bringing humanity close to eradicating polio throughout the world. Splendid Solution chronicles Dr. Salk's race against time to achieve an unparalleled breakthrough that made him a cultural hero and icon of modern medicine.

Polio Across the Iron Curtain

Download Polio Across the Iron Curtain PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108420842
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Polio Across the Iron Curtain by : Dóra Vargha

Download or read book Polio Across the Iron Curtain written by Dóra Vargha and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-11 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through the lens of polio, Dóra Vargha looks anew at international health, communism and Cold War politics. This title is also available as Open Access.

Preparing for Pandemics in the Modern World

Download Preparing for Pandemics in the Modern World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Texas A&M University Press
ISBN 13 : 162349947X
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (234 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Preparing for Pandemics in the Modern World by : Christine Crudo Blackburn

Download or read book Preparing for Pandemics in the Modern World written by Christine Crudo Blackburn and published by Texas A&M University Press. This book was released on 2020-12-11 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Black Death. Cholera. Spanish flu. Swine flu. HIV/AIDS. COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2. Each of these pandemics has made (or, is making) a lasting impact on humanity. From the immediate mental image of the beaked masks worn in the Middle Ages (bubonic plague) and the birth of epidemiology (cholera) to recognizing the benefits of social distancing (1918 flu) and the harm of prejudice and misinformation (HIV/AIDS), pandemics have shown us how to survive infectious disease, as long as we heed their lessons. Preparing for Pandemics in the Modern World, edited by Christine Crudo Blackburn, brings together experts on pandemic preparedness and biosecurity to explore areas of weakness in pandemic prevention, preparedness, detection, and response. Even as COVID-19 makes its way around the world, leaders and policymakers are tasked with thinking ahead and preparing to effectively respond to the next such event—which experience shows us to be a matter of “when,” not “if.” Inside, chapters are divided into sections on the lessons learned from the 1918 influenza pandemic, the application of the One Health concept, and the role of the private sector in responding to potentially devastating disease outbreaks. A chapter on the impacts of supply chain disruption—in light of COVID-19—and an epilogue that discusses the current outbreak make Preparing for Pandemics in the Modern World a timely and accessibly written compilation on pandemic prevention, preparedness, detection, and response.

Worse Than Slavery

Download Worse Than Slavery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1439107742
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Worse Than Slavery by : David M. Oshinsky

Download or read book Worse Than Slavery written by David M. Oshinsky and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 1997-04-22 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this sensitively told tale of suffering, brutality, and inhumanity, Worse Than Slavery is an epic history of race and punishment in the deepest South from emancipation to the Civil Rights Era—and beyond. Immortalized in blues songs and movies like Cool Hand Luke and The Defiant Ones, Mississippi’s infamous Parchman State Penitentiary was, in the pre-civil rights south, synonymous with cruelty. Now, noted historian David Oshinsky gives us the true story of the notorious prison, drawing on police records, prison documents, folklore, blues songs, and oral history, from the days of cotton-field chain gangs to the 1960s, when Parchman was used to break the wills of civil rights workers who journeyed south on Freedom Rides.

Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition E-Book

Download Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Public Health Foundation
ISBN 13 : 0990449122
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition E-Book by : Jennifer Hamborsky, MPH, MCHES

Download or read book Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition E-Book written by Jennifer Hamborsky, MPH, MCHES and published by Public Health Foundation. This book was released on 2015-10-19 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Public Health Foundation (PHF) in partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is pleased to announce the availability of Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 13th Edition or “The Pink Book” E-Book. This resource provides the most current, comprehensive, and credible information on vaccine-preventable diseases, and contains updated content on immunization and vaccine information for public health practitioners, healthcare providers, health educators, pharmacists, nurses, and others involved in administering vaccines. “The Pink Book E-Book” allows you, your staff, and others to have quick access to features such as keyword search and chapter links. Online schedules and sources can also be accessed directly through e-readers with internet access. Current, credible, and comprehensive, “The Pink Book E-Book” contains information on each vaccine-preventable disease and delivers immunization providers with the latest information on: Principles of vaccination General recommendations on immunization Vaccine safety Child/adult immunization schedules International vaccines/Foreign language terms Vaccination data and statistics The E-Book format contains all of the information and updates that are in the print version, including: · New vaccine administration chapter · New recommendations regarding selection of storage units and temperature monitoring tools · New recommendations for vaccine transport · Updated information on available influenza vaccine products · Use of Tdap in pregnancy · Use of Tdap in persons 65 years of age or older · Use of PCV13 and PPSV23 in adults with immunocompromising conditions · New licensure information for varicella-zoster immune globulin Contact [email protected] for more information. For more news and specials on immunization and vaccines visit the Pink Book's Facebook fan page

Pioneer Science and the Great Plagues

Download Pioneer Science and the Great Plagues PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Purdue University Press
ISBN 13 : 161249756X
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (124 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pioneer Science and the Great Plagues by : Norman F. Cheville

Download or read book Pioneer Science and the Great Plagues written by Norman F. Cheville and published by Purdue University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-15 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pioneer Science and the Great Plagues covers the century when infectious plagues—anthrax, tuberculosis, tetanus, plague, smallpox, and polio—were conquered, and details the important role that veterinary scientists played. The narrative is driven by astonishing events that centered on animal disease: the influenza pandemic of 1872, discovery of the causes of anthrax and tuberculosis in the 1880s, conquest of Texas cattle fever and then yellow fever, German anthrax attacks on the United States during World War I, the tuberculin war of 1931, Japanese biological warfare in the 1940s, and today’s bioterror dangers. Veterinary science in the rural Midwest arose from agriculture, but in urban Philadelphia it came from medicine; similar differences occurred in Canada between Toronto and Montreal. As land-grant colleges were established after the American Civil War, individual states followed divergent pathways in supporting veterinary science. Some employed a trade school curriculum that taught agriculturalists to empirically treat animal diseases and others emphasized a curriculum tied to science. This pattern continued for a century, but today some institutions have moved back to the trade school philosophy. Avoiding lessons of the 1910 Flexner Report on medical education reform, university-associated veterinary schools are being approved that do not have control of their own veterinary hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, and research institutes—components that are critical for training students in science. Underlying this change were twin idiosyncrasies of culture—disbelief in science and distrust of government—that spawned scientology, creationism, anti-vaccination movements, and other anti-science scams. As new infectious plagues continue to arise, Pioneer Science and the Great Plagues details the strategies we learned defeating plagues from 1860 to 1960—and the essential role veterinary science played. To defeat the plagues of today it is essential we avoid the digital cocoon of disbelief in science and cultural stasis now threatening progress.