The New Role Of Micro Economic Measures Consumer Behavior

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The New Role Of Micro Economic Measures Consumer Behavior

Author : Johnny Ch Lok
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781671048799
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (487 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Role Of Micro Economic Measures Consumer Behavior by : Johnny Ch Lok

Download or read book The New Role Of Micro Economic Measures Consumer Behavior written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-03 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The national income accounting measurement is one good method to help any development countries to research whether what issues are their weaknesses or strengths is order to improve their economic development challenge. The central concept in national accouting is to measure the total output of products or services of the country's economy over a given time period.The measure is known or gross domestic product (GDP). Output is produced by employing various factors of production ( mainly labor and captial), and the revenue from sale of output of used to make payments to these factors of production. The value of output is identified, to the value of income paidout, or what is known as national income. Since the output produced is sold ( or added to stocks), the value of output is also equal to the value of expenditure.Hence, GDP can bre regarded as the value of output produced ( appregate supply), the total value of expenditure on output ( aggregate demand) or the total value of income in producing the output (real income). So, any developing countries can find whether how much or amout different industries value of output produced from and the real aggregate demand from consumers for different industries' products sale number or services demand in order find whether what factors cause the kind of industry's total GDP product sale number and real income reduction amount. For example, last year, the developing country's cloth industry sale number has 600,000 pieces and real GDP income has US$5 million. But, this year, its cloth industry sale number has 400,000 pieces and real GDP income has US$ 2 million. Hence, the developing countries can know its current year overall cloth industry sale number and GDP real income must reduce. Then, this country can attempt to find any factors had influenced itself cloth industry why this country itself cloth buyers number and their wearing demand has reduced. the reasons may include overall cloths price is exceed the normal price level or too high to compare its other foreign cloth sellers ( overall local cloths price is exceed foreign cloth sellers' price extremely, or overall cloth fashion is not update or not attractive or quality is poor, or import cloth material producing price is too high to cause overall cloth sellers' cloth sale prices are needed to rise in order to earn balance profit or avoid reducing profit, or this developing country's cloth sellers' loyalties or brands are not famous to influence overall local cloth buyers know to choose to buy in itself country. Hence, this developing country can attempt to apply macroeconomic behavioral method to find whether what it/are the main factor(s) to cause its overall cloth industry's real GDP income and sale number is influenced to fall down suddenly in this year.This macroeconomic country income measurement method can also measure why or what factors cause its any industries' overall supply and demand imbalance problem existence or cause. The reader will notice that the aggregate supply curve (AS) is drawn with an upward slope from left or right. So that at higher price levels more output is provided obviously, there will be a point when, given fixed amount of captial, labor and technology, output can not be increased in the short term. This represents the full employment level, and at this point, the aggregrate suply curve will become vertical. The aggregate demand cuve simply shows the relationship between the total amount of products and services consumers desire and the price level. For one developing country's overall computer industry example, if it had overall aggregate supply of computer manufacturing number is one million pieces last year, but this year, it's aggregate supply of computer supply of computer manufacturing number is only five hundred thousand pieces. Hence, its overall computer aggregate manufacturing number fell down half pieces in this year.

The New Role Of Economists Measurement Consumer Behavior

Author : Johnny Ch Lok
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781710138979
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (389 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Role Of Economists Measurement Consumer Behavior by : Johnny Ch Lok

Download or read book The New Role Of Economists Measurement Consumer Behavior written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-21 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economics is the science which indicates human ( consumer) role is as a relationship between ( achieving sale effect ) and consumers feel scarce to buy the product ( psychological response), because general consumers feel scarce or shortage supplying to the product in themselves coutry market. They will choose to attempt to visit any shops to buy the product immediately. So, scarce or shortage supplying factor may be one important factor to influence general consumers expect to buy the kind of product immediately if they feel the brand of product is shortage to sell to them in any shops in the country. It may be more important to compare cheaper price factor, inflation factor, the shop's geographical location far away to the consumer individual home factor, savings or investment etc. different factors to influence the country's consumers purchase desires to be rised up or fallen down.The economc methods measure consumer behaviors ( purpose to accept primary facts. Hence is on the quantitative side a further type of information. By primary facts, I mean such things as the originating entries in a firm's sale cash book or the quantity of some commodity produced over a particular period. On the other hand, there are many items, similar to primary facts in the actual world, but which are not capable of being in the same simple manner, e.g. the income of an individual or a nation GDP. These data is the best consumer behavioral changing to the country's social consumption market. The principle problems which the answering of questions of fact sets to the economic statisticans can conveniently be analyzed in the familiar terms of demand and supply concerns to research how, why and when the kind of product's consumer shopping desires whether they will like to choose either buy more or less to the kind of product. We first have to decide what we want to know and then consider how we are going to find it out. For the point of view of the user of factual information. The obvious approach to the research how, why and when consumer shopping desires change to the kind of product purchase choice issue. A system for ascertaining facts which worked on this principle, such as how many economic facts are ascertained to the country's consumption market concerns to the kind of product. There is no point in trying to ascertain the national income on some given definition to the nearest pounds or UK dollar measured when in fact no use for the information could be concerned that required it to be accurate to more than the nearest 10 million pound or UK dollar for England, UK GDP ( Gross Domestic Product) income in the year. Hence, GDP is not the most suitable data gathering method to be used to analyze why, how and when consumers behavioral change to the kind of product sale in the country. Because ir is one macro economic view, it is not more accurate to compare micro economic view to measure any country's consumer behavior or shopping desire changes, such as individual income level changes, . Otherwise, these micro economic data, such as firms sale number and sale income changes etc. data they are more suitable to be used in order to measure whether the kind of product's consumption desire will increase or decrease more accurate for the country next year.

Improving the Measurement of Consumer Expenditures

Author : Christopher D. Carroll
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022612665X
Total Pages : 517 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Improving the Measurement of Consumer Expenditures by : Christopher D. Carroll

Download or read book Improving the Measurement of Consumer Expenditures written by Christopher D. Carroll and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2015-06-16 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Robust and reliable measures of consumer expenditures are essential for analyzing aggregate economic activity and for measuring differences in household circumstances. Many countries, including the United States, are embarking on ambitious projects to redesign surveys of consumer expenditures, with the goal of better capturing economic heterogeneity. This is an appropriate time to examine the way consumer expenditures are currently measured, and the challenges and opportunities that alternative approaches might present. Improving the Measurement of Consumer Expenditures begins with a comprehensive review of current methodologies for collecting consumer expenditure data. Subsequent chapters highlight the range of different objectives that expenditure surveys may satisfy, compare the data available from consumer expenditure surveys with that available from other sources, and describe how the United States’s current survey practices compare with those in other nations.

Difference Between Micro And Macro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781709862045
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Difference Between Micro And Macro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Difference Between Micro And Macro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-11-20 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioral economy consumption desires measurement methodHow to apply behavioral economic theory to measure consumption level or consumption desire to the country? I shall assume that consumption is to be measured by private and public expenditures at constant prices at conventionally defined and all money prices are assumed constant. How to measure real consumption?In fact, consumer behavior has relationship to any country, itself economic growth or recesion in any economic and consumption environment . The purpose of income calculations in practiced affairs to give consumers an indication of the amount which they can consume. It would seem that we ought to define a man's income as the maximum value, which he can consume during a week, and still expect to be well at the end of week as he has at the beginning.An economy which uses money , but uses it is as a neutral link between transactions in real things and real assets and does not want of a better , a real exchange economy with an economy in which money plays a part of its own and affects motives and decisions and as , in short, one of the operative factors in the situation. So that the course of events can not be predicted either in the long period or in the short period, without knowledge of the behavior of money between the first state and last. It is a monetary economy means to influence any country itself consumer behavioral consumption desires change to more or less shopping times.Hence, money matters in both the long and short run. Money affects real decision making and employment and output outcomes to any countries. The economic system is moving through calendar time from an irrevocable past to an uncertain and statistically unpredictable future. Any country's past and present consumption market data do not necessary provide correct signals regarding future outcomes. Ths means that economic data are not necessarily generated by a process. Constrasts denominated in money terms are a human in an entrepreneurial economy. It helps humans efficiently organize time-consuming production and exchange processes in a world of uncertainty.

The New Role of Economic Measurement Methods

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781712755884
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (558 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Role of Economic Measurement Methods by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book The New Role of Economic Measurement Methods written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-28 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The principle problems which the answering of questions of fact sets to the economic statisticans can conveniently be analyzed in the familiar terms of demand and supply concerns to research how, why and when the kind of product's consumer shopping desires whether they will like to choose either buy more or less to the kind of product. We first have to decide what we want to know and then consider how we are going to find it out. For the point of view of the user of factual information. The obvious approach to the research how, why and when consumer shopping desires change to the kind of product purchase choice issue. A system for ascertaining facts which worked on this principle, such as how many economic facts are ascertained to the country's consumption market concerns to the kind of product. There is no point in trying to ascertain the national income on some given definition to the nearest pounds or UK dollar measured when in fact no use for the information could be concerned that required it to be accurate to more than the nearest 10 million pound or UK dollar for England, UK GDP ( Gross Domestic Product) income in the year. Hence, GDP is not the most suitable data gathering method to be used to analyze why , how and when consumers behavioral change to the kind of product sale in the country. Because ir is one macro economic view, it is not more accurate to compare micro economic view to measure any country's consumer behavior or shopping desire changes , such as individual income level changes,. Otherwise, these micro economic data ,such as firms sale number and sale income changes etc. data they are more suitable to be used in order to measure whether the kind of product's consumption desire will increase or decrease more accurate for the country next year.On economics, we meet with a number of different kinds of mathematical relationship. Perhaps the simplest is the definitional relationship which certains only variables linked together which certains only variables linked together by the arithmatic. Examples of such relationships are: Income equals consumption plus saving, the sim of saving by each sector of the economy equals the total saving of economy, the quantity of some commodity sold multiplied by average selling price equals the expenditure on the commodity. These equations do not tell use anything about the behavior of economic agents e.g. consumer behavior: they imply indicate the defined relationships between certain terms. When relationships of this kind form part of a system of equations. They may be used to eliminate certain variable from the system and thus reduce the degrees of freedom of the system.

Macro Economic and Micro Economic Measurement to Consumer Behaviors

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781710723847
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Macro Economic and Micro Economic Measurement to Consumer Behaviors by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Macro Economic and Micro Economic Measurement to Consumer Behaviors written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioral economy consumptiondesires measurement methodHow to apply behavioral economic theory to measure consumption level or consumption desire to the country? I shall assume that consumption is to be measured by private and public expenditures at constant prices at conventionally defined and all money prices are assumed constant. How to measure real consumption?In fact, consumer behavior has relationship to any country, itself economic growth or recesion in any economic and consumption environment . The purpose of income calculations in practiced affairs to give consumers an indication of the amount which they can consume. It would seem that we ought to define a man's income as the maximum value, which he can consume during a week, and still expect to be well at the end of week as he has at the beginning.An economy which uses money , but uses it is as a neutral link between transactions in real things and real assets and does not want of a better , a real exchange economy with an economy in which money plays a part of its own and affects motives and decisions and as , in short, one of the operative factors in the situation. So that the course of events can not be predicted either in the long period or in the short period, without knowledge of the behavior of money between the first state and last. It is a monetary economy means to influence any country itself consumer behavioral consumption desires change to more or less shopping times.Hence, money matters in both the long and short run. Money affects real decision making and employment and output outcomes to any countries. The economic system is moving through calendar time from an irrevocable past to an uncertain and statistically unpredictable future. Any country's past and present consumption market data do not necessary provide correct signals regarding future outcomes. Ths means that economic data are not necessarily generated by a process. Constrasts denominated in money terms are a human in an entrepreneurial economy. It helps humans efficiently organize time-consuming production and exchange processes in a world of uncertainty.

New Economic Measurement Method

Author : Johnny Ch Lok
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis New Economic Measurement Method by : Johnny Ch Lok

Download or read book New Economic Measurement Method written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Micro or macro economic method consumer desire measurementThe role of economy can measure consumer behavior, it can be used to analyze and gather social data, e.g. how many different brands of product are selling in the country, how many youth people, working people, old peole age groups are living in the country, how many the kind of product number is sold in the yar, how many average shopping times to the kind product to the country overall consumers number in the year, how long useful time to be replaced another new product, the counry's consumers they use the kind of product. Consequently, economist can conclude the effect of the kind of product sale number, different age of consumers' purchase times and useful time etc. different market data in order to predict whether the kind of product ought be manufactured how many number which is the most suitable number as well as whether the reasonable price level is to achieve the most highest sale income to the country's the kind of brand product next year.In general, consumer behavioral research economists have improved the research task of analysing and predicting econmic change how it can influence consumer behavior. A great deal of econometic work has been devoted to building and testing models, that is systems of relationships designed to how the interdependent variation of a set of variable, and with estimating the constants in these consumer behavioral influence models.Moreover, a system of equations in which the values of some variables appear for consecutive time periods can be used for any countries' consumer behavioral changing prediction purposes, but the predictions which can be dervied express the way in which the system would vary through time if it were allowed to run undistributed. Ths aspect ot the research consumer behavioral changing matter is now recognized and specifies the assumed properties, since they have importance bearing not only in prediction, but also on the estimation, e.g. how and why and when the country's consumer purchase habit will sudden change. Hence, the consumer behavioral research economists' role is to provide the country's market information about the systematic factors at work, so that the variable element of guess-work is reduced as far as possible.All practical economists who are not econometricians will readily assent to this statement as it relates to identities or definitions. No one in his senses will be content with predictions: what the most minimum of income level influences consumer individual shopping desire reduces, what the most minimum of savings level influences general consumers' shopping desires reduce etc. which do not satisfy the usual accounting identifies.Economics is the science which indicates human ( consumer) role is as a relationship between ( achieving sale effect ) and consumers feel scarce to buy the product ( psychological response), because general consumers feel scarce or shortage supplying to the product in themselves coutry market. They will choose to attempt to visit any shops to buy the product immediately. So, scarce or shortage supplying factor may be one important factor to influence general consumers expect to buy the kind of product immediately if they feel the brand of product is shortage to sell to them in any shops in the country. It may be more important to compare cheaper price factor, inflation factor, the shop's geographical location far away to the consumer individual home factor, savings or investment etc. different factors to influence the country's consumers purchase desires to be raise up or fallen down.

The New Role of Micro Economic Consumer Desire Measurement

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781709009129
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Role of Micro Economic Consumer Desire Measurement by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book The New Role of Micro Economic Consumer Desire Measurement written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-17 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On the inflationary hand, for the First World War economy growth influence example, in the First World War and since most notably the German hyperinflation of the 1920 year, this type of monetary regime shows a far smaller tendency towards inflation. In the First World War period, volatility of inflation and output were higher in the short run. So, First World War had little negative impact to influence world inflation in the war period. However, in the First World War period, the supply of money was determined not by the rates of economic growth only, but by the amount of available gold and could not be adjusted in response to economic needs. So, new sources of gold would increase money supply and inflation and decrease interest rates , the opposite of what modern central banks would do to provide stable economic growth in First World War. So, it explained that the First World War occurrence caused the change from non-inflationary to inflationary long term development. Thus, it seems First World War brings more money supply and gold supply to stable economic growth in the future long term period.On the labor productivity influence hand, leaving monetary issues aside, the First World War created the working time intellectual mood to change labor productivity, it would be a 15-18 hours working week for more enlightened leisure to Europe labors. Some prominent modern economists on the accuracy of the predictions on GDP growth per capital was remarkably accurate given to be fallen down that it was made at the time when economy growth theory did not even exist in the First World War period. Thus, it seems First World War also causes working time to be raised to the developing countries during the industrialization period. Then, the long time working time brought to the developing countries' workers to it is poor for labor health. Hence, although employers can raise productivity, but they need many workers to work long time to cause unhealthy. The majority found that the prediction on leisure is of the variations between world regions , due to income level exist, making European variety of capitalism. So, the First World War caused income inequality within countries and between nation states, trends in working hours , world poverty and ever growing needs ( consumerism) and the like. Thus, the developed western countries' workers can work lesser time to compare to the developing Asia countries' workers. Consequently, First World War brought negative impact to influence the developing Asia countries' worker unhealthy and physical and mental illnesses number had been increasing as well as it brought positive impact to influence the labor productivity had been increasing to the Asia countries' employers, due to their workers need to work long time every day. It seems on the positive impact hand, that the First World War caused the inflation occurrence to bring more money supply and gold supply to be raised to influence global economic growth.

The Differences Between Macro Economic And Micro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior

Author : Johnny Ch Lok
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781710421798
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (217 download)

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Book Synopsis The Differences Between Macro Economic And Micro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior by : Johnny Ch Lok

Download or read book The Differences Between Macro Economic And Micro Economic Measurement To Consumer Behavior written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: - How economic positive and negative impact of the war to higher military spending? Most models show that military spending to divert resources from productive uses, such as consumption and investment, and ultimately slows economic growth and reduces employment. So, it seems war causes disadvantages more than advantages to influence economy growth to any countries in possible.Some economists showed global insight produced a set of projections that compared a scenario with an increase in annual military spending equal to 1.0% of GDP current about $135billions relative to its baseline scenario . This is approximately equal to the increase in defense spending that has taken place compared with the pre-Sept. 11th terrorism Iraq war baseline to US government higher military spending. However, who also indicated military spending is not generally perceived to cost jobs. In standard economic models, war its positive impact can be thought of in the same way as spending on the environment from war bad influence. When tax and emission restrictions are often used to achieve environment protection during and after war. It is also possible to reach environmental targets by paying people to do things that will reduce pollution. For example, it is possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by paying people to buy more fuel efficient cars and appliances, or paying than to install insulation and other energy saving devices. So, during the war period, more greenhouse gas fuel efficient cars will increase demand in car market. Thus, war can reduce air and water pollution cost and encourage greenhouse gas fuel consumption. In the case of both increased military spending and paying people to take steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, resources would be reduced to supply to these countries' domestic market directed uses. In standard economic models, war it's negative impact to this redirection of other resources, due to the original resources are used to increase military spending to manufacturing any new weapons and it will cause this original resources are shortage to prepare for these countries' manufacturing countries. So, these resources shortage challenges will cause these military spending countries' economy to operate less efficiently and therefore lead to slower growth and fewer jobs supplies. Thus, war will bring resource shortage challenges and fewer jobs supplies bad influence. In policy debates, it is important to recognize the potential jobs losses are caused from military spending factor mainly. Also the potential economic costs are often a factor in debates over environment policy.

The New Role Of Economic Measurement Consumer And Airport Passenger Behaviors

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781713488507
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (885 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Role Of Economic Measurement Consumer And Airport Passenger Behaviors by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book The New Role Of Economic Measurement Consumer And Airport Passenger Behaviors written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-11-30 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Has it relationship between a recession and crime? To answer this relationship question, I shall explain what is macroeconomics. Then, you will give more clear understanding why and why recession will impact social crime behaviors to bre rasied in possible. What is Macroeconomics? Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how the aggregate economy behaves. In macroeconomics, economy-wide phenomena are examined such as inflation, price levels, rate of economic growth, national income, gross domestic product (GDP), and changes in unemployment.On the other hand, microeconomics looks at the behavior of individual actors in an economy (like people, households, industries, etc). Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with the structure, performance, behavior, and decision-making of the whole, or aggregate, economy, instead of focusing on individual markets.The two main areas of macroeconomic study are long term economic growth and shorter term business cycles. There are two sides to the study of economics: macroeconomics and microeconomics. As the term implies, macroeconomics looks at the overall, big picture scenario of the economy. Put simply, it focuses on the way the economy performs as a whole, and then analyzes how different sectors of the economy relate to one another to understand how the economy functions. This includes looking at variables like unemployment, GDP, and inflation. Macroeconomists develop models explaining relationships between these factors. Such macroeconomic models, and the forecasts they produce, are used by government entities to aid in the construction and evaluation of economic policy, by businesses to set strategy in domestic and global markets, and by investors to predict and plan for movements in various asset markets. Given the enormous scale of government budgets and the impact of economic policy on consumers and businesses, macroeconomics clearly concerns itself with significant issues. Properly applied, economic theories can offer illuminating insights on how economies function and the long-term consequences of particular policies and decisions. Macroeconomic theory can also help individual businesses and investors make better decisions through a more thorough understanding of what motivates other parties and how to best maximize utility and scarce resources.It is also important to understand the limitations of economic theory.

Economics and Consumer Behavior

Author : Angus Deaton
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521296762
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (967 download)

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Book Synopsis Economics and Consumer Behavior by : Angus Deaton

Download or read book Economics and Consumer Behavior written by Angus Deaton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1980-05-30 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For advanced courses in economic analysis, this book presents the economic theory of consumer behavior, focusing on the applications of the theory to welfare economies and econometric analysis.

The New Role Of Economic Measurement Consumer Entertainment

Author : Johnny Ch Lok
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781709798276
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (982 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Role Of Economic Measurement Consumer Entertainment by : Johnny Ch Lok

Download or read book The New Role Of Economic Measurement Consumer Entertainment written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-20 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The three main economic models of crime are the rationa lmodel, the present orientedor myopic model, and the radical political economic model. Each model emphasizes different factors that influence individual decisions to commit crime and different ways of combating crime. What is the Rational Model of Crime mean?Economics can be defined as a discipline that studies how scarce resourcesare allocated by the forces of supply and demand to meet different needsin society. In the same way, economists argue that crime is a result of individuals' making choices between using their scarce resources of time and effort in legitimate or in illegitimate activities. A key assumption is thatwhen making these choices, individuals are rational and choose the best option based on the available information and resources. Individuals are perceived to be promoting their self-interest by rationally selecting options that provide them with the greatest benefits that are expected to exceed the costs associated with these options.The profit from crime is traditionally measured in terms of monetarybenefits but can also include physical, psychic, and other benefits. The ''punishment'' or costs of crime include the risk of detection, apprehension, and conviction and the severity of punishment. Economists do not refutethat environmental, psychological, and biological factors may affect criminal activity. Nevertheless, they argue that individuals are free to choose between different courses of options available to them. Therefore, as long as there is a rational element of choice available, individuals who decide to commit a crime will react to changes in the probability of apprehension and the severity of punishment .This framework leads to a key concept, namely, the ''opportunity cost'' of crime. Any decision that involves a choice between two or more options has an opportunity cost. An opportunity cost can be defined as the value of the next best alternative within the context of making a decision. Put differently, an opportunity cost can be viewed as the benefits an individual could have received by taking an alternative decision or action. In essence, the true cost of crime for a potential criminal is the opportunity cost of spending time in prison. The opportunity cost varies among individualsirrespective of the length of incarceration. The rational framework distinguishes between static and dynamic models of crime. In a static model, individuals compare the costs and benefits of engaging in crime in a single time period. In a dynamic model, the individualconsiders multiple time periods. Decisions made in the past, for example, impact the decision-making process in the present. ⦁Is Unemployment caused crime by poor macro economy environment factor?Different models examine the different relationships between unemployment and crime. Some economic models assume that unemployment either lowers the opportunity costs of crime or that it increasesthe need to supplement income from sources other than legal employment. However, how do individuals form expectations about their earnings potential in the labor market? If there is a considerable gap between whatthe individual believes is attainable (group experience) and what is unattainable(larger society experience), an individual perceives this gap as relative deprivation. Hence the opportunity costs of crime may be reduced because the returns from regular employment are seen as minimal. In contrast, if the larger society also suffers from unemployment, the shortage of employment opportunities may still be considered equitable. attention that crimes, such as burglary or theft, receive in comparison with white collar crime, although the latter type of crimes represent a largerproportion of monetary losses than the former type.

Micro Or Macro Economic Measurement Marketing Behavioral Changing More Success

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781710141641
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (416 download)

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Book Synopsis Micro Or Macro Economic Measurement Marketing Behavioral Changing More Success by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Micro Or Macro Economic Measurement Marketing Behavioral Changing More Success written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-21 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To go back to the example of the definitional relationship " income equals consumption plus saving", we can obviously calculate it means that income minus consumption, whereever saving appears in a system of relationships. Thus, reducing the number of variables and of equation. A ny explanation indicates that why micro economic data, e.g. indivdual income variable level, saving variable level is more accuate to be gathered to use for judgement when, why and how the kind of product general consumers behaviors or shopping desires change to compare macro economic data , e.g. the country's GDP in the country. Because we can not build up a theory of human behavior with the aid of definitional relationship alone, in addition we shall need relationship of age groups, such as a individual or a young age group, working age group, old age group different age consumers or occupation groups, e.g. professional occupation, such as teacher, doctor, lawyer , or low educational level occupation, such as factory worker etc. different age or occupation consumer groups of a consumption behaviouristic or consumer group character telling us something of the way in which the different individuals or consumer groups behavr or indicating the technical relationships which subsist between, say the input of factors of production and the output of product. Example of such relationships are: The familiar demand and supply to the brand product relationships; the relationship connecting saving to the individual income or general young age group income or old age group income or working people income in the society, and the rate of interest to the country's bank system; a relationship indicating the presence or absence of price control to gas issue concerns how to influence car buyers' purchase cars demands or driving desires. All of these any one of micro economic relationship is the influence of as aspect of the consumer behavioral changing or consumer desire changing system highly relevant to general macro economic behavioral change system to the country.Is these any advantage in operate with structural equations? The answer is " yes" for the following reasons. In the case of relationship expressing behavior these may be expected to ahve the highest possible degree of performance, since they reflect the behavior of only one type of entity in the system, such as sales and price information equations just mentioned, depend for their stability on the constant responses not of one but of two or more types of entity, in the example both buyers ( the kind of product consumers or buyers ) and sellers ( the kind of product sellers). Thus, if we can assume that the buyers' responses , through not the sellers' responses will remain constant over a period, we can express ( or forecast) the quantity transacted by using one equation if we adopt the demand equation. Whereas, we shall need to least two if we adopt that sales equation. Thus, in micro economic view, equation method , such as gathering the kind of sale and price their information, it may help the seller measure whether it ought set up how much sale price to the product to let many consumers feel the most reasonable in order to increase its sale number in the country's consumption market.

Behavioral Economic Measurement Social Changing

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781710154672
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (546 download)

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Book Synopsis Behavioral Economic Measurement Social Changing by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Behavioral Economic Measurement Social Changing written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-21 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Micro or macro economic methodconsumer desire measurementThe role of economy can measure consumer behavior, it can be used to analyze and gather social data, e.g. how many different brands of product are selling in the country, how many youth people, working people, old peole age groups are living in the country, how many the kind of product number is sold in the yar, how many average shopping times to the kind product to the country overall consumers number in the year, how long useful time to be replaced another new product , the counry's consumers they use the kind of product. Consequently, economist can conclude the effect of the kind of product sale number, different age of consumers' purchase times and useful time etc. different market data in order to predict whether the kind of product ought be manufactured how many number which is the most suitable number as well as whether the reasonable price level is to achieve the most highest sale income to the country's the kind of brand product next year.In general, consumer behavioral research economists have improved the research task of analysing and predicting econmic change how it can influence consumer behavior. A great deal of econometic work has been devoted to building and testing models, that is systems of relationships designed to how the interdependent variation of a set of variable, and with estimating the constants in these consumer behavioral influence models.Moreover, a system of equations in which the values of some variables appear for consecutive time periods can be used for any countries' consumer behavioral changing prediction purposes , but the predictions which can be dervied express the way in which the system would vary through time if it were allowed to run undistributed. Ths aspect ot the research consumer behavioral changing matter is now recognized and specifies the assumed properties , since they have importance bearing not only in prediction, but also on the estimation, e.g. how and why and when the country's consumer purchase habit will sudden change. Hence, the consumer behavioral research economists' role is to provide the country's market information about the systematic factors at work , so that the variable element of guess-work is reduced as far as possible.

Macro Economic and Mico Economic Measurement to Consumer Behavior

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781710414721
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis Macro Economic and Mico Economic Measurement to Consumer Behavior by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Macro Economic and Mico Economic Measurement to Consumer Behavior written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Any country's past and present consumption market data do not necessary provide correct signals regarding future outcomes. Ths means that economic data are not necessarily generated by a process. Constrasts denominated in money terms are a human in an entrepreneurial economy. It helps humans efficiently organize time-consuming production and exchange processes in a world of uncertainty. In any money using entreprensurial economy, entrepreneurs' decisions regarding production and hiring depend on expectations of receiving contractual sales revenues ( cash inflows) in excess of the contractual money costs of production ( cash outflows). Since, the money wage contract is the most efficient oriented contracts, modern economies can be characterized as money-wage contract-based systems.Hence, money processes two essential elasticity that differentiate is from the products of industry. These describe why (a) money does not grow on trees ( money's elasticity of production is zero )and (b) why producible products are not good liquid stores of value ( the elasticity of substitution between liquid assets , such as money and producible products is zero).If money has these elasticity , then unemployment develops, that is to say, because people can not be employed, when the object of desire ( i.e. money, good useful product or good quality product , even shopping enjoyable feeling,) is something which can not produced and the demand of shopping desires are reduced to the country's people.

Macro Economy Measurement TO Consumer Behaviors

Author : Johnny Ch Lok
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781651060179
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Macro Economy Measurement TO Consumer Behaviors by : Johnny Ch Lok

Download or read book Macro Economy Measurement TO Consumer Behaviors written by Johnny Ch Lok and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-26 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How China economic strategymeasures consumer behavior Nowaday, global economic environment is changing rapidly. Some countries are attempting to apply macro and/or micro economic methods to assist themselves countries economiv development in order to raise consumer shopping desire or encourage or persuade their consumption behaviors. I shall indicate China how attempt to implement economic strategy to encourage consumers consumption in itself country.(1)On the online ( ecommerce) transaction market developmentOn the one hand, despite all the ups and downs, the overall theme over the last two decades has been market reform. The online market is one of the least regulated markets and maybe the most competitive in China. This is also a high-tech industry. So most of the companies value transparency and competitiveness in the marketplace. We are known in China as a company driven by mission, vision and value, and a company that aims to do good for the whole society. So, China government is encouraging any online (ecommerce) companies to apply internet high technological platform to attract young consumers to apply internet to buy any things in China consumption market. For example, typical internet company and Alibaba is quite a unique e-commerce company. Of course, in any e-commerce company of the future you have to have a social element. And also for any social networking platform, there is a certain level of e-commerce growing out of that platform. So I think both ecosystems are highly self-sufficient. Still, there are overlaps between the two ecosystems, but these two ecosystems are more or less growing independently.Do you really need to take Alibaba to Europe or, eventually, even the U.S. to continue achieving this growth pace?Alibaba is very interested in building an international trading platform that really benefits countries all over the world including Southeast Asia, India, Africa, in addition to Europe and the U.S. So our expansion is not primarily driven by growth but more by our mission. We have a new global trading system built on a new infrastructure of technology that will benefit tremendously enterprises all over the world. On the other hand, China government also encourage businessmen apply internet tool to carry on gathering more data on people and companies than most Western internet companies. It aims to let any companies can gather data and then analyze to find the most methods to win their competitors in China business market. In micro economy view, it can encourage competition in China business market, but it also increase business failure risk, when some low strategic businesses can not win their competitors in China business market.But that seems to be accepted in China? There is a similar standard in China and the U.S. We do pay attention to internet data privacy. We follow the same standards as Amazon and Google. People in China are also very sensitive about use of their private information. The usage of data is following the international standard of using information at the aggregate level, not selling or disclosing individual information at all.

Micro and Macro Economic Analysis Methods

Author : Johnny Ch LOK
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781983313493
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Micro and Macro Economic Analysis Methods by : Johnny Ch LOK

Download or read book Micro and Macro Economic Analysis Methods written by Johnny Ch LOK and published by . This book was released on 2018-06-30 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chapter sevenEconomic science or economic art methods predict consumer behavior Economic is both a science and art. Economic is considered as science because systematic knowledge derived from observation, study and experimentation. An art is the practical application of knowledge for achieving definition ends. A science teaches us to know a phenomenon and art traches us to do a thing. How to apply economic science or art method to predict consumer behavior? for example, there is a inflation US this year. This information is derived from positive science. The government takes certain fiscal and monetary measures to bring down to general level of prices in the country. The study of the monetary measures to bring down inflation makes the subject of economics as an art. Hence, as this case, if US government applies economic science or art method to predict this year will have inflation in US, then US government will attempt to avoid social general product prices to be raised, due to inflation influence. It aims to avoid US consumers reduce consumption desire in this year. For another example, nothing could be more useful than water. But in much of the world waste is plentiful enough that another glass more or less matters little to a fresh water supply agent businessman. So, water is chap. But, if any offices buy bottle of glass fresh water to let employees to drink. It will bring advantages that they do not spend time to buy water to drink when they are working in the office time in any offices as well as employees do not need to heat water to drink to waste time to work in offices. So, the bottle of fresh drinking water supply agent is one kind of drinking water product monopoly fresh drinking water supplier to supply fresh drinking water to satisfy office employees who do not need to spend time to heat water to drink in offices. Hence, it is possible that replace other different kind taste of drink or office employees themselves heat water drink in offices. It is general office employees' drinking habits and drinking choice in offices popularly. So, the bottle of fresh drinking water supply agents will concentrate on selling their fresh drinking water to office employee customers only in global fresh drinking water consumption target market. The office employees must be fresh drinking water companies' main target consumers.