The Limits Of Expertise

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The Limits of Expertise

Author : R. Key Dismukes
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351886703
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis The Limits of Expertise by : R. Key Dismukes

Download or read book The Limits of Expertise written by R. Key Dismukes and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why would highly skilled, well-trained pilots make errors that lead to accidents when they had safely completed many thousands of previous flights? The majority of all aviation accidents are attributed primarily to human error, but this is often misinterpreted as evidence of lack of skill, vigilance, or conscientiousness of the pilots. The Limits of Expertise is a fresh look at the causes of pilot error and aviation accidents, arguing that accidents can be understood only in the context of how the overall aviation system operates. The authors analyzed in great depth the 19 major U.S. airline accidents from 1991-2000 in which the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found crew error to be a causal factor. Each accident is reviewed in a separate chapter that examines events and crew actions and explores the cognitive processes in play at each step. The approach is guided by extensive evidence from cognitive psychology that human skill and error are opposite sides of the same coin. The book examines the ways in which competing task demands, ambiguity and organizational pressures interact with cognitive processes to make all experts vulnerable to characteristic forms of error. The final chapter identifies themes cutting across the accidents, discusses the role of chance, criticizes simplistic concepts of causality of accidents, and suggests ways to reduce vulnerability to these catastrophes. The authors' complementary experience allowed a unique approach to the study: accident investigation with the NTSB, cognitive psychology research both in the lab and in the field, enormous first-hand experience of piloting, and application of aviation psychology in both civil and military operations. This combination allowed the authors to examine and explain the domain-specific aspects of aviation operations and to extend advances in basic research in cognition to complex issues of human performance in the real world. Although The Limits of Expertise is directed to aviation operations, the implications are clear for understanding the decision processes, skilled performance and errors of professionals in many domains, including medicine.

The Limits of Expertise

Author : R. Key Dismukes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis The Limits of Expertise by : R. Key Dismukes

Download or read book The Limits of Expertise written by R. Key Dismukes and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Limits of Expertise

Author : R. Key Dismukes
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135188669X
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Limits of Expertise by : R. Key Dismukes

Download or read book The Limits of Expertise written by R. Key Dismukes and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why would highly skilled, well-trained pilots make errors that lead to accidents when they had safely completed many thousands of previous flights? The majority of all aviation accidents are attributed primarily to human error, but this is often misinterpreted as evidence of lack of skill, vigilance, or conscientiousness of the pilots. The Limits of Expertise is a fresh look at the causes of pilot error and aviation accidents, arguing that accidents can be understood only in the context of how the overall aviation system operates. The authors analyzed in great depth the 19 major U.S. airline accidents from 1991-2000 in which the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found crew error to be a causal factor. Each accident is reviewed in a separate chapter that examines events and crew actions and explores the cognitive processes in play at each step. The approach is guided by extensive evidence from cognitive psychology that human skill and error are opposite sides of the same coin. The book examines the ways in which competing task demands, ambiguity and organizational pressures interact with cognitive processes to make all experts vulnerable to characteristic forms of error. The final chapter identifies themes cutting across the accidents, discusses the role of chance, criticizes simplistic concepts of causality of accidents, and suggests ways to reduce vulnerability to these catastrophes. The authors' complementary experience allowed a unique approach to the study: accident investigation with the NTSB, cognitive psychology research both in the lab and in the field, enormous first-hand experience of piloting, and application of aviation psychology in both civil and military operations. This combination allowed the authors to examine and explain the domain-specific aspects of aviation operations and to extend advances in basic research in cognition to complex issues of human performance in the real world. Although The Limits of Expertise is directed to aviation operations, the implications are clear for understanding the decision processes, skilled performance and errors of professionals in many domains, including medicine.

Toward a General Theory of Expertise

Author : K. Anders Ericsson
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521406123
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Toward a General Theory of Expertise by : K. Anders Ericsson

Download or read book Toward a General Theory of Expertise written by K. Anders Ericsson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1991-08-30 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last twenty years our understanding of expertise has dramatically increased. Laboratory analysis of chess masters, experts in physics and medicine, musicians, athletics, writers, and performance artists have included careful examination of the cognitive processes mediating outstanding performance in very diverse areas of expertise. These analyses have shown that expert performance is primarily a reflection of acquired skill resulting from the accumulation of domain-specific knowledge and methods during many years of training practice. The importance of domain-specific knowledge has led researchers on expertise to focus on characteristics of expertise in specific domains. In Toward a General Theory of Expertise many of the world's foremost scientists review the state-of-the-art knowledge about expertise in different domains, with the goal of identifying characteristics of expert performance that are generalizable across many different areas of expertise. These essays provide a comprehensive summary of general methods for studying expertise and of current knowledge about expertise in chess, physics, medicine, sports and performance arts, music, writing, and decision making. Most important, the essays reveal the existence of many general characteristics of expertise.

The Death of Expertise

Author : Tom Nichols
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197763839
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (977 download)

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Book Synopsis The Death of Expertise by : Tom Nichols

Download or read book The Death of Expertise written by Tom Nichols and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the early 1990s, a small group of "AIDS denialists," including a University of California professor named Peter Duesberg, argued against virtually the entire medical establishment's consensus that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was the cause of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Science thrives on such counterintuitive challenges, but there was no evidence for Duesberg's beliefs, which turned out to be baseless. Once researchers found HIV, doctors and public health officials were able to save countless lives through measures aimed at preventing its transmission"--

The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance

Author : K. Anders Ericsson
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139456466
Total Pages : 31 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance by : K. Anders Ericsson

Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance written by K. Anders Ericsson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-06-26 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book was the first handbook where the world's foremost 'experts on expertise' reviewed our scientific knowledge on expertise and expert performance and how experts may differ from non-experts in terms of their development, training, reasoning, knowledge, social support, and innate talent. Methods are described for the study of experts' knowledge and their performance of representative tasks from their domain of expertise. The development of expertise is also studied by retrospective interviews and the daily lives of experts are studied with diaries. In 15 major domains of expertise, the leading researchers summarize our knowledge on the structure and acquisition of expert skill and knowledge and discuss future prospects. General issues that cut across most domains are reviewed in chapters on various aspects of expertise such as general and practical intelligence, differences in brain activity, self-regulated learning, deliberate practice, aging, knowledge management, and creativity.

Accelerated Expertise

Author : Robert R. Hoffman
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135083304
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Accelerated Expertise by : Robert R. Hoffman

Download or read book Accelerated Expertise written by Robert R. Hoffman and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-08-15 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Speed in acquiring the knowledge and skills to perform tasks is crucial. Yet, it still ordinarily takes many years to achieve high proficiency in countless jobs and professions, in government, business, industry, and throughout the private sector. There would be great advantages if regimens of training could be established that could accelerate the achievement of high levels of proficiency. This book discusses the construct of ‘accelerated learning.’ It includes a review of the research literature on learning acquisition and retention, focus on establishing what works, and why. This includes several demonstrations of accelerated learning, with specific ideas, plans and roadmaps for doing so. The impetus for the book was a tasking from the Defense Science and Technology Advisory Group, which is the top level Science and Technology policy-making panel in the Department of Defense. However, the book uses both military and non-military exemplar case studies. It is likely that methods for acceleration will leverage technologies and capabilities including virtual training, cross-training, training across strategic and tactical levels, and training for resilience and adaptivity. This volume provides a wealth of information and guidance for those interested in the concept or phenomenon of "accelerating learning"— in education, training, psychology, academia in general, government, military, or industry.

Law, Ethics and Compromise at the Limits of Life

Author : Richard Huxtable
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415492793
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (154 download)

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Book Synopsis Law, Ethics and Compromise at the Limits of Life by : Richard Huxtable

Download or read book Law, Ethics and Compromise at the Limits of Life written by Richard Huxtable and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will focus upon decisions to withhold or withdraw life-supporting treatment from incompetent patients. The book offers a critical examination of the latest developments with a view to developing a new framework for resolving disputes in the clinic that is not only theoretically robust but also practically relevant

Profession of Medicine

Author : Eliot Freidson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226262286
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Profession of Medicine by : Eliot Freidson

Download or read book Profession of Medicine written by Eliot Freidson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1988-05-15 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Must be judged as a landmark in medical sociology."—Norman Denzin, Journal of Health and Social Behavior "Profession of Medicine is a challenging monograph; the ideas presented are stimulating and thought provoking. . . . Given the expanding domain of what illness is and the contentions of physicians about their rights as professionals, Freidson wonders aloud whether expertise is becoming a mask for privilege and power. . . . Profession of Medicine is a landmark in the sociological analysis of the professions in modern society."—Ron Miller, Sociological Quarterly "This is the first book that I know of to go to the root of the matter by laying open to view the fundamental nature of the professional claim, and the structure of professional institutions."—Everett C. Hughes, Science

The Limits of Social Science

Author : Martyn Hammersley
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1473906326
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (739 download)

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Book Synopsis The Limits of Social Science by : Martyn Hammersley

Download or read book The Limits of Social Science written by Martyn Hammersley and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2014-06-16 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What forms of knowledge can social science claim to produce? Does it employ causal analysis, and if so what does this entail? What role should values play in the work of social scientists? These are the questions addressed in this book. They are closely interrelated, and the answers offered here challenge many currently prevailing assumptions. They carry implications both for research practice, quantitative or qualitative, and for the public claims that social scientists make about the value of their work. The arguments underpinning this challenge to conventional wisdom are laid out in detail in the first half of the book. In later chapters their implications are explored for two substantive areas of intrinsic importance: the study of social mobility and educational inequalities; and explanations for urban riots, notably those that took place in London and other English cities in the summer of 2011.

Self-Governance in Communities and Families

Author : Gary M. Nelson
Publisher : Berrett-Koehler Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781609941642
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (416 download)

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Book Synopsis Self-Governance in Communities and Families by : Gary M. Nelson

Download or read book Self-Governance in Communities and Families written by Gary M. Nelson and published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers. This book was released on 2000 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Knowledge and Democracy

Author : Nico Stehr
Publisher : Transaction Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1412812240
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge and Democracy by : Nico Stehr

Download or read book Knowledge and Democracy written by Nico Stehr and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on 2011-12-31 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship of knowledge and liberties in modern societies presents a multitude of fascinating issues that deserve to be explored more systematically. The production of knowledge is dynamic, and the conditions and practice of freedom is undergoing transformation. These changes ensure that the linkages between liberty and knowledge are always subject to changes. In the past, the connection between scientific knowledge, democracy, and emancipation seemed self-evident. More recently, the close linkage between democracy and knowledge has been viewed with skepticism. This volume explores the relationship between knowledge and democracy, Do they support each other, do they mutually depend on each other, or are they perhaps even in conflict with each other? Does knowledge increase the freedom to act? If additional knowledge contributes to individual and social well being, does it also enhance freedoms? Knowledge and Democracy focuses on the interpenetration of knowledge, freedom and democracy, and does so from various perspectives, theoretical as well as practical. Modern societies are transforming themselves into knowledge societies. This has a fundamental impact on political systems and the relationship of citizens to large social institutions. The contributors to this book systemically explore whether, and in what ways, these modern-day changes and developments are connected to expansion of the capacities of individual citizens to act. They focus on the interrelation of democracy and knowledge, and the role of democratic institutions, as well as on the knowledge and social conduct of actors within democratic institutions. In the process of investigation, they arrive at a new platform for future research and theory, one that is sensitive to present-day societal conflicts, cleavages, and transformations generated by new knowledge. In this way, this volume will attract the interest of political scientists, sociologists, economists and students within various disciplines. Nico Stehr is Karl Mannheim Professor of Cultural Studies at the Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany and a fellow of the Center for the Advanced Study of the Humanities, Essen, Germany. During the academic year 2002/2003 he was Paul F. Lazarsfeld Professor at the University of Vienna. Stehr is also a professor emeritus of the University of Alberta. His research interests include sociology, economics and labor, globalization, and ecology.

The Limits to Governance

Author : Theo Papaioannou
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317025296
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Limits to Governance by : Theo Papaioannou

Download or read book The Limits to Governance written by Theo Papaioannou and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-03 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does the state still frame debates about new technology? Can policy-makers ensure the benefits of health developments through genomics while still satisfying the expectations of society and the economic imperatives? In this critique of the new governance agenda for research and innovation in life sciences, the authors discuss the world-wide policy decisions needed, with particular reference to genomics. They suggest the many facets of policy and could be treated as a government-governance continuum, where different aspects of genomics may sit at different points, and co-exist. Their findings offer valuable insights for the future and will help promote a global solution to this problem.

Successful Expert Testimony

Author : Max M. Houck
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1315305690
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Successful Expert Testimony by : Max M. Houck

Download or read book Successful Expert Testimony written by Max M. Houck and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-06-14 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major revision of the landmark book on expert testimony Feder’s Succeeding as an Expert Witness, Successful Expert Testimony, Fifth Edition highlights the book’s value to both attorneys and expert witnesses in promoting effective, impactful courtroom testimony. The book outlines the role of expert testimony in a trial, including explanations of methods, testing, and science, the legal process, and an overview of the roles of each player. Succeeding as an expert witness requires a basic understanding of who and what experts are and what role they play in rendering their opinions within the courts. The new edition has been fully updated to present key information on the most vital topics, including the deposition, a discussion of false or unsupported testimony, adherence to scientific principles, and direct and cross-examination testimony of expert witnesses. Each chapter includes key terms, review questions, and thought-provoking discussion questions for further consideration of the topics addressed. Given many high profile cases and increasing incidents of misconduct, this edition focuses heavily on the role of ethics in expert testimony and forensic practice. The full revised chapter on ethics, covers unethical conduct of forensic witnesses, admissibility of expert testimony, inter-professional relations, abuse of and by experts, and forensic professional codes of ethics. Offering useful career insights and established trial-tested tips, forensic scientist Max M. Houck and attorney Christine Funk update renowned lawyer Harold A. Feder’s classic book. Successful Expert Testimony, Fifth Edition serves as an ideal reference for forensic science students entering the work force—in labs and investigative positions—in addition to serving as a crucial resource for more experienced civil, private, and testifying experts in all disciplines.

Facing the Limits of the Law

Author : Erik Claes
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540798560
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Facing the Limits of the Law by : Erik Claes

Download or read book Facing the Limits of the Law written by Erik Claes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-04-21 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many legal experts no longer share an unbounded trust in the potential of law to govern society efficiently and responsibly. They often experience the 'limits of the law', as they are confronted with striking inadequacies in their legal toolbox, with inner inconsistencies of the law, with problems of enforcement and obedience, and with undesired side-effects, and so on. The contributors to this book engage in the challenging task of making sense of this experience. Against the background of broader cultural transformations (such as globalisation, new technologies, individualism and cultural diversity), they revisit a wide range of areas of the law and map different types of limits in relation to some basic functions and characteristics of the law. Additionally, they offer a set of strategies to manage justifiably law's limits, such as dedramatising law's limits, conceptual refinement ('constructivism'), striking the right balance between different functions of the law, seeking for complementarity between law and other social practices.

Expert Systems in Environmental Planning

Author : Jeff R. Wright
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642778704
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Expert Systems in Environmental Planning by : Jeff R. Wright

Download or read book Expert Systems in Environmental Planning written by Jeff R. Wright and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The connections between economics, planning, and the environment are receiv ing increased attention among scholars and policy makers in many countries. The common denominator among these three variables is the earth's life support sys tems, the ecosystems on which the world depends. When we describe our physi cal surroundings as a collection of possible uses, we are establishing linkages between economics, planning, and the environment. Because possible alternative uses compete with each other, and conflicts arise over scarce land resources, the varying environmental impacts of alternative uses are major concerns for the cur rent as well as the next generation. How to achieve sustainable development is the pressing question for today's environmental professionals. Environmental planners and engineers help us study the implications of our choices, and new technologies and techniques that improve the practice of environmental planning should enhance our ability to protect our future. The depletion of the earth's natural resources and loss of biodiversity, the deg radation of air, land, and water quality, the accumulation of greenhouse gases leading to changes in our climate, and the depletion of the ozone layer comprise only a partial list of environmental issues that concern our policy makers. To sup port their decisions, environmental planning must be a multidimensional and multidisciplinary activity that incorporates social, economic, political, geograph ical, and technical factors. Solutions for problems in these areas frequently re quire not only numerical analyses but also heuristic analyses, which in turn depend on the intuitive judgements of planners and engineers.

The Limits of Neoliberalism

Author : William Davies
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 152641161X
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis The Limits of Neoliberalism by : William Davies

Download or read book The Limits of Neoliberalism written by William Davies and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2016-11-16 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Brilliant...explains how the rhetoric of competition has invaded almost every domain of our existence.” —Evgeny Morozov, author of "To Save Everything, Click Here" “In this fascinating book Davies inverts the conventional neoliberal practice of treating politics as if it were mere epiphenomenon of market theory, demonstrating that their version of economics is far better understood as the pursuit of politics by other means." —Professor Philip Mirowski, University of Notre Dame "A sparkling, original, and provocative analysis of neoliberalism. It offers a distinctive account of the diverse, sometimes contradictory, conventions and justifications that lend authority to the extension of the spirit of competitiveness to all spheres of social life…This book breaks new ground, offers new modes of critique, and points to post-neoliberal futures.” —Professor Bob Jessop, University of Lancaster Since its intellectual inception in the 1930s and its political emergence in the 1970s, neo-liberalism has sought to disenchant politics by replacing it with economics. This agenda-setting text examines the efforts and failures of economic experts to make government and public life amenable to measurement, and to re-model society and state in terms of competition. In particular, it explores the practical use of economic techniques and conventions by policy-makers, politicians, regulators and judges and how these practices are being adapted to the perceived failings of the neoliberal model. By picking apart the defining contradiction that arises from the conflation of economics and politics, this book asks: to what extent can economics provide government legitimacy? Now with a new preface from the author and a foreword by Aditya Chakrabortty.