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The Impacts Of Environmental Changes On Peatland Microbial Community Structure And Function
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Book Synopsis The Impacts of Environmental Changes on Peatland Microbial Community Structure and Function by : Michelle M. Dart
Download or read book The Impacts of Environmental Changes on Peatland Microbial Community Structure and Function written by Michelle M. Dart and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Northern peatlands store approximately 30% of the world's soil carbon, and are also responsible for contemporary fluxes of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), making them important players in the global carbon (C) cycle. These greenhouse gas emissions are mediated by peat-dwelling microbes; however, the environmental factors governing the structures and functions of peat microbial communities are still poorly understood. In order to better understand these dynamics, I examined the effects of two forms of environmental change on peatland microbial communities. Firstly, to gain fundamental knowledge of the drivers of microbial community shift due to natural peatland succession, I examined the effects of long-term peat transplantation from a rich fen to a late-successional poor fen. This allowed me to evaluate the relative effects of solid phase chemistry and substrate (largely determined by the parent material/vegetation) versus aqueous chemistry (influenced more by groundwater or precipitation sources), on peat microbial communities. My results suggest that solid phase chemistry, particularly total nitrogen (TN) and C:N, may be important in determining the makeup of peatland bacterial communities. Secondly, I examined the effects of soil warming simulating projected climate change in a poor and an intermediate fen on peat microbial respiration and CH4 production as the preliminary stage of a multi-year, large-scale field experiment. Soil warming did not lead to any effects on CO2 production or CH4 flux during peat incubation.
Book Synopsis Microbial Community Composition and Activities Across Northern Peatlands by : Michael David Preston
Download or read book Microbial Community Composition and Activities Across Northern Peatlands written by Michael David Preston and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Climate Change Impacts on Soil Microbial Community Structure and Function in Temperate Forests by : Katy Jane Faulkner
Download or read book Climate Change Impacts on Soil Microbial Community Structure and Function in Temperate Forests written by Katy Jane Faulkner and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Peatland Microbial Community Structure and Function Along a Metal Contamination Gradient in Sudbury, Ontario by : Shanay Williams-Johnson
Download or read book Peatland Microbial Community Structure and Function Along a Metal Contamination Gradient in Sudbury, Ontario written by Shanay Williams-Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Sudbury, Ontario region has had over a century of metal mining/smelter activity that has led to significant sulphur and metal deposition and this has negatively affected both freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, including peatlands. Peatlands store organic materials, regulate nutrient turnover and act as a carbon sink for global climate change, yet relatively little is known in regards to the impact of the mining legacy of this region and the potential microbial communities affected. Eleven peatland sites (poor to intermediate fens) around Sudbury were chosen in order to study the microbial diversity and function that control decomposition and nutrient cycling. The analysis of microbial communities was accomplished via high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in bacteria and archaea on the Illumina MiSeq platform, while the analysis of microbial function was conducted through the Sinsabaugh enzyme protocol and gas chromatography of in situ greenhouse gases. There was a difference across the site gradient with microbial diversity, community structure, and microbially mediated gas efflux differing between areas closest to current and historical smelters to areas 55-km away. There was also a difference within each peatland where vertical profiles in microbial enzyme function varied over four depths, with the surface depth having the highest enzyme activity. Metal impact and pH are major drivers of microbial diversity and community with pH driving metal availability. This is seen where the sites with the lowest pH having the lowest microbial diversity and unique communities, and sites with the highest pH having the highest microbial diversity and distinct communities. We can also deduce that microbial function differs over depth because of the difference between the aerobic and the anaerobic communities, where the aerobic communities appear to be more active. We can reason that methane efflux was higher in impacted sites because of the increased concentrations of Nickel, Copper, pH and possibly Sulphur creating restrains on microbially mediated gas effluxes through the inhibition of methane production.
Book Synopsis Functional Traits as Indicators of Past Environmental Changes by : Vincent Jassey
Download or read book Functional Traits as Indicators of Past Environmental Changes written by Vincent Jassey and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-23 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Peatlands written by I.P. Martini and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-03-28 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past two decades there has been considerable work on global climatic change and its effect on the ecosphere, as well as on local and global environmental changes triggered by human activities. From the tropics to the Arctic, peatlands have developed under various geological conditions, and they provide good records of global and local changes since the Late Pleistocene.The objectives of the book are to analyze topics such as geological evolution of major peatlands basins; peatlands as self sustaining ecosystems; chemical environment of peatlands: water and peat chemistry; peatlands as archives of environmental changes; influence of peatlands on atmosphere: circular complex interactions; remote sensing studies of peatlands; peatlands as a resource; peatlands degradation, restoration, plus more. * Presents an interdisciplinary approach, with an emphasis on Earth Science, and addresses the need for intergration between subdisciplines and the developing of new approaches* Synthesizes the evolutionary, ecological, and chemical characteristics of major peatlands, as well as focuses on the environmental changes, from climate changes to surface ares changes due to human activities* Covers topical studies of worldwide interest and provides examples from many different countries
Book Synopsis Peatlands and Environmental Change by : Dan Charman
Download or read book Peatlands and Environmental Change written by Dan Charman and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2002-11-22 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to an awareness of peatlands as a diminishing resource, peatland conservation and rehabilitation has become an important study area. Peatlands and Environmental Change offers a new approach by considering peatlands as a whole ecosystem, and thereby provides a better understanding of the importance and the consequences of the functioning of peatlands. Contents include: * Peat and peatlands * Peat landforms and structure * Peatland hydrology and ecology * Origins and pest initiation * Peat accumulation * The peatland archive: palaeoenvironmental evidence * Autogenic change * Allogenic change * Peatland - environmental feedbacks * Values, exploitation and human impacts * Conservation management and restoration
Author :Magalí Martí Genero Publisher :Linköping University Electronic Press ISBN 13 :9176855333 Total Pages :60 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (768 download)
Book Synopsis Microbial Communities in Boreal Peatlands by : Magalí Martí Genero
Download or read book Microbial Communities in Boreal Peatlands written by Magalí Martí Genero and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2017-05-17 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Myrmarker har en stor roll i regleringen av den globala kolbalansen och koncentrationerna av koldioxid och metan i atmosfären, vilket gör dem till speciellt viktiga ekosystem ur ett klimatförandringsperspektiv. Förändringar av myrmarker genom naturlig utveckling eller antropogen påverkan kan därför få långtgående störningar av myrars klimatreglerande funktion. Mikroorganismer har en avgörande roll i biogeokemiska processer genom att t ex bryta ned organisk material i mark och därmed styra kolets kretslopp. För att förstå hur myrsystemen reagerar på störningar är det därför väsentligt att veta hur mikroorganismsamhällena reagerar genom förändringar i sammansättning och biogeokemisk aktivitet. Målet för studierna, som ligger till grund för denna avhandling, var att undersöka hur mikroorganismsamhällen i myrar reagerar på uppvärmning genom klimatförändring och ökade kväve- (N) och svavel- (S) halter i nederbörd. High through-put sekvensering användes för att studera taxonomiska och funktionella egenskaper hos mikroorganismerna i myrar och quantative PCR användes för att mer specifikt studera de metanbildande arkeorna. Två fältkampanjer vardera omfattande tre ombrotrofa myrar med olika klimatförhållanden och olika mängder N och S inederbörden användes för att undersöka lokala och storskaliga effekter på myrars mikrobiella samhällen. Resultaten visade att latudinell variation i geoklimatologiska förhållanden (temperatur ochnederbördsmängd) och deposition av näringsämnen hade en påverkan på sammansättningen av de mikrobiella samhällena och aktiva metanbildare förr än variationen i den kemiska miljön inom varje specifik myr. Myrväxtsamhällenas sammansättning för en specifik myr visades sig i stor utsträckning styra sammansättningen av motsvarande mikrobiella samhälle i torvprofilen. Detta framgick klart av i en analys av samexisterande nätverk av mikroorganismsamhällen och motsvarande växtsamhällen i en studie av tre geografiskt skilda myrar med olika kvävedeposition. Effekterna av klimatförändring och nederbörd med olika mängder av N och S studerades mer specifikt genom att analysera de mikrobiellasamhällena i ett långliggande (18 år) försök. Påverkan av var och en av dessa manipulationer antingen förstärktes eller minskades, när de förekom i kombinationer. Ökad kvävedeposition var den faktor som hade starkast effekt. De långvariga störningarna medförde stora förändringar i den mikrobiella taxonomin inom samhällena. Detta återspeglades dock inte i den fysiologiska kapaciteten, vilket visar att det finns en stark buffring i myrarnas mikrobiella funktion. Detta tyder på att framtida utveckling av myrar i relation till olika störningar sannolikt inte kommer att påverka myrarnas roll för kolbalans och växthusgasutbyte med atmosfären. Peatlands play a substantial role in regulating the global carbon balance and concentrations of the greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere, and are thus of utmost importance from a climate change perspective. Any changes of peatland functions due to natural or anthropogenic perturbations may result in changes in these ecosystem services. Soil microbial communities are essential drivers of biogeochemical processes, including the carbon cycle. In order to fully understand the effect of environmental perturbations on peatland functions, it is essential to understand how microbial communities are affected. The aim of the research presented in this thesis was to investigate the responses of the peat microbial communities to climate change and increased precipitation of nitrogen(N) and sulfur (S) compounds. High-throughput sequencing approaches were used to investigate the taxonomic and functional composition of microbial communities, and quantitative PCR was used to specifically target the methanogen community. Two field studies including three ombrotrophic peatlands each that differed in climatological conditions and atmospheric N and S depositions, were used to investigate and compare the effect of large- and local-scale environmental conditions on microbial communities. The results show that the variation in geo-climatological (temperature and precipitation) and atmospheric deposition conditions along the latitudinal gradient modulate the peat microbial community composition and the abundance of active methanogens to a greater extent thansite-related microhabitats. Furthermore, a tight coupling between the plant community composition of a site and the composition of its microbial community was observed, and was found to be mainly driven by plants rather than microorganisms. These co-occurrence networks are strongly affected by seasonal climate variability and the interactions between species in colder areas are more sensitive to climate change. The long-term effects of warming and increased N and S depositions on the peat microbial communities were further investigated using an 18-year in-situ peatland experiment simulating these perturbations. The impacts of each of these perturbations on the microbial community were found to either multiply or counteract one another, with enhanced N deposition being the most important factor. While the long-term perturbations resulted in a substantial shift in the taxonomic composition of microbial communities, only minor changes occurred in genome-encoded functional traits, indicating a functional redundancy. This could act as a buffer maintaining ecosystem functioning when challenged by multiple stressors, and could limit future changes in greenhouse gases and carbonexchange.
Book Synopsis Wetland Ecosystems by : William J. Mitsch
Download or read book Wetland Ecosystems written by William J. Mitsch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-13 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New focused text introduces readers to wetland ecosystems and systems approaches to studying wetlands With its comprehensive coverage of wetland science, management, and restoration, Mitsch and Gosselink's Wetlands has been the premier reference on wetlands for more than two decades. Now, the coverage of specific wetland ecosystem types from earlier editions of this acclaimed work has been updated, revised, and supplemented with additional content in order to create this new text focusing exclusively on wetland ecosystems. This book now complements Wetlands, Fourth Edition. Following an introduction to ecosystems in general and wetland ecosystems in particular, Wetland Ecosystems examines the major types of wetlands found throughout the world: coastal wetlands, freshwater marshes and forested swamps, and peatlands. The final chapter reviews three fundamental systems approaches to studying wetlands: mesocosms, full-scale experimental ecosystems, and mathematical modeling. This new text features: Updated descriptions of the hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biology of the main types of wetlands found in the world New content introducing general ecosystems, wetland ecosystems, whole ecosystem and mesocosm experiments with wetlands, and systems ecology and modeling A detailed description of the ecosystem services provided by wetlands A broad international scope, including many examples of wetlands located outside North America Two new coauthors offering new perspectives and additional insights into the latest ecosystem and modeling techniques An abundance of illustrations helps readers understand how different biological communities and the abiotic environment in wetland ecosystems interact and function. Tables and text boxes provide at-a-glance summaries of key information. Lastly, each chapter concludes with a list of recommended readings. This text has been designed as an introduction for students and professionals in wetland ecology and management, general ecology, environmental science, and natural resource management.
Book Synopsis Tropical Peatland Ecosystems by : Mitsuru Osaki
Download or read book Tropical Peatland Ecosystems written by Mitsuru Osaki and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an excellent resource for scientists, political decision makers, and students interested in the impact of peatlands on climate change and ecosystem function, containing a plethora of recent research results such as monitoring-sensing-modeling for carbon–water flux/storage, biodiversity and peatland management in tropical regions. It is estimated that more than 23 million hectares (62 %) of the total global tropical peatland area are located in Southeast Asia, in lowland or coastal areas of East Sumatra, Kalimantan, West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Brunei, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak and Southeast Thailand. Tropical peatland has a vital carbon–water storage function and is host to a huge diversity of plant and animal species. Peatland ecosystems are extremely vulnerable to climate change and the impacts of human activities such as logging, drainage and conversion to agricultural land. In Southeast Asia, severe episodic droughts associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, in combination with over-drainage, forest degradation, and land-use changes, have caused widespread peatland fires and microbial peat oxidation. Indonesia's 20 Mha peatland area is estimated to include about 45–55 GtC of carbon stocks. As a result of land use and development, Indonesia is the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases (2–3 Gtons carbon dioxide equivalent per year), 80 % of which is due to deforestation and peatland loss. Thus, tropical peatlands are key ecosystems in terms of the carbon–water cycle and climate change.
Book Synopsis Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties by :
Download or read book Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-06-01 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate Change Impacts on Soil Processes and Ecosystem Properties, Volume 35 presents current and emerging soil science research around the areas of soil processes and climate change, also evaluating future research needs. The book combines the five areas of soil science (microbiology, physics, fertility, pedology, and chemistry) to give a comprehensive assessment. This integration of topics is rarely done in a single publication due to the disciplinary nature of the soil science areas, so users will find it to be a comprehensive resource on the topic. Provides an analysis of all areas of soil science in the context of climate change impact on soil processes and ecosystem properties Presents information that is displayed in an accessible form for practitioners and disciplines outside of soil science Contains a concluding section in each chapter which assesses key areas Includes a discussion on future research and direction
Download or read book Tropical Peatlands written by Jack Rieley and published by Earthscan / James & James. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tropical peatlands are found mostly in South East Asia, but also in Africa and in Central and South America. They and peat-swamp forests store large amounts of carbon and their destruction, particularly through the development of plantations for oil palm and other forms of agriculture, releases large quantities of greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change. They are also complex and vulnerable ecosystems, home to great biodiversity and a number of endangered species such as the orang utan.The aim of this book is to introduce this little known but important and vulnerable ecosystem in a way that explains its long standing interaction with the global carbon cycle and how it is being destroyed by deforestation and inappropriate development. The authors describe the origin and formation of peat in the tropics, its current location, extent and amount of carbon stored in it, its biodiversity and natural resource functions and key ecological functions and processes. Appropriate hydrology is the key to the development and maintenance of peatlands and the unique aspects of tropical peatland water supply and management are also explored. In the same vein the nutrient dynamics and budgets of this ecosystem are explained in order to show how complex habitats can be maintained mainly by rainwater containing very low concentrations of essential chemical elements. Past and present impacts on tropical peatlands in SE Asia are discussed and the need for restoration and wise use highlighted. Finally, projections are made about the future of this ecosystem as a result of continuing human impacts and climate change.
Author :Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II. Publisher :Cambridge University Press ISBN 13 :9780521634557 Total Pages :532 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (345 download)
Book Synopsis The Regional Impacts of Climate Change by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II.
Download or read book The Regional Impacts of Climate Change written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II. and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Book Synopsis Peatland Restoration and Ecosystem Services by : Aletta Bonn
Download or read book Peatland Restoration and Ecosystem Services written by Aletta Bonn and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-06-23 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An interdisciplinary book tackling the challenges of managing peatlands and their ecosystem services in the face of climate change.
Book Synopsis Wetland Biogeochemistry: Response to Environmental Change by : Fereidoun Rezanezhad
Download or read book Wetland Biogeochemistry: Response to Environmental Change written by Fereidoun Rezanezhad and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-07-09 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on the Structure and Function of Wetland/Grassland Ecosystems by : Zhongqing Yan
Download or read book The Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on the Structure and Function of Wetland/Grassland Ecosystems written by Zhongqing Yan and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-10-31 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wetlands and grassland are important components of natural ecosystems, which have rich values in maintaining ecological balance, regional economy and human development. Wetlands can provide freshwater resources and food sources for human beings, purify the water environment and mitigate climate change. The grassland ecosystem has such ecological functions as windbreak, sand fixation, soil preservation, climate regulation, air purification, water conservation and so on, which are closely related to human survival and well-being. In recent years, climate change and human activities have caused a profound impact on the structure and function of wetland and grassland ecosystems, and the problems of decline in size and function have attracted extensive attention from researchers globally. However, there are still many uncertainties about the variety of wetland and grassland ecosystem composition, structure and dynamics, as well as how they respond and adapt to climate change and human activities.
Book Synopsis Genomics of Soil- and Plant-Associated Fungi by : Benjamin A. Horwitz
Download or read book Genomics of Soil- and Plant-Associated Fungi written by Benjamin A. Horwitz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-08-30 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume addresses the similarities and also the differences in the genomes of soil saprophytes, symbionts, and plant pathogens by using examples of fungal species to illustrate particular principles. It analyzes how the specific interactions with the hosts and the influence of the environment may have shaped genome evolution. The relevance of fungal genetic research and biotechnological applications is shown for areas such as plant pathogenesis, biomass degradation, litter decomposition, nitrogen assimilation, antibiotic production, mycoparasitism, energy, ecology, and also for soil fungi turning to human pathogens. In addition to the model organisms Neurospora and Aspergillus, the following species are covered providing a view of pathogens and mutualists: Trichoderma, Fusarium oxysporum, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus oryzae, Podospora anserina, and species belonging to Agaricomycetes, Archaeorhizomycetes and Magnaporthaceae. Ecology and potential applications have guided the choice of fungal genes to be studied and it will be fascinating to follow the trends of future sequencing projects.
