The Impact Of Discipline Removals On High School African American Student Achievement

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The Impact of Discipline Removals on High School African American Student Achievement

Author : Allison E. Matney
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (893 download)

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Book Synopsis The Impact of Discipline Removals on High School African American Student Achievement by : Allison E. Matney

Download or read book The Impact of Discipline Removals on High School African American Student Achievement written by Allison E. Matney and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to determine if the number of days of in-school suspension, out-of-school suspension, and alternative discipline placements impacts mathematics achievement as measured by the 2011TAKS assessment in a Houston school district. This study compared grade nine, ten, and eleven TAKS math achievement scores to the number of days served in out-of-class discipline placements for African American students as it relates to gender and reported socioeconomic status. The subjects in this study are ninth, tenth, and eleventh grade African American students in the research district who were assessed with the mathematics TAKS assessment in the spring of 2011. With the permission of the research district, archival data was gathered from both the research district's PEIMS summer 2011 submission to the state of Texas and the TAKS data file provided by Pearson Education, Inc. Survey data was gathered from campus principals to determine if principal attitudes about discipline and race affected the district's placement data. Descriptive statistics were analyzed in conjunction with the qualitative principal analysis.

Closing the School Discipline Gap

Author : Daniel J. Losen
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807773492
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Closing the School Discipline Gap by : Daniel J. Losen

Download or read book Closing the School Discipline Gap written by Daniel J. Losen and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Educators remove over 3.45 million students from school annually for disciplinary reasons, despite strong evidence that school suspension policies are harmful to students. The research presented in this volume demonstrates that disciplinary policies and practices that schools control directly exacerbate today's profound inequities in educational opportunity and outcomes. Part I explores how suspensions flow along the lines of race, gender, and disability status. Part II examines potential remedies that show great promise, including a district-wide approach in Cleveland, Ohio, aimed at social and emotional learning strategies. Closing the School Discipline Gap is a call for action that focuses on an area in which public schools can and should make powerful improvements, in a relatively short period of time. Contributors include Robert Balfanz, Jamilia Blake, Dewey Cornell, Jeremy D. Finn, Thalia González, Anne Gregory, Daniel J. Losen, David M. Osher, Russell J. Skiba, Ivory A. Toldson “Closing the School Discipline Gap can make an enormous difference in reducing disciplinary exclusions across the country. This book not only exposes unsound practices and their disparate impact on the historically disadvantaged, but provides educators, policymakers, and community advocates with an array of remedies that are proven effective or hold great promise. Educators, communities, and students alike can benefit from the promising interventions and well-grounded recommendations.” —Linda Darling-Hammond, Charles E. Ducommun Professor of Education, Stanford University “For over four decades school discipline policies and practices in too many places have pushed children out of school, especially children of color. Closing the School Discipline Gap shows that adults have the power—and responsibility—to change school climates to better meet the needs of children. This volume is a call to action for policymakers, educators, parents, and students.” —Marian Wright Edelman, president, Children’s Defense Fund

Exploring the Effects of Positive Behavioral Supports on Disciplinary Practices in Schools and It's Potential to Mitigate Disproportionality in Disciplinary Outcomes for African American Students

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Exploring the Effects of Positive Behavioral Supports on Disciplinary Practices in Schools and It's Potential to Mitigate Disproportionality in Disciplinary Outcomes for African American Students by :

Download or read book Exploring the Effects of Positive Behavioral Supports on Disciplinary Practices in Schools and It's Potential to Mitigate Disproportionality in Disciplinary Outcomes for African American Students written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disproportionality in special education and school discipline in the U.S. Education system has been a crucial and complex issue. Research has shown that evidence-based interventions that lie within the positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) framework has been effective in improving educational outcomes for all students. In this study, the author investigated the impact of the School-Wide Benchmarks of Quality, a PBIS fidelity measure, on student disciplinary outcomes. 380 schools presented four years of disciplinary outcome data. Results showed that the PBIS fidelity measure had a modest effect on the overall student disciplinary outcomes but did not address the disproportionate representation of African Americans. Observations of the effects of PBIS on African American student outcomes without the fidelity measure showed similar results. Per the results of this study, PBIS is an important strategy for reducing school disciplinary actions but has not address disproportionality in African American student disciplinary outcomes.

Disciplinary Inequity

Author : Troy Laine Pitsch
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (961 download)

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Book Synopsis Disciplinary Inequity by : Troy Laine Pitsch

Download or read book Disciplinary Inequity written by Troy Laine Pitsch and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African American students are being excluded from the classroom in public schools at rates disproportionately higher than other student subgroups. This is being done by campus administrators using a practice known as ‘Discretionary Removal’ which allows them to remove students for disciplinary purposes. These removals are damaging to student learning and achievement, and further widen the learning gap between African American students and other races. Additionally, they have been shown to contribute to additional involvement in school disciplinary processes, an increased risk of dropping out, incarceration, and limited economic opportunity for large numbers of African Americans. In Texas public schools the implementation of certain provisions of Texas Education Code Chapter 37, namely the use of discretionary removal as a disciplinary consequence, has impacted students unequally for decades depending on their race. Current rates of removal for African American students in Texas are two-and-a-half times greater on average than any other student group. This disproportionality has been amplified by increased rates of discretionary removal overall among Texas public schools, adding yet another dimension to this complex issue. This qualitative case study attempts to demonstrate that the policies designed to help manage student behavior are not race-neutral, because the processes used to implement them are relatively arbitrary, responsive to student race and, therefore, inequitable. The value of this study lies in the interrogation of a subjective power that is widely used by school officials in Texas more often against Black students, with the assumption that schools are better when students who violate the code of conduct are removed. As we continue to develop an understanding about the racial gap in student discipline and the negative impact of student suspensions, it is imperative to evaluate the processes that drive decisions by school administrators to punish some students more harshly than others.

Cage-busting Leadership

Author : Frederick M. Hess
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781612505077
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Cage-busting Leadership by : Frederick M. Hess

Download or read book Cage-busting Leadership written by Frederick M. Hess and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on interviews with hundreds of teachers, teacher advocates, union leaders, and others, Hess identifies the challenges teachers face, seeks concrete and workable solutions, and offers recommendations to put those solutions in place. A uniquely practical and inspiring book, The Cage-Busting Teacher is for educators who want to shape the schools and systems in which they work. "The Cage-Busting Teacher is filled with practical ideas on how teachers can lead outside of the classroom to create school environments where they are free to do their best work. This book is a must-read for all teachers and school leaders."

The Early of Effects of the Removal of Willful Defiance from the Discipline Policy at Urban High Schools

Author : Sara Lasnover
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Early of Effects of the Removal of Willful Defiance from the Discipline Policy at Urban High Schools by : Sara Lasnover

Download or read book The Early of Effects of the Removal of Willful Defiance from the Discipline Policy at Urban High Schools written by Sara Lasnover and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nationwide, African-American students are being suspended at disproportionate rates. This is also true in Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD). In 2011-2012, while 9% of K-12 enrollment was African-American, 28% of the suspensions were given to African-American students. Of this 28%, 27.9% were categorized as "willful defiance," a very subjective, ambiguous, category. In an effort to decrease suspension rates overall as well as the disproportionate rate of suspensions of African-American students, the Board of Education of LAUSD chose to remove "willful defiance" as a reason for suspensions beginning the 2013-2014 school year. They were the first school district in the state of California to implement this policy. The purpose of this study was to gain an early perspective as to what effects this removal would have on discipline practices at the high school level. Through analysis of existing District data, interviews of six high school principals, and questionnaire responses from 69 high school teachers, this concurrent mixed methods study explored suspension patterns before and after the change in policy, as well as the discipline beliefs and practices of principals and teachers. Data show that although all six schools in the study had substantial rates of suspensions overall from 2009-2009 to 2013-2014, three of the schools saw an increase in rates of disproportionality of their African-American students. As well, the first year after the removal of "willful defiance," the schools saw an increase in the use of less subjective categories, Caused Physical Injury to Another Person and Willful Use of Force/Violence Not Self Defense. Principal interviews revealed that while some believe that students should only be removed from class for reasons of safety, others still feel that defiance and respect warrant removal. In the questionnaire, while more than 25% of the respondents indicated a lack of awareness of the policy change, 30% of the teachers admitted to continuing to refer students for suspension but using a different category. Finally, the study describes various implementations that may help to decrease the disproportionate rate of suspensions of African-American students.

Discipline, Achievement, and Race

Author : Augustina H. Reyes
Publisher : R & L Education
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Discipline, Achievement, and Race by : Augustina H. Reyes

Download or read book Discipline, Achievement, and Race written by Augustina H. Reyes and published by R & L Education. This book was released on 2006 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fifty years after Brown v. Board of Education, inequalities in public education are evident in the number of Black and Latino students who are held back, fail to graduate from high school, or have been removed from school by unforgiving zero-tolerance discipline policies. Augustina H. Reyes contends that when ineffective zero-tolerance discipline policies disproportionately remove minority and low-income students from schools, the very roots of a democracy are threatened. It is important for educators to understand the effects of zero-tolerance discipline policies on low-income students, at-risk students, special education students, and students of color. It is equally important that educators critically investigate the effects of zero-tolerance discipline policies, re-evaluate the use of these policies in public schools. Discipline, Achievement, and Race offers a comprehensive analysis of policy and practice and recommends solutions to the exclusionary discipline policies of zero tolerance. It will be of interest to teachers, principals and assistant, principals, counselors, and concerned parents. Book jacket.

The School-to-Prison Pipeline

Author : Catherine Y. Kim
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814763685
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis The School-to-Prison Pipeline by : Catherine Y. Kim

Download or read book The School-to-Prison Pipeline written by Catherine Y. Kim and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2012-04-01 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the relationship between the law and the school-to-prison pipeline, argues that law can be an effective weapon in the struggle to reduce the number of children caught, and discusses the consequences on families and communities.

The Puzzle of Discipline

Author : Bettie Ray Butler
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis The Puzzle of Discipline by : Bettie Ray Butler

Download or read book The Puzzle of Discipline written by Bettie Ray Butler and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The intent of this study was to systematically investigate the relationship between African American disproportionality in school discipline -- which is the overrepresentation of students for exclusionary discipline practices (i.e., out-of-school suspensions and/or expulsions) - and student performance. Utilizing official disciplinary records and performance data obtained from the Colorado Department of Education and a single urban school district within the same state, a series of quantitative analyses that included correlations and logistic and multiple regressions, were conducted to determine how out-of-school suspensions and expulsions impact African American students. The premise upon which the present study is based relies heavily on the tenets of Critical Race Theory as it applies to education, which in part asserts that American schools are permeated by racism and that White privilege is used to preserve school inequities through the use of stratification. Given this, it is argued that out-of-school suspensions and expulsions have been used, or rather misused, to perpetuate the disproportionate exclusion of African American students from the classroom for relatively minor offenses; which in some ways, can explain why this group typically suffers from poor student performance. This dissertation was guided by two separate, yet interrelated studies, which posed the following research questions where the first study asks; What factors are important in predicting the likelihood of being suspended and/or expelled from school? and Are suspensions and race correlated? Here, the interest is in exploring the influence of race, class, gender and other possible demographic characteristics, such as school level and behavior role, on exclusionary discipline practices. The second study asks; How does the overrepresentation of African American students for exclusionary sanctions impact student performance? The interest, here, is in identifying the relationship between school suspensions and/or expulsions and its impact on the dropout rate, graduation rate, and performance on high stakes tests. This dissertation study produces two findings that are not only unprecedented; they are cutting-edge and provocative. First, female and elementary students were found to be more likely to face suspension and/or expulsion in comparison to male and secondary students, respectively. Second, by increasing the number of suspended and expelled African American students, school districts improved their overall student performance on high stakes tests. With the contribution of these findings, a paradigmic shift in research and discourse on disproportionality in school discipline is both fitting and warranted.

Approaching Disparities in School Discipline: Theory, Research, Practice, and Social Change

Author : Adams, Anthony Troy
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1668433613
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Approaching Disparities in School Discipline: Theory, Research, Practice, and Social Change by : Adams, Anthony Troy

Download or read book Approaching Disparities in School Discipline: Theory, Research, Practice, and Social Change written by Adams, Anthony Troy and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2022-06-30 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: School discipline is a leading cause of inequities in educational opportunities and contributes to the achievement gap. To understand where these disparities originate and what can be done to ensure students have an equal education, further study must be done. It is crucial for schools and educators to adjust their discipline policies in order to promote social change and support the learning of all students. Approaching Disparities in School Discipline: Theory, Research, Practice, and Social Change considers theory, research, methods, results, and discussions about social change and describes the school discipline quandary by presenting numerous frameworks for understanding disparities in school discipline. Covering a range of topics such as cultural bias, education reform, and school suspensions, this reference work is ideal for academicians, researchers, scholars, practitioners, instructors, and students.

Teaching to Close the Achievement Gap for Students of Color

Author : Theodore S. Ransaw
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000209997
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Teaching to Close the Achievement Gap for Students of Color by : Theodore S. Ransaw

Download or read book Teaching to Close the Achievement Gap for Students of Color written by Theodore S. Ransaw and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume highlights approaches to closing the achievement gap for students of color across K-12 and post-secondary schooling. It uniquely examines factors outside the classroom to consider how these influence student identity and academic performance. Teaching to Close the Achievement Gap for Students of Color offers wide-ranging chapters that explore non-curricular issues including trauma, family background, restorative justice, refugee experiences, and sport as determinants of student and teacher experiences in the classroom. Through rigorous empirical and theoretical engagement, chapters identify culturally responsive strategies for supporting students as they navigate formal and informal educational opportunities and overcome intersectional barriers to success. In particular, chapters highlight how these approaches can be nurtured through teacher education, effective educational leadership, and engagement across the wider community. This insightful collection will be of interest to researchers, scholars, and post-graduate students in the fields of teacher education, sociology of education, and educational leadership.

Restorative Justice Practices in Urban High Schools: The Impact on Disciplinary Outcomes for African American and Latino Male Students with Disabilities

Download Restorative Justice Practices in Urban High Schools: The Impact on Disciplinary Outcomes for African American and Latino Male Students with Disabilities PDF Online Free

Author : Jill Kathleen Waggoner
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Restorative Justice Practices in Urban High Schools: The Impact on Disciplinary Outcomes for African American and Latino Male Students with Disabilities by : Jill Kathleen Waggoner

Download or read book Restorative Justice Practices in Urban High Schools: The Impact on Disciplinary Outcomes for African American and Latino Male Students with Disabilities written by Jill Kathleen Waggoner and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This exploratory sequential mixed methods study examined the use of Restorative Justice practices from a sample of three public urban high school settings in the west coast of the United States to gather data on the impact of such practices on disciplinary outcomes for African American and Latino males with disabilities. The three school sites were identified as high poverty school sites with a majority of students served through Title-I funding. The research design consisted of interviews (n =16), survey data analysis (n = 140), and a review of public documents which were triangulated to answer three research questions. Participants in the sample included school and district administrators, teachers, counselors, and teachers-on-assignment. The interview design intended to find themes that answered the three research questions related to how the use of Restorative Justice practices impacted disciplinary consequences for African American and Latino males with disabilities. Findings were organized into several themes which included: resources and expectations, vision and communication, agency and teamwork, and data-driven decisions. Findings indicated that the majority of staff sampled from the three schools believed that using Restorative Justice practices resulted in a decline in the use of zero-tolerance disciplinary responses, such as referrals to suspension, expulsion, or school citation. Findings also supported the conclusion that Restorative Justice practices had contributed to improved staff and student communication and helped strengthen relationships between adults and students on campuses.

Discipline Disparities Among Students With Disabilities

Author : Pamela A. Fenning
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807780766
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Discipline Disparities Among Students With Disabilities by : Pamela A. Fenning

Download or read book Discipline Disparities Among Students With Disabilities written by Pamela A. Fenning and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The decades-long problem of disproportionate school discipline and school-based arrests of students with disabilities, particularly those who also identify as Black or Native American, is explored in this authoritative book. A team of interdisciplinary scholars, attorneys, and education practitioners focus on how disparities based on disability intersect with race and ethnicity, why such disparities occur, and the impacts these disparities have over time. A DisCrit and research-based perspective frames key issues at the beginning of the book, and the chapters that follow suggest promising practices and approaches to reduce the inequitable use of school discipline and increase the use of evidence-supported alternatives to prevent and respond to behaviors of students with disabilities. The final chapter recommends future research, policy, legal, and practice goals, suggesting an agenda for moving the field forward in years to come. Contributors: Amy Briesch, Sandra Chafouleas, Donald Chee, Lindsay Fallon, Pamela Fenning, Amy Fisher, Benjamin Fisher, Emma Healy, Heather Hoechst, Miranda Johnson, Kathleen Lynne Lane, Patrice Leverett, Laura Marques, Thomas Mayes, Markeda Newell, Angelina Nortey, Wendy Oakes, Kristen Pearson, Michelle Rappaport, Monica Stevens, Carly Tindall-Biggins, Margarida Veiga, Elizabeth Marcell Williams, Perry Zirkel

Combating the Achievement Gap

Author : Teresa Hill
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1475826524
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (758 download)

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Book Synopsis Combating the Achievement Gap by : Teresa Hill

Download or read book Combating the Achievement Gap written by Teresa Hill and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2017-06-13 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite 30 years of school reform, the achievement gap between African American students, Latino students, students in poverty and white middle class students persists. Too often, well-meaning teachers, leaders and policymakers inadvertently contribute to the perpetuation of the achievement gap through daily practices. Teresa D. Hill, a practitioner with experience as a teacher and leader in diverse schools, examines the structures, messages, attitudes and beliefs in schools that perpetuate the idea that failure is a default for African American, Latino, and low-income students. She then discusses the practical actions that educators and leaders can take to end failure as a default in their schools. Combatting the Achievement Gap empowers educators and leaders to make meaningful change in the educational outcomes of African American, Latino, and low-income children by addressing structures, messages, attitudes and beliefs that are within educators’ sphere of influence. It will be of interest to school and district leaders, teachers, and policymakers seeking to address the achievement gap as well as teacher educators and researchers with an interest in education and social justice.

Ending Zero Tolerance

Author : Derek W. Black
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 147988233X
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis Ending Zero Tolerance by : Derek W. Black

Download or read book Ending Zero Tolerance written by Derek W. Black and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2018-08-07 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Suspension and expulsion rates have doubled over the past three decades as zero tolerance policies have become the normal response to a host of minor infractions that extend well beyond just drugs and weapons. Students from all demographic groups have suffered, but minority and special needs students have suffered the most. Derek Black weaves stories about individual students, lessons from social science, and the outcomes of courts cases to unearth an irrational system of punishment. While schools and legislatures have proven unable and unwilling to amend their failing policies, Ending Zero Tolerance argues for constitutional protections to check abuses in school discipline and lays out theories by which courts should re-engage to enforce students' rights and support broader reforms.

School Discipline, Classroom Management, and Student Self-Management

Author : Howard M. Knoff
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1412993962
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis School Discipline, Classroom Management, and Student Self-Management by : Howard M. Knoff

Download or read book School Discipline, Classroom Management, and Student Self-Management written by Howard M. Knoff and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2012-06-12 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated, comprehensive approach to positive behavioral supports and interventions How do you help students who "act out" or "shut down" due to academic frustration or whose social and emotional issues keep them from achieving success in school? Based on Project ACHIEVE, a nationally recognized model of school effectiveness and continuous improvement program, this book shows you how. Educators will find a pragmatic, easy-to-follow blueprint for Positive Behavior Support Systems (PBSS) implementation that integrates academics, instruction, and achievement with discipline, behavior management, and student self-management. Award-winning author Howard M. Knoff provides guidance on: Implementing a schoolwide discipline and safe schools program Teaching students interpersonal, social problem solving, conflict prevention and resolution, and emotional coping skills Guiding professional development, staff and student buy-in, and evaluation Strengthening parent and community outreach and involvement Included are classroom charts and posters, implementation steps and worksheets, and action plans and checklists. Case studies from more than 20 years of research and practice demonstrate how the book′s strategies create positive climates, pro-social interactions, and effective management approaches from classroom to common school areas. The results? The students involved are more cooperative and academically engaged; have fewer disciplinary problems; are more socially successful; and earn higher grades and test scores.

The Perceptions of African American Female High-needs Students Regarding the Impact of the Disciplinary System in Low-performing Schools in Arkansas

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Author : Renata Danielle Bryant
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis The Perceptions of African American Female High-needs Students Regarding the Impact of the Disciplinary System in Low-performing Schools in Arkansas by : Renata Danielle Bryant

Download or read book The Perceptions of African American Female High-needs Students Regarding the Impact of the Disciplinary System in Low-performing Schools in Arkansas written by Renata Danielle Bryant and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate why African American female students are being “pushed out” of learning environments in public schools. This study attempted to answer the central question: According to the “lived experiences” of African – American female students in Arkansas, what are the perceived factors contributing to the disproportionate number of African American female students receiving serious disciplinary consequences in public schools? Eleven African American female students associated with three school districts in Eastern Arkansas fit the following criteria: student in grades 10-12; a female student; self – identified as being African-American; received education in a traditional and nontraditional school setting; had experienced out-of-school suspension, in-school suspension, and expulsion. The semi-structured questions were conducted face-to-face in with in-depth dialogue. Five major themes emerged from the conversations. The first theme was the Impact of a Rough Living Environment. The second theme was Traumatic Experiences. The third theme was Home Support, which is broken down into two subthemes, Lack of Home Support and Consistent, Positive Home Support. The fourth theme that emerged was Racial Resistance to Leaders / Teachers. The fifth theme emerging from the interviews was Use of Disciplinary Action which is broken into three subthemes: Minor Nonviolent Infractions, Minor Violent, and Weapon Infractions, and Major Violent and Weapons Infractions. The conclusions derived from the study were: 1) Living conditions and the level of support for high needs African American female students in low performing schools xii foster a sense of hopelessness regarding the importance of their educational pathways; 2) High-needs African American female students understand racism is prevalent, but they do not accept failure as an option for they have developed and embraced a renowned fight to prove society wrong despite all the reforms and laws created for “permission to fail”; and 3) High needs African American female students recognize there must be consequences for their infractions, but do not accept being overly disciplined to cause more harmful lived experiences, but instead demand schools have people who have an ear to listen and a voice that is slow to speak.