The Ice Crystal Graupel Collision Charging Mechanism Of Thunderstorm Electrification

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The Ice Crystal-graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification

Author : Peter Berdeklis
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ice Crystal-graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification by : Peter Berdeklis

Download or read book The Ice Crystal-graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification written by Peter Berdeklis and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ice crystal-graupel collision charging mechanism, which is considered important in thunderstorm electrification, was studied using a newly developed Triple Interaction Facility. The facility is the first to allow independent control of the solid, liquid and vapor phases of a simulated cloud. The charge transferred to a riming target by collisions with ice crystals was measured over a wide range of cloud conditions. It was found that the charge transfer was a function of the temperature and the effective liquid water content of the cloud. It was also found that the charge transfer to the target was extremely sensitive to the relative humidity at which the ice crystals were grown. Higher relative humidity always promoted stronger negative charging, while lower humidity led to weaker negative or stronger positive charging. The sensitivity of the charge transfer to relative humidity was greatest at temperatures between-13°C and-18°C, with the strongest negative charging observed near-15°C. Within this temperature range the average charge transferred to the target could be varied from +5 fC per ice crystal collision to -25 fC per collision by varying the humidity from ice to water saturation, respectively. In experiments performed at humidities near water saturation and at temperatures near -15°C, charge transfers greater than -60 fC per collision were observed within the first 30 seconds after ice crystals are initiated. It was also found that at high relative humidity the maximum negative charge transferred to the target occurred at a velocity of 5m s-1 and was much weaker at 3, 4 and 6 m s-1. A parameterization of the results is presented for use in numerical thunderstorm models. Analysis of the data indicates that a competition between negative charge transfer between the liquid-like' layers of the colliding ice particles and positive charge transfer due to different dislocation densities can provide a consistent physical model of the effect of relative humidity. It is shown that differences in. the relative humidity can explain quantitatively the discrepancies between the observations of previous investigators. A new conceptual model of thunderstorm electrification is also presented.

The Ice Crystal-graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification [microform]

Author : Peter Berdeklis
Publisher : National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada
ISBN 13 : 9780612414020
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ice Crystal-graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification [microform] by : Peter Berdeklis

Download or read book The Ice Crystal-graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification [microform] written by Peter Berdeklis and published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. This book was released on 1998 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Ice Crystal-graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (654 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ice Crystal-graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification by :

Download or read book The Ice Crystal-graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Ice Crystal-gaupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification

Author : Peter Berdeklis
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ice Crystal-gaupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification by : Peter Berdeklis

Download or read book The Ice Crystal-gaupel Collision Charging Mechanism of Thunderstorm Electrification written by Peter Berdeklis and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Electrical Nature of Storms

Author : D. R. MacGorman
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 9780195073379
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (733 download)

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Book Synopsis The Electrical Nature of Storms by : D. R. MacGorman

Download or read book The Electrical Nature of Storms written by D. R. MacGorman and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1998 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rapid progress during the last twenty years has created a host of new technologies for studying electrical storms, including lightning mapping systems, new radars, satellite sensors, and new ways of measuring electric field and particle charge. This book explains how these advances have revolutionized our understanding. The books provides substantial background material, making it accessible to a broad scientific audience.

Large Ice Crystal Charge Transfer Studies

Author : C. P. R. Saunders
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis Large Ice Crystal Charge Transfer Studies by : C. P. R. Saunders

Download or read book Large Ice Crystal Charge Transfer Studies written by C. P. R. Saunders and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laboratory studies of the charge transferred when ice crystals rebound off an ice surface continued. It is now widely accepted that thunderstorms are electrified by such interactions. A large cloud chamber allows us to grow ice crystals up to 800 micro and these collide with an ice target representing a falling graupel pellet. Our previous work showed that the presence of supercooled water in the cloud is of paramount importance and the precise effect this has on the charge reversal temperature (above which graupel charges positively and vice versa) is being investigated so that the results may be included in numerical models of thunderstorm electrical development. Keywords: Thunderstorms, Electrification, Charge transfer, Ice crystals, Rime ice, cold chamber. (MJM).

Storm and Cloud Dynamics

Author : William R. Cotton
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080959830
Total Pages : 897 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Storm and Cloud Dynamics by : William R. Cotton

Download or read book Storm and Cloud Dynamics written by William R. Cotton and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1992-10-02 with total page 897 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the dynamics of clouds and of precipitating mesoscale meteorological systems. Clouds and precipitating mesoscale systems represent some of the most important and scientifically exciting weather systems in the world. These are the systems that produce torrential rains, severe winds including downburst and tornadoes, hail, thunder and lightning, and major snow storms. Forecasting such storms represents a major challenge since they are too small to be adequately resolved by conventional observing networks and numerical prediction models. Key Features* Key Highlights of This Text* Provides a complete treatment of clouds integrating the analysis of air motions with cloud structure, microphysics, and precipitation mechanics* Describes and explains the basic types of clouds and cloud systems that occur in the atmosphere-fog, stratus, stratocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, cirrus, thunderstorms, tornadoes, waterspouts, orographically induced clouds, mesoscale convection complexes, hurricanes, fronts, and extratropical cyclones* Presents a photographic guide, presented in the first chapter, linking the examination of each type of cloud with an image to enhance visual retention and understanding* Summarizes the fundamentals, both observational and theoretical, of atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics, cloud microphysics, and radar meteorology, allowing each type of cloud to be examined in depth* Integrates the latest field observations, numerical model simulations, and theory* Supplies a theoretical treatment suitable for the advanced undergraduate or graduate level

"Sprites, Elves and Intense Lightning Discharges"

Author : Martin Füllekrug
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9781402046285
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis "Sprites, Elves and Intense Lightning Discharges" by : Martin Füllekrug

Download or read book "Sprites, Elves and Intense Lightning Discharges" written by Martin Füllekrug and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-05-01 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Particularly intense lightning discharges can produce transient luminous events above thunderclouds, termed sprites, elves and jets. These short lived optical emissions in the mesosphere can reach from the tops of thunderclouds up to the ionosphere; they provide direct evidence of coupling from the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere. Sprites are arguably the most dramatic recent discovery in solar-terrestrial physics. Shortly after the first ground based video recordings of sprites, observations on board the Space Shuttle detected sprites and elves occurring all around the world. These reports led to detailed sprite observations in North America, South America, Australia, Japan, and Europe. Subsequently, sprites were detected from other space platforms such as the International Space Station and the ROCSAT satellite. During the past 15 years, more than 200 contributions on sprites have been published in the scientific literature to document this rapidly evolving new research area.

Electromagnetic Computation Methods for Lightning Surge Protection Studies

Author : Yoshihiro Baba
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118275632
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Electromagnetic Computation Methods for Lightning Surge Protection Studies by : Yoshihiro Baba

Download or read book Electromagnetic Computation Methods for Lightning Surge Protection Studies written by Yoshihiro Baba and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-04-25 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents current research into electromagnetic computation theories with particular emphasis on Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method This book is the first to consolidate current research and to examine the theories of electromagnetic computation methods in relation to lightning surge protection. The authors introduce and compare existing electromagnetic computation methods such as the method of moments (MOM), the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC), the finite element method (FEM), the transmission-line modeling (TLM) method, and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The application of FDTD method to lightning protection studies is a topic that has matured through many practical applications in the past decade, and the authors explain the derivation of Maxwell’s equations required by the FDTD, and modeling of various electrical components needed in computing lightning electromagnetic fields and surges with the FDTD method. The book describes the application of FDTD method to current and emerging problems of lightning surge protection of continuously more complex installations, particularly in critical infrastructures of energy and information, such as overhead power lines, air-insulated sub-stations, wind turbine generator towers and telecommunication towers. Both authors are internationally recognized experts in the area of lightning study and this is the first book to present current research in lightning surge protection Examines in detail why lightning surges occur and what can be done to protect against them Includes theories of electromagnetic computation methods and many examples of their application Accompanied by a sample printed program based on the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method written in C++ program

Fundamentals of Lightning

Author : Vladimir A. Rakov
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107072239
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Lightning by : Vladimir A. Rakov

Download or read book Fundamentals of Lightning written by Vladimir A. Rakov and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-04-07 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the current state of the art in lightning science, for advanced undergraduate and graduate students on a single-semester course.

The Lightning Flash

Author : Vernon Cooray
Publisher : IET
ISBN 13 : 0852967802
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis The Lightning Flash by : Vernon Cooray

Download or read book The Lightning Flash written by Vernon Cooray and published by IET. This book was released on 2003 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique book provides the reader with a thorough background in almost every aspect of lightning and its impact on electrical and electronic equipment. The contents range from basic discharge processes in air through transient electromagnetic field generation and interaction with overhead lines and underground cables, to lightning protection and testing techniques. This book is of value to anyone designing, installing or commissioning equipment which needs to be secured against lightning strikes, as well as being a sound introduction to research students working in the field.

Chemistry In The Cryosphere (In 2 Parts)

Author : Paul Shepson
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9811230145
Total Pages : 922 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemistry In The Cryosphere (In 2 Parts) by : Paul Shepson

Download or read book Chemistry In The Cryosphere (In 2 Parts) written by Paul Shepson and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-10-12 with total page 922 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ice and snow on Earth modulate and modify the climate, chemistry and fate of air and water pollutants. Climate change is drastically impacting Nature and extent of the cryosphere, with attendant feedbacks on atmospheric composition and climate. These changes are happening at a rate that outpaces the development of fundamental knowledge of processes that occur within/on the surfaces of ice and snow, confounding our ability to develop a predictive capability for future states of the Earth environment.This set, comprising 17 chapters, written by world experts on these topics, are thus intended to document the current state of understanding of the structure, physical properties, abundance, and chemical and microbiological processes that occur within/on ice and snow in all Earth environments in which it exists, and to express needs for improvement of that understanding. This, only comprehensive treatise/collection that covers environmentally relevant chemistry and related physical aspects of snow and ice in the Earth system, and the connections to climate change, will be accessible to those with introductory college-level understanding of chemistry and physics.

Lightning: Principles, Instruments and Applications

Author : Hans Dieter Betz
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 140209079X
Total Pages : 641 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Lightning: Principles, Instruments and Applications by : Hans Dieter Betz

Download or read book Lightning: Principles, Instruments and Applications written by Hans Dieter Betz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-04 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lightning represents a natural phenomenon of substantial interest. Due to its complex nature, research continues in many countries and reveals amazing results. Lightning is actively observed because of its relevance to Earth climate and air composition in addition to the classical aspects of related human fatalities and damage to forests, buildings, power lines, aircraft, structures and electronic devices. In this volume, the most important contemporary questions on lightning are addressed and analyzed under many experimental and theoretical aspects. Lightning detection techniques using ground-based and space-borne methods are described, along with network engineering and statistical analysis. Contributions detail research on atmospheric electricity, cloud physics, lightning physics, modeling of electrical storms and middle atmospheric events. Special phenomena such as triggered lightning and sprite observations are examined. Lightning-induced nitrogen oxides and their effects on atmospheric chemistry and climate are discussed. Each topic is presented by international experts in the field. Topics include: * air chemistry * convective storms * infrasound from lightning * lightning and climate change * lightning and precipitation * lightning and radiation * lightning and supercells * lightning and thunderstorms * lightning detection * lightning from space * lighting protection * lightning return strokes * observations and interpretations * spatial distribution and frequency * triggered lightning * weather extremes

Lightning

Author : Vladimir A. Rakov
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107268559
Total Pages : 1485 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Lightning by : Vladimir A. Rakov

Download or read book Lightning written by Vladimir A. Rakov and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-01-08 with total page 1485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lightning: Physics and Effects is the first book that covers essentially all aspects of lightning, including lightning physics, lightning protection and the interaction of lightning with a variety of objects and systems as well as with the environment. It is written in a style that will be accessible to the technical non-expert and is addressed to anyone interested in lightning and its effects. This will include physicists, engineers working in the power, communications, computer and aviation industries, meteorologists, atmospheric chemists, foresters, ecologists, physicians working in the area of electrical trauma and architects. This comprehensive reference volume contains over 300 illustrations, 70 tables containing quantitative information and a bibliography of more than 6000 references.

Planetary Atmospheric Electricity

Author : François Leblanc
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387876642
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (878 download)

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Book Synopsis Planetary Atmospheric Electricity by : François Leblanc

Download or read book Planetary Atmospheric Electricity written by François Leblanc and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-10-01 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a comprehensive discussion of all issues related to atmospheric electricity in our solar system. It details atmospheric electricity on Earth and other planets and discusses the development of instruments used for observation.

The Role of Ice Specimen Geometry and Impact Velocity in the Reynolds-Brook Theory of Thunderstorm Electrification

Author : J. Latham
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Ice Specimen Geometry and Impact Velocity in the Reynolds-Brook Theory of Thunderstorm Electrification by : J. Latham

Download or read book The Role of Ice Specimen Geometry and Impact Velocity in the Reynolds-Brook Theory of Thunderstorm Electrification written by J. Latham and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When ice-coated spheres suspended from an insulating fiber were rotated rapidly through a stream of steadily falling natural snow crystals they acquired an electrical charge the magnitude of which increased markedly with an increase in impact velocity and degree of surface irregularity. A smooth sphere acquired a positive charge and the spheres of irregular surface structure acquired a much larger negative charge. The sign of the charging is in qualitative agreement with the temperature-gradient theory but the effects of impact velocity and surface geometry are not. Rough calculations indicate that the average charge transfer between a snow crystal and a sphere of irregular surface structure impacting at a velocity of several meters per second is several orders of magnitude greater than predicted by Mason's equations, but a comparison between these results and those emanating from the laboratory experiments of Latham and Stow indicates that the results of this field experiment are entirely explicable in terms of a temperature-gradient theory modified to accommodate these two enhancement processes. It is concluded that the experiments of Reynolds, Brook and Gourley yielded a more representative value for the average charge transfer per collision between an ice crystal and a soft-hail pellet inside a thundercloud than did the experiments of Latham and Mason, and that the Reynolds-Brook mechanism can easily generate charge inside a thundercloud at the minimum rate required by a tenable theory of thunderstorm electrification.

Electrification of Particulates in Industrial and Natural Multiphase flows

Author : Zhaolin Gu
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 981103026X
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrification of Particulates in Industrial and Natural Multiphase flows by : Zhaolin Gu

Download or read book Electrification of Particulates in Industrial and Natural Multiphase flows written by Zhaolin Gu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-26 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces comprehensive fundamentals, numerical simulations and experimental methods of electrification of particulates entrained multiphase flows. The electrifications of two particulate forms, liquid droplets and solid particles, are firstly described together. Liquid droplets can be charged under preset or associated electric fields, while solid particles can be charged through contact. Different charging ways in gas (liquid)-liquid or gas-solid multiphase flows are summarized, including ones that are beneficial to industrial processes, such as electrostatic precipitation, electrostatic spraying, and electrostatic separation, etc., ones harmful for shipping and powder industry, and ones occurring in natural phenomenon, such as wind-blown sand and thunderstorm. This book offers theoretical references to the control and utilization of the charging or charged particulates in multiphase flows as well.