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The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report
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Book Synopsis The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report by : National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa
Download or read book The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report written by National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa and published by . This book was released on 2018-11-14 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The findings of the Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Board of Investigation are reported. The Board was formed to determine the cause of the flaw in the telescope, how it occurred, and why it was not detected before launch. The Board conducted its investigation to include interviews with personnel involved in the fabrication and test of the telescope, review of documentation, and analysis and test of the equipment used in the fabrication of the telescope's mirrors. The investigation proved that the primary mirror was made in the wrong shape (a 0.4-wave rms wavefront error at 632.8 nm). The primary mirror was manufactured by the Perkin-Elmer Corporation (Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, Inc.). The critical optics used as a template in shaping the mirror, the reflective null corrector (RNC), consisted of two small mirrors and a lens. This unit had been preserved by the manufacturer exactly as it was during the manufacture of the mirror. When the Board measured the RNC, the lens was incorrectly spaced from the mirrors. Calculations of the effect of such displacement on the primary mirror show that the measured amount, 1.3 mm, accounts in detail for the amount and character of the observed image blurring. No verification of the reflective null corrector's dimensions was carried out by Perkin-Elmer after the original assembly. There were, however, clear indications of the problem from auxiliary optical tests made at the time. A special optical unit called an inverse null corrector, designed to mimic the reflection from a perfect primary mirror, was built and used to align the apparatus; when so used, it clearly showed the error in the reflective null corrector. A second null corrector was used to measure the vertex radius of the finished primary mirror. It, too, clearly showed the error in the primary mirror. Both indicators of error were discounted at the time as being themselves flawed. The Perkin-Elmer plan for fabricating the primary mirror placed complete relia...
Book Synopsis The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report by :
Download or read book The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report by :
Download or read book The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope by : National Research Council
Download or read book Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-03-28 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has operated continuously since 1990. During that time, four space shuttle-based service missions were launched, three of which added major observational capabilities. A fifth â€" SM-4 â€" was intended to replace key telescope systems and install two new instruments. The loss of the space shuttle Columbia, however, resulted in a decision by NASA not to pursue the SM-4 mission leading to a likely end of Hubble's useful life in 2007-2008. This situation resulted in an unprecedented outcry from scientists and the public. As a result, NASA began to explore and develop a robotic servicing mission; and Congress directed NASA to request a study from the National Research Council (NRC) of the robotic and shuttle servicing options for extending the life of Hubble. This report presents an assessment of those two options. It provides an examination of the contributions made by Hubble and those likely as the result of a servicing mission, and a comparative analysis of the potential risk of the two options for servicing Hubble. The study concludes that the Shuttle option would be the most effective one for prolonging Hubble's productive life.
Book Synopsis With Stars in Their Eyes by : Jim Bernard Breckinridge
Download or read book With Stars in Their Eyes written by Jim Bernard Breckinridge and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 533 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Aden B. Meinel and wife Marjorie P. Meinel stood at the confluence of several overarching technological developments of the 20th century: postwar aerial surveillance by spy planes and satellites, solar energy, the evolution of telescope design, interdisciplinary optics, and photonics. In 1945 he was a Navy Ensign ordered to find the secret tunnels in Nazi Germany where the V-2 rockets menacing Great Britain and Belgium were being manufactured. After receiving both his B.A. degree and Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of California at Berkeley within three years, Aden was invited to join the scientific staff at Yerkes Observatory/University of Chicago. While there he was selected by the National Science Foundation to manage the development of a new national observatory on Kitt Peak, Arizona, and served as its first Director. In the early 1960s he founded the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona, which later metamorphosed into the College of Optical Sciences with the doctoral program in interdisciplinary optics. It was here that he also designed the first Multiple Mirror Telescope and with wife Marjorie pioneered the feasibility of solar energy power on a commercial scale. Aden's knowledge and expertise in optics made him invaluable in research on cameras for spy satellites and spy planes overflying the Soviet Union and Southeast Asia. After retirement the Meinels worked for NASA/JPL on the precursor of the James Webb Space Telescope and on the exoplanet program. They also served on the team that corrected spherical aberration in the Hubble Space Telescope"--
Book Synopsis Failed Historical Scientific Instruments by :
Download or read book Failed Historical Scientific Instruments written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2024-06-20 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can a scientific instrument be regarded as a failure? Why and how? By shedding light on the complexity of these questions, the volume marks a step forward in the way historical scientific instruments can be analysed and displayed. The essays show how diverse failures can be, and how the assessment of scientific devices may change over time — some surprisingly becoming more successful. In addition to studies of how technical features led to failure, the authors examine the roles played by social bias and behaviour, commercial and economic circumstances, and political factors.
Book Synopsis Optical Systems Engineering by : Keith Kasunic
Download or read book Optical Systems Engineering written by Keith Kasunic and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2011-06-05 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide to optical system design and development Optical Systems Engineering emphasizes first-order, system-level estimates of optical performance. Building on the basic principles of optical design and engineering, the book uses numerous practical examples to illustrate the essential, real-world processes such as requirements analysis, feasibility and trade studies, subsystem interfaces, error budgets, requirements flow-down and allocation, component specifications, and vendor selection. Filled with detailed diagrams and photographs, this is an indispensable resource for anyone involved in developing optical, electro-optical, and infrared systems. Optical Systems Engineering covers: Systems engineering Geometrical optics Aberrations and image quality Radiometry Optical sources Detectors and focal plane arrays Optomechanical design
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book NASA Technical Memorandum written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Universe in a Mirror by : Robert Zimmerman
Download or read book The Universe in a Mirror written by Robert Zimmerman and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-02-22 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hubble Space Telescope has produced the most stunning images of the cosmos humanity has ever seen. It has transformed our understanding of the universe around us, revealing new information about its age and evolution, the life cycle of stars, and the very existence of black holes, among other startling discoveries. But it took an amazing amount of work and perseverance to get the first space telescope up and running. The Universe in a Mirror tells the story of this telescope and the visionaries responsible for its extraordinary accomplishments. Robert Zimmerman takes readers behind the scenes of one of the most ambitious scientific instruments ever sent into space. After World War II, astronomer Lyman Spitzer and a handful of scientists waged a fifty-year struggle to build the first space telescope capable of seeing beyond Earth's atmospheric veil. Zimmerman shows how many of the telescope's advocates sacrificed careers and family to get it launched, and how others devoted their lives to Hubble only to have their hopes and reputations shattered when its mirror was found to be flawed. This is the story of an idea that would not die--and of the dauntless human spirit. Illustrated with striking color images, The Universe in a Mirror describes the heated battles between scientists and bureaucrats, the perseverance of astronauts to repair and maintain the telescope, and much more. Hubble, and the men and women behind it, opened a rare window onto the universe, dazzling humanity with sights never before seen. This book tells their remarkable story. A new afterword updates the reader on the May 2009 Hubble service mission and looks to the future of astronomy, including the prospect of a new space telescope to replace Hubble.
Book Synopsis Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications by :
Download or read book Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Monthly Catalogue, United States Public Documents by :
Download or read book Monthly Catalogue, United States Public Documents written by and published by . This book was released on 1991-05 with total page 1346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Life With Hubble written by LECKRONE and published by IOP Publishing Limited. This book was released on 2020-07-07 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A behind-the-scenes narrative of the Hubble mission. Told by the now retired Senior Project Scientist for Hubble, David Leckrone, this fascinating story recounts the history of the mission from 1990 to the present day. It tells the stories of scores of individuals who made major contributions to the Hubble legacy. In understandable, non-professional language, it describes many of the exciting scientific discoveries that the telescope has produced.
Book Synopsis Exploring the Unknown by : John M. Logsdon
Download or read book Exploring the Unknown written by John M. Logsdon and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 832 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis This New Ocean by : William E. Burrows
Download or read book This New Ocean written by William E. Burrows and published by Modern Library. This book was released on 2010-09-29 with total page 795 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It was all part of man's greatest adventure--landing men on the Moon and sending a rover to Mars, finally seeing the edge of the universe and the birth of stars, and launching planetary explorers across the solar system to Neptune and beyond. The ancient dream of breaking gravity's hold and taking to space became a reality only because of the intense cold-war rivalry between the superpowers, with towering geniuses like Wernher von Braun and Sergei Korolyov shelving dreams of space travel and instead developing rockets for ballistic missiles and space spectaculars. Now that Russian archives are open and thousands of formerly top-secret U.S. documents are declassified, an often startling new picture of the space age emerges: the frantic effort by the Soviet Union to beat the United States to the Moon was doomed from the beginning by gross inefficiency and by infighting so treacherous that Winston Churchill likened it to "dogs fighting under a carpet"; there was more than science behind the United States' suggestion that satellites be launched during the International Geophysical Year, and in one crucial respect, Sputnik was a godsend to Washington; the hundred-odd German V-2s that provided the vital start to the U.S. missile and space programs legally belonged to the Soviet Union and were spirited to the United States in a derring-do operation worthy of a spy thriller; despite NASA's claim that it was a civilian agency, it had an intimate relationship with the military at the outset and still does--a distinction the Soviet Union never pretended to make; constant efforts to portray astronauts and cosmonauts as "Boy Scouts" were often contradicted by reality; the Apollo missions to the Moon may have been an unexcelled political triumph and feat of exploration, but they also created a headache for the space agency that lingers to this day. This New Ocean is based on 175 interviews with Russian and American scientists and engineers; on archival documents, including formerly top-secret National Intelligence Estimates and spy satellite pictures; and on nearly three decades of reporting. The impressive result is this fascinating story--the first comprehensive account--of the space age. Here are the strategists and war planners; engineers and scientists; politicians and industrialists; astronauts and cosmonauts; science fiction writers and journalists; and plain, ordinary, unabashed dreamers who wanted to transcend gravity's shackles for the ultimate ride. The story is written from the perspective of a witness who was present at the beginning and who has seen the conclusion of the first space age and the start of the second.
Book Synopsis General Theory of Light Propagation and Imaging Through the Atmosphere by : T. Stewart McKechnie
Download or read book General Theory of Light Propagation and Imaging Through the Atmosphere written by T. Stewart McKechnie and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-10-06 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2nd edition lays out an updated version of the general theory of light propagation and imaging through Earth’s turbulent atmosphere initially developed in the late ‘70s and ‘80s, with additional applications in the areas of laser communications and high-energy laser beam propagation. New material includes a chapter providing a comprehensive mathematical tool set for precisely characterizing image formation with the anticipated Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTS), enabling a staggering range of star image shapes and sizes; existing chapters rewritten or modified so as to supplement the mathematics with clearer physical insight through written and graphical means; a history of the development of present-day understanding of light propagation and imaging through the atmosphere as represented by the general theory described. Beginning with the rudimentary, geometrical-optics based understanding of a century ago, it describes advances made in the 1960s, including the development of the ‘Kolmogorov theory,’ the deficiencies of which undermined its credibility, but not before it had done enormous damage, such as construction of a generation of underperforming ‘light bucket’ telescopes. The general theory requires no a priori turbulence assumptions. Instead, it provides means for calculating the turbulence properties directly from readily-measurable properties of star images.
