The History Of Integration Of The Armed Forces

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The History of Integration of the Armed Forces

Author : Morris J. MacGregor
Publisher : DigiCat
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 635 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (596 download)

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Book Synopsis The History of Integration of the Armed Forces by : Morris J. MacGregor

Download or read book The History of Integration of the Armed Forces written by Morris J. MacGregor and published by DigiCat. This book was released on 2022-11-13 with total page 635 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the quarter century that followed American entry into World War II, the nation's armed forces moved from the reluctant inclusion of a few segregated Negroes to their routine acceptance in a racially integrated military establishment. Nor was this change confined to military installations. By the time it was over, the armed forces had redefined their traditional obligation for the welfare of their members to include a promise of equal treatment for black servicemen wherever they might be. In the name of equality of treatment and opportunity, the Department of Defense began to challenge racial injustices deeply rooted in American society. For all its sweeping implications, equality in the armed forces obviously had its pragmatic aspects. In one sense it was a practical answer to pressing political problems that had plagued several national administrations. In another, it was the services' expression of those liberalizing tendencies that were permeating American society during the era of civil rights activism. But to a considerable extent the policy of racial equality that evolved in this quarter century was also a response to the need for military efficiency. So easy did it become to demonstrate the connection between inefficiency and discrimination that, even when other reasons existed, military efficiency was the one most often evoked by defense officials to justify a change in racial policy." Morris J. MacGregor, Jr., received the A.B. and M.A. degrees in history from the Catholic University of America. He continued his graduate studies at the Johns Hopkins University and the University of Paris on a Fulbright grant. Before joining the staff of the U.S. Army Center of Military History in 1968 he served for ten years in the Historical Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965

Author : Morris J. MacGregor
Publisher : e-artnow
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 by : Morris J. MacGregor

Download or read book Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 written by Morris J. MacGregor and published by e-artnow. This book was released on 2020-06-18 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the quarter century that followed American entry into World War II, the nation's armed forces moved from the reluctant inclusion of a few segregated Negroes to their routine acceptance in a racially integrated military establishment. Nor was this change confined to military installations. By the time it was over, the armed forces had redefined their traditional obligation for the welfare of their members to include a promise of equal treatment for black servicemen wherever they might be. In the name of equality of treatment and opportunity, the Department of Defense began to challenge racial injustices deeply rooted in American society. For all its sweeping implications, equality in the armed forces obviously had its pragmatic aspects. In one sense it was a practical answer to pressing political problems that had plagued several national administrations. In another, it was the services' expression of those liberalizing tendencies that were permeating American society during the era of civil rights activism. But to a considerable extent the policy of racial equality that evolved in this quarter century was also a response to the need for military efficiency. So easy did it become to demonstrate the connection between inefficiency and discrimination that, even when other reasons existed, military efficiency was the one most often evoked by defense officials to justify a change in racial policy."_x000D_ Morris J. MacGregor, Jr., received the A.B. and M.A. degrees in history from the Catholic University of America. He continued his graduate studies at the Johns Hopkins University and the University of Paris on a Fulbright grant. Before joining the staff of the U.S. Army Center of Military History in 1968 he served for ten years in the Historical Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965

Author : Morris J. MacGregor
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 by : Morris J. MacGregor

Download or read book Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 written by Morris J. MacGregor and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Integration in the Armed Services

Author : James C. Evans
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Integration in the Armed Services by : James C. Evans

Download or read book Integration in the Armed Services written by James C. Evans and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965

Author : Morris J. MacGregor
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 647 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 by : Morris J. MacGregor

Download or read book Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 written by Morris J. MacGregor and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Integration of the Armed Forces

Author : Morris J. Macgregor (Jr)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 647 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (491 download)

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Book Synopsis Integration of the Armed Forces by : Morris J. Macgregor (Jr)

Download or read book Integration of the Armed Forces written by Morris J. Macgregor (Jr) and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces

Author : Richard M. Dalfiume
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces by : Richard M. Dalfiume

Download or read book Desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces written by Richard M. Dalfiume and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "During the years between 1939 and 1953 the United States armed forces moved from a policy of restricting and segregating the Negro soldier, based largely on racial stereotypes that emerged from World War I, to a policy of equal opportunity and integration. Most writers point to 1954 or later as the origin of the Negro Revolution; however, this history of what was in the past an important issue for black Americans sheds light on the 'forgotten years' of the Negro Revolution, particularly World War II. The war's democratic rhetoric had a great impact on the nation's largest minority, a fact overlooked by most scholars. The hypocritical position of the United States - fighting with a racially segregated armed forces to uphold the four freedoms and to defeat an enemy preaching a master race ideology - provided Negro Americans with a clear illustration of the difference between the American creed and practice, and a powerful argument in their struggle for equality. The postwar era made it impossible for the Federal Government and the American people to ignore the race issue any longer. The Truman Administrations' legislative proposals and actions in the field of Negro rights set the pattern for a continuing federal improvement. No longer was it the Federal Government's policy to condone or extend segregation. Of the Truman Administrations' precedent-breaking actions in this area, desegregation of the armed forces was among the first. The President, as Commander-in-chief, could move in this area without legislation from a reluctant Congress. Truman's Executive Order 9981 of July, 1948, which established the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, was one of the first federal actions against the separate-but-equal doctrine, coming six years before the 1954 school desegregation decision of the Supreme Court. A reluctant Army was finally convinced of the wisdom of desegregation when the new policy proved a success in the Korean War, a success that provided a powerful argument for those who sought an end to segregation in the United States. This was truly a social revolution, and the result is indicated by the fact that to this day the armed forces remain the most integrated institution in American society"--Jacket.

The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964

Author : Alan L. Gropman
Publisher : University Press of the Pacific
ISBN 13 : 9780898757521
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (575 download)

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Book Synopsis The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964 by : Alan L. Gropman

Download or read book The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964 written by Alan L. Gropman and published by University Press of the Pacific. This book was released on 2002-02 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Documenting the racial integration of the Air Force from the end of World War II to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, retired Air Force colonel Alan L. Gropman contends that the service desegregated itself not for moral or political reasons but to improve military effectiveness. First published in 1977, this second edition charts policy changes to date. 31 photos.

The Integration of the US Armed Forces

Author : Morris J. MacGregor
Publisher : e-artnow
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis The Integration of the US Armed Forces by : Morris J. MacGregor

Download or read book The Integration of the US Armed Forces written by Morris J. MacGregor and published by e-artnow. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the quarter century that followed American entry into World War II, the nation's armed forces moved from the reluctant inclusion of a few segregated Negroes to their routine acceptance in a racially integrated military establishment. Nor was this change confined to military installations. By the time it was over, the armed forces had redefined their traditional obligation for the welfare of their members to include a promise of equal treatment for black servicemen wherever they might be. In the name of equality of treatment and opportunity, the Department of Defense began to challenge racial injustices deeply rooted in American society. For all its sweeping implications, equality in the armed forces obviously had its pragmatic aspects. In one sense it was a practical answer to pressing political problems that had plagued several national administrations. In another, it was the services' expression of those liberalizing tendencies that were permeating American society during the era of civil rights activism. But to a considerable extent the policy of racial equality that evolved in this quarter century was also a response to the need for military efficiency. So easy did it become to demonstrate the connection between inefficiency and discrimination that, even when other reasons existed, military efficiency was the one most often evoked by defense officials to justify a change in racial policy." Morris J. MacGregor, Jr., received the A.B. and M.A. degrees in history from the Catholic University of America. He continued his graduate studies at the Johns Hopkins University and the University of Paris on a Fulbright grant. Before joining the staff of the U.S. Army Center of Military History in 1968 he served for ten years in the Historical Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Integrating the US Military

Author : Douglas Walter Bristol
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421422476
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Integrating the US Military by : Douglas Walter Bristol

Download or read book Integrating the US Military written by Douglas Walter Bristol and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2017-05 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Integrating the US Military is an edited collection that examines the US Army's role and place in progressive social change through the lens of the military experience of African Americans, women, and gays since World War II. By making this long overdue comparison, the editors argue this anthology demonstrates how the challenges launched against the racial, gender, and sexual status quo in the years after World War II transformed overarching ideas about power, citizenship, and America's role in the world. This anthology's major contribution is synthesizing recent scholarly work on the history of minorities and women in the US military. It does so by examining connections between GIs and civilian society in the context of ideologies of race, gender, and sexuality. Given the militarization of American society since World War II, revealing the links between these legally marginalized groups within the Armed Services is historically significant in its own right. At the same time, this comparison also sheds new light on a broad range of issues that affected civilian society, such as affirmative action, integration, marriage laws, and sexual harassment. Integrating the US Military is a book designed for college students, military professionals, policy makers, and general readers. Allowing readers to view the history of several civil rights movements within the Armed Forces will prompt them to rethink the way they understand the history of social movements. It will also help them to better understand the relationship between the military and American society. Finally, readers will gain a historical perspective on recent debates about the rights of gays in the military and the implications of deploying women in combat."--Provided by publisher.

Black, White, & Olive Drab

Author : Andrew H. Myers
Publisher : University of Virginia Press
ISBN 13 : 9780813925752
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (257 download)

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Book Synopsis Black, White, & Olive Drab by : Andrew H. Myers

Download or read book Black, White, & Olive Drab written by Andrew H. Myers and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the first Army bases to implement on a large scale President Truman's call for racial integration of the armed forces, Fort Jackson, South Carolina, quickly took its place in the Defense Department's official history of the process. What reporters, and later on, historians, overlooked was the interaction between the integration of Fort Jackson and developments, in particular, the civil rights movement, in the wider communities in which the base is situated.In Black, White, and Olive Drab, Andrew H. Myers redresses this oversight; taking a case-study approach, Myers meticulously weaves together a wide range of official records, newspaper accounts, and personal interviews, revealing the impact of Fort Jackson's integration on the desegregation of civilian buses, schools, housing, and public facilities in the surrounding area. Examining the ways in which commanders and staff at the installation navigated challenges over racial issues in their dealings with municipal authorities, state politicians, federal legislators, and the upper echelons of the military bureaucracy, Myers also addresses how post leaders dealt with the potential for participation in civil rights demonstrations by soldiers under their command. Original and provocative, Black, White, and Olive Drab will engage historians and sociologists who study military-social relations, the civil rights movement, African American history, and the South, as well as those who are interested in or familiar with basic training or the American armed forces.

Freedom to Serve

Author : Jon E. Taylor
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415894492
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (158 download)

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Book Synopsis Freedom to Serve by : Jon E. Taylor

Download or read book Freedom to Serve written by Jon E. Taylor and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On the eve of America's entry into World War II, African American leaders pushed for inclusion in the war effort and, after the war, they mounted a concerted effort to integrate the armed services. Harry S. Truman's decision to issue Executive Order 9981 in 1948, which resulted in the integration of the armed forces, was an important event in twentieth Jon E. Taylor gives an account of the presidential order as an event which forever changed the U.S. armed forces, and set a political precedent for the burgeoning civil rights movement. Including press releases, newspaper articles, presidential speeches, and biographical sidebars, Freedom to Serve introduces students to an underexamined event while illuminating the period in a new way. Critical Moments in American History is a series of supplemental books designed specifically for undergraduate history courses, providing students with the opportunity to examine a specific event within the context of both narrative history and primary source documents.

Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965

Author : Gordon Press Publishers
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780849060922
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (69 download)

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Book Synopsis Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 by : Gordon Press Publishers

Download or read book Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 written by Gordon Press Publishers and published by . This book was released on 1997-06 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Double V

Author : Rawn James, Jr.
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1608196224
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis The Double V by : Rawn James, Jr.

Download or read book The Double V written by Rawn James, Jr. and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2014-03-25 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The century-long struggle to achieve equality for America's black soldiers and sailors, in a stirring narrative history by the author of Root and Branch

The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964

Author : Office of Air Force History
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781507731161
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (311 download)

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Book Synopsis The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964 by : Office of Air Force History

Download or read book The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964 written by Office of Air Force History and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-01-27 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the struggle to desegregate the post-World War II U.S. Army Air Forces and its successor, the U.S. Air Force, and the remarkable advances made during the next two decades to end racial segregation and move towards equality of treatment of Negro airmen. The author, Lt. Col. Alan L. Gropman, a former Instructor of History at the U.S. Air Force Academy, received his doctorate degree from Tufts University. His dissertation served as the basis for this volume. In it, the author describes the fight to end segregation within the Air Force following President Harry S. Truman's issuance of an executive order directing the integration of the armed forces. Despite resistance to this order, fueled by heated segregationist opposition, integration moved ahead somewhat slowly under the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Progress increased during the administration of President John F. Kennedy, which saw major advances toward achieving equality for Negro servicemen. Colonel Gropman's study is a detailed, comprehensive, and, in many respects, a documentary account. The crucial events it describes more than justify the unusually extended treatment they receive. The volume thus provides a permanent record of this turbulent period in race relations and constitutes a significant contribution to the history of the Air Force.

The Racial Integration of the American Armed Forces

Author : Geoffrey W. Jensen
Publisher : University Press of Kansas
ISBN 13 : 0700635297
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis The Racial Integration of the American Armed Forces by : Geoffrey W. Jensen

Download or read book The Racial Integration of the American Armed Forces written by Geoffrey W. Jensen and published by University Press of Kansas. This book was released on 2023-02-15 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to win the Cold War, American presidents embraced the mantra of equality of opportunity to justify racial reform efforts within the US military. The problem was that equality of opportunity never guaranteed acceptance—nor was it designed to. In The Racial Integration of the American Armed Forces, Geoffrey W. Jensen clarifies our understanding of the political processes that fundamentally altered the racial composition of the US military. Jensen examines nearly thirty years of military integration that unfolded during the Cold War. America’s racial woes were grist for the propaganda mills in Moscow and their integration effort was intended to curb this assault and protect the nation’s image during this largely ideological struggle. But integration of the armed forces needed more than just Cold War justification. It also required the willingness of the president to lead. Military integration occurred as the result of the longstanding tradition of Congress to allow the executive branch to control the staffing and composition of the military. While past accounts of the integration of the armed forces have focused on the critical roles played by the burgeoning leadership of the civil rights movement and the Black population, Jensen is the first to emphasize the importance of presidential leadership and their staffs. Jensen contends that understanding the action—and inaction—of Cold War presidents and their administrations matters just as much as understanding the efforts of those outside of Washington and the West Wing, as it was the presidents who were the ones dictating the pace at which reform was carried out. Jensen has carefully situated this story within the milieu of the Cold War, the civil rights movement, and, looming over it all, the emergence of Southern resistance to desegregation in the United States. Desperately committed to upholding and expanding their vision of white supremacy, the South recoiled in horror at the prospect of racially integrating the armed forces. From this vantage point, Jensen shows how the use of Black military personnel during the Cold War, and throughout all American history, was not born solely out of humanistic beliefs or desires to improve the social status of the Black community, but out of the strategic necessity of winning the war at hand.

The U.S. Military and Civil Rights Since World War II

Author : Heather Stur
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis The U.S. Military and Civil Rights Since World War II by : Heather Stur

Download or read book The U.S. Military and Civil Rights Since World War II written by Heather Stur and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2019-09-26 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through examinations of U.S. military racial and gender integration efforts and its handling of sexuality, this book argues that the need for personnel filling the ranks has forced the armed services to be pragmatically progressive since World War II. The integration of African Americans and women into the United States Armed Forces after World War II coincided with major social movements in which marginalized civilians demanded equal citizenship rights. As this book explores, due to personnel needs, the military was a leading institution in its opening of positions to women and African Americans and its offering of educational and economic opportunities that in many cases were not available to them in the civilian world. By opening positions to African Americans and women and remaking its "where boys become men" image, the military was an institutional leader on the issue of social equality in the second half of the 20th century. The pushback against gay men and women wishing to serve openly in the forces, however, revealed the limits of the military's pragmatic progressivism. This text investigates how policymakers have defined who belongs in the military and counts as a soldier, and examines how the need to attract new recruits led to the opening of the forces to marginalized groups and the rebranding of the services.