The Evaluation of a BCG Vaccine Against Bovine Tuberculosis in African Buffaloes (Syncerus Caffer)

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (956 download)

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Book Synopsis The Evaluation of a BCG Vaccine Against Bovine Tuberculosis in African Buffaloes (Syncerus Caffer) by : Lin-Mari De Klerk-Lorist

Download or read book The Evaluation of a BCG Vaccine Against Bovine Tuberculosis in African Buffaloes (Syncerus Caffer) written by Lin-Mari De Klerk-Lorist and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To assist in the evaluation of BCG vaccination in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer), an infection model for Mycobacterium bovis was established, using an intratonsilar route of inoculation. Two groups of 11 buffaloes each, aged approximately 18 months, were infected with either 3,2 x 102 cfu (low dose) or 3 x 104 (high dose) of virulent buffalo strain M. bovis. A control group of six buffaloes received saline via the same route. The infection status was monitored using the intradermal tuberculin test, an ELISA and a modified interferon-gamma assay. All buffaloes were euthanased 22 weeks post infection and the development of lesions in the left retropharyngeal lymph node was evaluated by macroscopic examination, mycobacterial culture and histopathology. It was found that the high dose caused macroscopic lesions in 9 out of 11 buffaloes that were comparable to that observed in buffaloes with natural disease. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from all animals in the high dose and from 6 out of 11 buffaloes in the low dose group. The efficacy of a live BCG-Pasteur vaccine was tested in a group of buffalo calves captured in the northern districts of the Kruger National Park from herds with known negative tuberculosis status. Primary and booster vaccinations with BCG (1173P2) were administered to 15 calves, while another 15 were left unvaccinated as control animals. All the buffalo calves were challenged with the high dose of live M. bovis (as determined in the Infection Model) via intratonsilar inoculation. Laboratory tests were able to distinguish between infected and non-infected animals from an early stage. All buffaloes were euthanased 34 weeks after infection and the development of lesions in the lymph nodes of the head, thorax, carcass and abdomen was evaluated by macroscopic examination, mycobacterial culture and histopathology. The lungs were carefully palpated to detect the presence of tuberculous granulomas. Macroscopic lesions in the lymph nodes were found in 10 out of 14 control buffaloes and 7 out of 15 vaccinated animals. The lesions were comparable to that observed in buffaloes with natural infection. The lesion scores of individual animals were generally much higher in the BCG vaccine study than what was experienced with the Infection Model. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 12 out of 14 control animals and from 12 out of 15 vaccinated buffaloes. Although fewer vaccinated animals developed tuberculous lesions, the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant and it can be concluded that under the prevailing conditions the BCG vaccine was unable to protect buffalo calves against the establishment of M. bovis infection.

Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030186903
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective by : Asseged B. Dibaba

Download or read book Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective written by Asseged B. Dibaba and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-01 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book recounts the biology of M. bovis, followed by the status of bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) in African countries, primarily based on zoonotic and epidemiological field reports. Since the accumulation of data is valueless unless it led to practicable control measures, emphasis is put on locally adapted protocols for future control of the disease. In order to systematically evaluate the knowledge base of bTB, Epidemiologic Problem Oriented Approach (EPOA) methodology was used. The methodology is composed of two triads: i) the problem identification/characterization triad, which is mainly descriptive in nature, and ii) the problem management/solution/mitigation triad, which is mainly geared toward problem management/solution (see figure). The first triad comprises three pillars: i) agent ii) host, and iii) environment and the second one: i) therapeutics/treatment, ii) prevention/control, and iii) health maintenance/promotion. The two triads are linked together by the diagnostic procedure linkage. The systematic and detailed studies of the ‘Host-Agent-Environment’ interactions are the building blocks to the understanding of agent transmission pathways and disease spread. These may include data about the disease status of the country, the nature of the disease agent and its hosts, the modes of transmission, the wildlife reservoirs in nature, persistence of infection, and agent survival in animal products and the environment. The problem identification and characterization triad identifies these interactions. Once a problem has been identified and well understood, the next step is to minimize the risk of transmission and spread of a disease. This area, referred to as problem solution/management triad, consists of problem management alternatives that rely upon prevention/control, and health maintenance/promotion of the disease in livestock, wildlife, and humans with the emphasis on resource-poor, developing countries in Africa.

Evaluation of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (pcr) Technique for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in the African Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer)

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 53 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (467 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (pcr) Technique for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in the African Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer) by : Sabine Eschenfelder

Download or read book Evaluation of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (pcr) Technique for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in the African Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer) written by Sabine Eschenfelder and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary in English and Afrikaans.

Disease Invasion and Control in Structured Populations

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Disease Invasion and Control in Structured Populations by : Paul Chafee Cross

Download or read book Disease Invasion and Control in Structured Populations written by Paul Chafee Cross and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Intra- and Inter-population Relatedness of Bovine Tuberculosis-infected and -uninfected African Buffaloes (Syncerus Caffer Caffer) in the Kruger National Park

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2286 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (772 download)

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Book Synopsis The Intra- and Inter-population Relatedness of Bovine Tuberculosis-infected and -uninfected African Buffaloes (Syncerus Caffer Caffer) in the Kruger National Park by : Ingrid Rossouw

Download or read book The Intra- and Inter-population Relatedness of Bovine Tuberculosis-infected and -uninfected African Buffaloes (Syncerus Caffer Caffer) in the Kruger National Park written by Ingrid Rossouw and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 2286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is a member of one of Africa's most well known tourist attractions and unique grouping of mammals - the 'big five'. Historical records indicate that during the 19th century approximately 3 million African buffaloes inhabited almost the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. Several factors such as disease, habitat fragmentation, over-hunting and drought reduced the buffalo population to approximately 400 000 by 1990. The African buffalo is host to a variety of sub-acute diseases, such as bovine tuberculosis (BTB), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and corridor disease (CD). Disease is an important factor which influenced African buffalo populations throughout the continent and more specifically the Kruger National Park (KNP) and is largely responsible for the fact that buffaloes are restricted to enclosed areas with strict regulations imposed on their movement. The social organization of animals influences the distribution and spread of a disease - especially in the case of the African buffalo in the KNP. The emergence of BTB in the largest conservation area in South Africa (the KNP), threatens wild and domestic animals and humans who are in close proximity to the Park. The potential economic losses associated with this disease are excessive. The results presented in this thesis provide baseline information into the genetic status of sampled African buffaloes in the KNP, genetic relatedness between sampled individuals as well as BTB associations between sampled African buffaloes in the KNP, based on a limited dataset of 181 animals. Twelve microsatellite markers were used to evaluate 181 samples which were collected from 39 locations dispersed throughout the KNP. Specific population genetic parameters revealed information based on the intra and inter - relationships at the 'per population' level as well as at the 'per prevalence group' level. Evidence indicates a medium to high level of genetic diversity, a low to medium level of inbreeding (inbreeding coefficient (Fis) for each group ranges between 0.143 and 0.147) and a relatively high level of migration for buffaloes associated with each prevalence group. Pairwise relatedness estimates were determined between individuals, to reveal their level of relatedness (unrelated, full siblings, parent-offspring or half siblings), based on Queller and Goodnight's (1989) coefficient of relatedness. Relatedness was determined on different levels, intra and interpopulation level, BTB infected and BTB uninfected group level as well as prevalence group levels. Evaluation of data based on these different levels and between different groups, painted an overall picture of the disease condition and genetic relatedness within and between sampled BTB infected and BTB uninfected buffaloes. Evidence indicated that the greater majority of our sampled African buffaloes (BTB infected or uninfected), were genetically unrelated (in terms of sibling and parent-offspring relationships), irrespective of their disease status. M. bovis infected buffaloes sampled and used in our study are not more closely related to each other than to uninfected buffaloes in the same population or prevalence group.

The Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis by : Garry Terrell Stone

Download or read book The Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis written by Garry Terrell Stone and published by . This book was released on 1900 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Disease Invasion Dynamics

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (868 download)

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Book Synopsis Disease Invasion Dynamics by : Erin E. Gorsich

Download or read book Disease Invasion Dynamics written by Erin E. Gorsich and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging infectious diseases in wild animals threaten global biodiversity as well as domestic animal and human health. Their unprecedented increase in conjunction with anthropogenically induced range shifts of endemic pathogens exposes hosts to novel parasite combinations, lending urgency to research on disease dynamics in wildlife systems. In natural populations, hosts must concurrently battle infection from multiple parasite species. Host fitness, disease severity, transmission rate, host susceptibility, and effective control all depend on the dynamics of the parasite community. However, the bulk of research on infectious diseases--their transmission and fitness effects--is limited to one-host and one-parasite systems. It has become apparent that a broader perspective, which incorporates interactions among pathogens within and between hosts, is necessary to predict the outcome of co-infection. In this dissertation, I examined the role of co-infection for host immunology, host fitness, and disease dynamics. Specifically, I examined the role of two intestinal parasites, coccidia and nematodes, and two intracellular pathogens, Brucella abortus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in a free-ranging population of African buffalo. First, I examined coccidia and nematode infection patterns in buffalo at Hluhluwe Imfolozi Park (HIP), South Africa, to test the hypothesis that co-infection and season interact to influence the distribution and severity of infections (Chapter 2). I tested for a role of infection and co-infection on three proxies for host fitness: host pregnancy, host body condition, and parasite aggregation. By examining host fitness costs across seasons and in different demographic groups, this work showed that the effects of infection were most pronounced in the dry season and with co-infection. Then, I investigated the infection patterns, host fitness, and population level consequences of B. abortus infection in African buffalo of Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. I evaluated the use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, IDEXX Brucellosis Serum Ab Test) for diagnosis of brucellosis, the disease caused by B. abortus (Chapter 3), and applied it to understand the environmental and demographic variation in the individual-level survival and fecundity costs of infection (Chapter 4). Brucellosis infection was associated with increased mortality and condition-dependent reductions in reproductive success. By summarizing these individual level consequences with a mathematical model, I explored how condition- dependent variability in vital rate parameters and disease effects translates into contrasting outcomes of brucellosis infection for population growth. Finally, I re-examined the influence of co-infection in the context of brucellosis by investigating how an emerging pathogen, M. bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), alters host immunity, infection patterns, fitness costs, and the dynamics of brucellosis infection (Chapter 5). These results showed a positive association of bTB and brucellosis infections among hosts, and altered survival, susceptibility, and immunity with infection. Together, these studies demonstrate the importance of understanding the strength, direction, and context-dependency of interactions between co-infecting pathogens.

Zoonotic Tuberculosis

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118474287
Total Pages : 463 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

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Book Synopsis Zoonotic Tuberculosis by : Charles O. Thoen

Download or read book Zoonotic Tuberculosis written by Charles O. Thoen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-02-12 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zoonotic Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium bovis and Other Pathogenic Mycobacteria, Third Edition is a comprehensive review of the state of the art in the control and elimination of infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in animals and humans. This update to the most complete and current reference available on Mycobacterium bovis includes new coverage of the latest molecular techniques; more information on human infection and One Health; updates to the information on the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD), the World Health Organization (WHO), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) National Tuberculosis Eradication Program; and coverage of additional African countries. The Third Edition upholds the book’s reputation as a truly global resource on M. bovis. Written by an international list of tuberculosis experts, chapters cover the status of tuberculosis in many regions throughout the world and deal with issues related to the detection, spread, and control of Mycobacterium bovis, as well as the economic impact of outbreaks. Zoonotic Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium bovis and Other Pathogenic Mycobacteria offers valuable information for public health officials, medical doctors, state and federal regulatory veterinarians, veterinary practitioners, and animal caretakers.

Bovine Tuberculosis

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Publisher : CABI
ISBN 13 : 178639152X
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

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Book Synopsis Bovine Tuberculosis by : Mark Chambers

Download or read book Bovine Tuberculosis written by Mark Chambers and published by CABI. This book was released on 2018-04-13 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is contemporary, topical and global in its approach, and provides an essential, comprehensive treatise on bovine tuberculosis and the bacterium that causes it, Mycobacterium bovis. Bovine tuberculosis remains a major cause of economic loss in cattle industries worldwide, exacerbated in some countries by the presence of a substantial wildlife reservoir. It is a major zoonosis, causing human infection through consumption of unpasteurised milk or by close contact with infected animals. Following a systematic approach, expert international authors cover epidemiology and the global situation; microbial virulence and pathogenesis; host responses to the pathogen; and diagnosis and control of the disease. Aimed at researchers and practising veterinarians, this book is essential for those needing comprehensive information on the pathogen and disease, and offers a summary of key information learned from human tuberculosis research. It will be useful to those studying the infection and for those responsible for controlling the disease.

Recent Advances in Bovine Tuberculosis

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 288974891X
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Bovine Tuberculosis by : Federico Blanco

Download or read book Recent Advances in Bovine Tuberculosis written by Federico Blanco and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-07-01 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Bovine Tuberculosis – International Perspectives on Epidemiology and Management

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889630528
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Bovine Tuberculosis – International Perspectives on Epidemiology and Management by : Andrew W. Byrne

Download or read book Bovine Tuberculosis – International Perspectives on Epidemiology and Management written by Andrew W. Byrne and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-10-17 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a significant zoonotic pathogen with a global distribution, and a considerable economic impact. It has a notoriously complex epidemiology, varying by affected region and often involving multiple-host species. Here we present an international collection of papers that address both national and international factors impacting on the control of bovine tuberculosis. We hope this Research Topic will provide a forum which may generate a greater understanding of the disease in a wider context, and inform future eradication efforts through the design of more effective interventions.

Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0123848903
Total Pages : 773 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases by : Michel Tibayrenc

Download or read book Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases written by Michel Tibayrenc and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-12-17 with total page 773 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases is at the crossroads between two major scientific fields of the 21st century: evolutionary biology and infectious diseases. The genomic revolution has upset modern biology and has revolutionized our approach to ancient disciplines such as evolutionary studies. In particular, this revolution is profoundly changing our view on genetically driven human phenotypic diversity, and this is especially true in disease genetic susceptibility. Infectious diseases are indisputably the major challenge of medicine. When looking globally, they are the number one killer of humans and therefore the main selective pressure exerted on our species. Even in industrial countries, infectious diseases are now far less under control than 20 years ago. The first part of this book covers the main features and applications of modern technologies in the study of infectious diseases. The second part provides detailed information on a number of the key infectious diseases such as malaria, SARS, avian flu, HIV, tuberculosis, nosocomial infections and a few other pathogens that will be taken as examples to illustrate the power of modern technologies and the value of evolutionary approaches. Takes an integrated approach to infectious diseases Includes contributions from leading authorities Provides the latest developments in the field

Microbial Zoonoses and Sapronoses

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048196574
Total Pages : 459 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Zoonoses and Sapronoses by : Zdenek Hubálek

Download or read book Microbial Zoonoses and Sapronoses written by Zdenek Hubálek and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-25 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the state of art in the field of microbial zoonoses and sapronoses. It could be used as a textbook or manual in microbiology and medical zoology for students of human and veterinary medicine, including Ph.D. students, and for biomedicine scientists and medical practitioners and specialists as well. Surprisingly, severe zoonoses and sapronoses still appear that are either entirely new (e.g., SARS), newly recognized (Lyme borreliosis), resurging (West Nile fever in Europe), increasing in incidence (campylobacterosis), spatially expanding (West Nile fever in the Americas), with a changing range of hosts and/or vectors, with changing clinical manifestations or acquiring antibiotic resistance. The collective term for those diseases is (re)emerging infections, and most of them represent zoonoses and sapronoses (the rest are anthroponoses). The number of known zoonotic and sapronotic pathogens of humans is continually growing − over 800 today. In the introductory part, short characteristics are given of infectious and epidemic process, including the role of environmental factors, possibilities of their epidemiological surveillance, and control. Much emphasis is laid on ecological aspects of these diseases (haematophagous vectors and their life history; vertebrate hosts of zoonoses; habitats of the agents and their geographic distribution; natural focality of diseases). Particular zoonoses and sapronoses are then characterized in the following brief paragraphs: source of human infection; animal disease; transmission mode; human disease; epidemiology; diagnostics; therapy; geographic distribution.

Taking a Multisectoral One Health Approach : A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries

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Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251312362
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Taking a Multisectoral One Health Approach : A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Taking a Multisectoral One Health Approach : A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-03-11 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2018 FAO-OIE-WHO (Tripartite) zoonoses guide, “Taking A Multisectoral, One Health Approach: A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries” (2018 TZG) is being jointly developed to provide member countries with practical guidance on OH approaches to build national mechanisms for multisectoral coordination, communication, and collaboration to address zoonotic disease threats at the animal-human-environment interface. The 2018 TZG updates and expands on the guidance in the one previous jointly-developed, zoonoses-specific guidance document: the 2008 Tripartite “Zoonotic Diseases: A Guide to Establishing Collaboration between Animal and Human Health Sectors at the Country Level”, developed in WHO South-East Asia Region and Western Pacific Region. The 2018 TZG supports building by countries of the resilience and capacity to address emerging and endemic zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza, rabies, Ebola, and Rift Valley fever, as well as food-borne diseases and antimicrobial resistance, and to minimize their impacts on health, livelihoods, and economies. It additionally supports country efforts to implement WHO International Health Regulations (2005) and OIE international standards, to address gaps identified through external and internal health system evaluations, and to achieve targets of the Sustainable Development Goals. The 2018 TZG provides relevant country ministries and agencies with lessons learned and good practices identified from country-level experiences in taking OH approaches for preparedness, prevention, detection and response to zoonotic disease threats, and provides guidance on multisectoral communication, coordination, and collaboration. It informs on regional and country-level OH activities and relevant unisectoral and multisectoral tools available for countries to use.

The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 772 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (327 download)

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Book Synopsis The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research by :

Download or read book The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

One Health, 2nd Edition

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Publisher : CABI
ISBN 13 : 1789242576
Total Pages : 459 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis One Health, 2nd Edition by : Jakob Zinsstag

Download or read book One Health, 2nd Edition written by Jakob Zinsstag and published by CABI. This book was released on 2020-09-30 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One Health, the concept of combined veterinary and human health, has now expanded beyond emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses to incorporate a wider suite of health issues. Retaining its interdisciplinary focus which combines theory with practice, this new edition illustrates the contribution of One Health collaborations to real-world issues such as sanitation, economics, food security and vaccination programmes. It includes more non-infectious disease issues and climate change discussion alongside revised case studies and expanded methodology chapters to draw out implications for practice. Promoting an action-based, solutions-oriented approach, One Health: The Theory and Practice of Integrated Health Approaches highlights the lessons learned for both human and animal health professionals and students.

Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animal-Associated Microbes

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540740422
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animal-Associated Microbes by : Vishvanath Nene

Download or read book Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animal-Associated Microbes written by Vishvanath Nene and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-11-24 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Achievements and progress in genome mapping and the genomics of microbes supersede by far those for higher plants and animals, in part due to their enormous economic implication but also smaller genome size. In the post-genomic era, whole genome sequences of animal-associated microbes are providing clues to depicting the genetic basis of the complex host-pathogen relationships and the evolution of parasitism; and to improving methods of controlling pathogens. This volume focuses on a globally important group of intracellular prokaryotic pathogens which affect livestock animals. These include Brucella, Mycobacterium, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia, as well as the protozoan pathogens Cryptosporidium and Theileria, for which genome sequence data is available. Insights from comparative genomics of the microbes described provide clues to the adaptation involved in host-microbe interactions, as well as resources potentially useful for application in future research and product development.