The European Union and Its Eastern Neighbourhood

Download The European Union and Its Eastern Neighbourhood PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000483657
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The European Union and Its Eastern Neighbourhood by : Andriy Tyushka

Download or read book The European Union and Its Eastern Neighbourhood written by Andriy Tyushka and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-29 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume brings together some of the most important scholarly perspectives – in the form of both journal article reprints and original contributions – on the structure and dynamics of the EU’s multi-layered relations with its Eastern neighbours within the Eastern Partnership (EaP) framework and beyond. In May 2019, the EU’s EaP – an ambitious and sophisticated policy framework, conjoining elements of cooperation and integration, with the EU’s six eastern neighbours, i.e. Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan – turned ten years. This anniversary, in conjunction with repeatedly voiced critique by scholars and policy-makers alike regarding the framework’s effectiveness and utility, led the EU to submit the EaP to a fundamental auditing and revision. Structured around both enduring and emerging issues in the broader EU-Eastern neighbourhood framework, this book provides a retrospective analysis of key structural and relational challenges, unfolding regional dynamics, distinctive forms of bilateral/multilateral engagement, whilst also offering a critical perspective on the contested future relations between the EU and its Eastern neighbours. Looking backwards and providing a critical and thorough assessment of the first ten years of the EaP in practice, this book thinks forward and gauges its many potential future avenues. This comes at a crucial moment, as the EU and its six Eastern neighbours are in search of new and mutually acceptable forms of association.

The EU's Eastern Neighbourhood

Download The EU's Eastern Neighbourhood PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317935519
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The EU's Eastern Neighbourhood by : Ilkka Liikanen

Download or read book The EU's Eastern Neighbourhood written by Ilkka Liikanen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-07-01 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The collapse of the Soviet Union has had profound and long-lasting impacts on the societies of Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus and Central Asia, impacts which are not yet fully worked through: changes in state-society relations, a comprehensive reconfiguration of political, economic and social ties, the resurgence of regional conflicts "frozen" during the Soviet period, and new migration patterns both towards Russia and the European Union. At the same time the EU has emerged as an important player in the region, formulating its European Neighbourhood Policy, and engaging neighbouring states in a process of cross-border regional co-operation. This book explores a wide range of complex and contested questions related to borders, security and migration in the emerging "European Neighbourhood" which includes countries of the Caucasus and Central Asia as well as the countries which immediately border the EU. Issues discussed include new forms of regional and cross-border co-operation, new patterns of migration, and the potential role of the EU as a stabilizing external force.

The European Union and its eastern neighbourhood

Download The European Union and its eastern neighbourhood PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1526109123
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The European Union and its eastern neighbourhood by : Mike Mannin

Download or read book The European Union and its eastern neighbourhood written by Mike Mannin and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-17 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is timely in that it explores key issues which are currently at the forefront of the EU’s relations with its eastern neighbours. It considers the impact of a more assertive Russia, the significance of Turkey, the limitations of the Eastern Partnership with Belarus and Moldova, the position of a Ukraine in crisis and pulled between Russia and the EU, security and democracy in the South Caucasus. It looks at the contested nature of European identity in areas such as the Balkans. In addition it looks at ways in which the EU’s interests and values can be tested in sectors such as trade and migration. The interplay between values, identity and interests and their effect on the interpretation of europeanisation between the EU and its neighbours is a core theme of the volume.

Resilience and the EU's Eastern Neighbourhood Countries

Download Resilience and the EU's Eastern Neighbourhood Countries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palgrave Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 9783030256081
Total Pages : 598 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (56 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Resilience and the EU's Eastern Neighbourhood Countries by : Gilles Rouet

Download or read book Resilience and the EU's Eastern Neighbourhood Countries written by Gilles Rouet and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2020-12-20 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resilience has emerged as a key concept in EU foreign policy. The policy debate around this concept has been vigorous, but theoretical attempts to develop the concept are few. Covering fields of strategical importance, such as economic governance; growth and sustainable development; energy, environment and climate action; education, the labour market, and foreign affairs, this book is one of the first attempts to profoundly theorise the concept of ‘resilience’ in international relations by looking at several policy areas and countries. Faced with multiple crises (the economic crisis, the Brexit referendum, the refugee crisis, terrorist attacks, geopolitics such as events in the Ukraine), and challenges with its integration process, the European Union needs to become not only more intelligent, more inclusive and more sustainable, but also more resilient and more capable of reacting to different internal and external shocks. This book integrates a systemic assessment of the regions’ specific shocks and risks in relation to internal vulnerabilities (i.e. structural economic, social, institutional and political fragility) and to their long and medium-term impact on the stability, security and sustainable development in the region.

Ambiguities of Europe’s Eastern Neighbourhood

Download Ambiguities of Europe’s Eastern Neighbourhood PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3658298561
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (582 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ambiguities of Europe’s Eastern Neighbourhood by : Wolfram Hilz

Download or read book Ambiguities of Europe’s Eastern Neighbourhood written by Wolfram Hilz and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-27 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the diverging interests of Germany and Poland as influential members of the European Union on the Eastern Partnership (EaP), the contributions in the anthology analyse specifics and current problems of the states in EU’s Eastern neighbourhood. By including the interests of Russia and the USA, which go beyond the EU, the geostrategic implications of these relations for the Eurasian region will also be highlighted. The studies of renowned German and Polish experts represent the results of individual research and bilateral exchange on the current state of EU’s relations towards its Eastern neighbours.

The European Union’s Eastern Neighbourhood Today

Download The European Union’s Eastern Neighbourhood Today PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443875198
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The European Union’s Eastern Neighbourhood Today by : Dan Dungaciu

Download or read book The European Union’s Eastern Neighbourhood Today written by Dan Dungaciu and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2015-02-05 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book arrives at a very significant time throughout Europe. Not only is the European Union currently facing a prolonged economic and social crisis, with nascent political consequences, such as the ascension of populist parties in the 2014 European elections, but also its Eastern neighbourhood is confronted with the growing hostility of an assertive Russia, opposing any new advance of the West towards its frontiers. Bringing together experts in fields such as international relations, political science, political sociology, diplomacy, security studies, and European studies, with robust academic and professional backgrounds and expertise with regard to the region, this volume explores this significant “window of opportunity”, and will undoubtedly appeal to a global audience. The considerable diversity of approaches and styles here allows a multidimensional diagnosis and analysis of present-day Eastern Europe. This volume defines a series of major regional opportunities, vulnerabilities and dilemmas, and explores the complex perspectives of the “new Eastern Europe”, located between the European Union and Russia, under its current name of the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood, along with the tensions and challenges of a possible second Cold War.

The Routledge Handbook on the European Neighbourhood Policy

Download The Routledge Handbook on the European Neighbourhood Policy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317429524
Total Pages : 788 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook on the European Neighbourhood Policy by : Tobias Schumacher

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook on the European Neighbourhood Policy written by Tobias Schumacher and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-12-06 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook on the European Neighbourhood Policy provides a comprehensive overview of the EU’s most important foreign policy instrument, provided by leading experts in the field. Coherently structured and adopting a multidisciplinary approach, this handbook covers the most important themes, developments and dynamics in the EU’s neighbourhood policy framework through a series of cutting-edge contributions. With chapters from a substantial number of scholars who have been influential in shaping the study of the ENP, this handbook serves to encourage debates which will hopefully produce more conceptual as well as neighbourhood-specific perspectives leading to enriching future studies on the EU’s policies towards its neighbourhood. It will be a key reference point both for advanced-level students, scholars and professionals developing knowledge in the fields of EU/European Studies, European Foreign Policy Analysis, Area studies, EU law, and more broadly in political economy, political science, comparative politics and international relations.

The European Neighbourhood Policy – Values and Principles

Download The European Neighbourhood Policy – Values and Principles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317374118
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The European Neighbourhood Policy – Values and Principles by : Sara Poli

Download or read book The European Neighbourhood Policy – Values and Principles written by Sara Poli and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-31 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The European Neighbourhood Policy is a key part of the foreign policy of the European Union (EU), through which the EU works with its southern and eastern neighbours with a view to furthering its interests and achieving the closest possible degree of political association and economic integration. The policy is underpinned by a set of values and principles that the EU seeks to promote. The European Neighbourhood Policy – Values and Principles carries out a legal analysis of the values and principles that form the basis for the European Neighbourhood Policy – respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights (including the rights of minorities), plus the principles of conditionality, differentiation and coherence. This collection explores the instruments that the EU has deployed under the European Neighbourhood Policy to spread its values and to achieve its interests. It assesses to what extent the EU has been (and is) consistent in upholding its values in its relations with neighbouring countries, and examines how these values have been received by these countries. The book looks in particular at the nature of EU-Russia relations, seeking to identify areas of common interest as well as those of actual and potential disagreement.

Theorizing the European Neighbourhood Policy

Download Theorizing the European Neighbourhood Policy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315468670
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Theorizing the European Neighbourhood Policy by : Sieglinde Gstöhl

Download or read book Theorizing the European Neighbourhood Policy written by Sieglinde Gstöhl and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-12-19 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite growing scholarly interest in the EU’s flagship policy towards its Eastern and Southern neighbours, serious attempts at theory-building on the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) have been largely absent from the academic debate. This book aims at contributing to fill this research gap in a three-fold manner: first and foremost it aims at theorizing the ENP as such, explaining the origins, development and effectiveness of this policy. Building on this effort, it also pursues the broader objective of addressing certain shortcomings in EU external relations theory, and even beyond, in International Relations theory. Finally, it aspires to provide new insights for European policy-makers. It is one of the first volumes to provide different theoretical perspectives on the ENP by revisiting and building bridges between mainstream and critical theories, stimulating academic and policy debates and thus setting a novel, less EU-centric research agenda. This text will be of key interest to scholars, students and practitioners in EU external relations, EU foreign policy, the European Neighbourhood Policy, and more broadly in European Union Politics and International Relations.

The European Neighbourhood Policy in a Comparative Perspective

Download The European Neighbourhood Policy in a Comparative Perspective PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317033256
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The European Neighbourhood Policy in a Comparative Perspective by : Sieglinde Gstohl

Download or read book The European Neighbourhood Policy in a Comparative Perspective written by Sieglinde Gstohl and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-07-22 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) has evolved into one of the European Union's major foreign policy instruments and received considerable attention. However, other EU neighbourhood policies, and their relevance for the ENP, also require examination. The Arab uprisings, civil wars in Libya and Syria, the continuing Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the crisis in Ukraine and Russia's annexation of the Crimean peninsula have all brought the institutional design and tools of the ENP into question and a comparative perspective is crucial to understand EU neighbourhood policies in a wider sense. This timely book puts the ENP into context by exploring the major challenges and key lessons of the EU's other policy frameworks with neighbouring countries. Mapping the EU's bi-lateral and multilateral neighbourhood relations in comparison to the ENP and investigating the major challenges faced, it provides a comprehensive, up-to-date view of the EU's relations with its neighbours. Focusing on current affairs and future challenges, the comparison with the ENP and the lessons to be drawn, generate novel insights into the EU's closest external relations. This book will be of key interest to students and scholars studying European Politics, policies and comparative politics.

The Revised European Neighbourhood Policy

Download The Revised European Neighbourhood Policy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137471824
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (374 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Revised European Neighbourhood Policy by : Dimitris Bouris

Download or read book The Revised European Neighbourhood Policy written by Dimitris Bouris and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-07 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the revised European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which entered into force in May 2011, thereby replacing its predecessor of 2003/2004. The edited volume provides a structured and comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in EU foreign policy (EUFP) towards the EU’s southern and eastern neighbourhood through the prism of continuity and change. By critically examining EU action and inaction in the framework of the 2011 ENP, it also puts the ENP's most recent review of 2015 in perspective. Topics covered include: conceptual, theoretical and methodological issues; the legal and institutional aspects of the revised ENP and the changes brought by the entering into force of the Lisbon Treaty; and conflicts and crises in the EU’s neighbourhood, such as the Western Sahara conflict, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the South Caucasus conflicts and the crisis in Ukraine. The authors also focus on sectoral cooperation, analysing the changes brought by the revised ENP of 2011 in the domains of energy cooperation and migration. This volume will appeal to scholars and upper level students in EU/European Studies, International Relations, Political Science, as well as practitioners and policy-makers in the field.

The European Union and its Eastern Neighbours

Download The European Union and its Eastern Neighbours PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136471790
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (364 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The European Union and its Eastern Neighbours by : Elena Korosteleva

Download or read book The European Union and its Eastern Neighbours written by Elena Korosteleva and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-05-15 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the EU’s relations with its eastern neighbours. Based on extensive original research – including surveys, focus-groups, a study of school essays and in-depth interviews with key people in Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia and in Brussels – it assesses why the EU’s initiatives have received limited legitimacy in the neighbourhood. The European Neighbourhood Policy of 2004, and the subsequent Eastern Partnership of 2009 heralded a new form of relations with the EU’s neighbours – partnership based on joint ownership and shared values – which would complement if not entirely replace the EU’s traditional governance framework used for enlargement. These initiatives have, however, received a mixed response from the EU’s eastern neighbours. The book shows how the key elements of partnership have been forged mainly by the EU, rather than jointly, and examines the idea and application of external governance, and how this has been over-prescriptive and confusing.

The European Union's Broader Neighbourhood

Download The European Union's Broader Neighbourhood PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317415930
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The European Union's Broader Neighbourhood by : Sieglinde Gstöhl

Download or read book The European Union's Broader Neighbourhood written by Sieglinde Gstöhl and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-07-16 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade the European Union (EU) has gradually developed the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) with its neighbours. At the same time, the ‘neighbours of the EU’s neighbours’ have presented new challenges. This book addresses the EU’s broader neighbourhood, comprising of the ENP countries and the neighbours of its neighbours. With specific focus on Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia, it discusses trans-regional policy issues that arise from the EU’s relations with regions beyond the ENP. Based on an interdisciplinary, policy-oriented approach, this volume explores major political, legal, security and socio-economic challenges and identifies opportunities for cooperation across the EU’s broader neighbourhood. This book will be of interest to students, experts and scholars interested in EU affairs and politics, international relations, EU and international law, diplomacy and area studies.

EU Policies in the Eastern Neighbourhood

Download EU Policies in the Eastern Neighbourhood PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317744209
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis EU Policies in the Eastern Neighbourhood by : Elena Korosteleva

Download or read book EU Policies in the Eastern Neighbourhood written by Elena Korosteleva and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The EU continuously searches for more effective policy towards its eastern neighbourhood, which is reflected in the on-going adaptation of its existing approaches, discourses and policy strategies to the new challenges of its external environment. In order to understand the complexity and limitations of the EU framework under the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and the Eastern Partnership Initiative (EaP) – that is, to consider the interface between policy instruments, institutional structures, and multiple agents – one needs to adopt an original analytical perspective of practices to comprehensively assess the policies’ outcomes. This volume therefore offers an examination of social practices as implemented through the use of policy instruments and subsequently embedded into the existing/emergent social structures which shape and determine the EU-neighbours’ relations. To gauge success of the ENP in the eastern region, the manuscript pulls together a rich collection of geographical and thematic case-studies, joined by the overarching conceptual framework of practices. This study’s principal aims are to discern patterns of social practices which guide agents’ interactions in different policy areas; to explore the origin and effect of these practices (the role of dominant discourses, logistical imbalances, deliberate strategies, etc.); and to explicate the nature of the emerging social structures being established in the eastern region. This approach is distinctive from other constructivist undertakings as it allows to synergise the meanings of social actions (through the focus on agents and instruments), and their structural extensions (through the focus on emergent structures) across geo- and bio-political localities of the EU and its eastern neighbourhood. This book was published a sa special issue of East European Politics.

The European Neighbourhood Policy - Values and Principles

Download The European Neighbourhood Policy - Values and Principles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131737410X
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The European Neighbourhood Policy - Values and Principles by : Sara Poli

Download or read book The European Neighbourhood Policy - Values and Principles written by Sara Poli and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-31 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The European Neighbourhood Policy is a key part of the foreign policy of the European Union (EU), through which the EU works with its southern and eastern neighbours with a view to furthering its interests and achieving the closest possible degree of political association and economic integration. The policy is underpinned by a set of values and principles that the EU seeks to promote. The European Neighbourhood Policy – Values and Principles carries out a legal analysis of the values and principles that form the basis for the European Neighbourhood Policy – respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights (including the rights of minorities), plus the principles of conditionality, differentiation and coherence. This collection explores the instruments that the EU has deployed under the European Neighbourhood Policy to spread its values and to achieve its interests. It assesses to what extent the EU has been (and is) consistent in upholding its values in its relations with neighbouring countries, and examines how these values have been received by these countries. The book looks in particular at the nature of EU-Russia relations, seeking to identify areas of common interest as well as those of actual and potential disagreement.

Resilience and the EU's Eastern Neighbourhood Countries

Download Resilience and the EU's Eastern Neighbourhood Countries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030256065
Total Pages : 621 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Resilience and the EU's Eastern Neighbourhood Countries by : Gilles Rouet

Download or read book Resilience and the EU's Eastern Neighbourhood Countries written by Gilles Rouet and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-21 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resilience has emerged as a key concept in EU foreign policy. The policy debate around this concept has been vigorous, but theoretical attempts to develop the concept are few. Covering fields of strategical importance, such as economic governance; growth and sustainable development; energy, environment and climate action; education, the labour market, and foreign affairs, this book is one of the first attempts to profoundly theorise the concept of ‘resilience’ in international relations by looking at several policy areas and countries. Faced with multiple crises (the economic crisis, the Brexit referendum, the refugee crisis, terrorist attacks, geopolitics such as events in the Ukraine), and challenges with its integration process, the European Union needs to become not only more intelligent, more inclusive and more sustainable, but also more resilient and more capable of reacting to different internal and external shocks. This book integrates a systemic assessment of the regions’ specific shocks and risks in relation to internal vulnerabilities (i.e. structural economic, social, institutional and political fragility) and to their long and medium-term impact on the stability, security and sustainable development in the region.

Regime Dynamics in EU's Eastern Neighbourhood

Download Regime Dynamics in EU's Eastern Neighbourhood PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137563265
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (375 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Regime Dynamics in EU's Eastern Neighbourhood by : Sergiu Buscaneanu

Download or read book Regime Dynamics in EU's Eastern Neighbourhood written by Sergiu Buscaneanu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-04 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the effectiveness and consistency of EU democracy promotion in its Eastern neighbourhood between 1991 and 2014. It concludes that the EU’s democratization role in this region was, not surprisingly, weak within this time period. However, this weak role only took shape under four domestic and transnational conditions: (a) a higher cost-benefit balance of rule transfer, (b) a lower structural difficulty a given country would need to overcome on its way towards a democratic regime, (c) increased levels of authority distribution across branches of power, and (d) a higher extent of democratic diffusion resulting from regional interactions. In those countries where these domestic and transnational conditions were present, as in Moldova, Ukraine, and Georgia, the EU’s democratizing influence was in causal terms only the tip of the iceberg. Most variation in regime dynamics remains to be explained by domestic and transnational contexts.