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The Effects Of Environmental Variability On The Population Structure Of The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginia
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Book Synopsis The Effects of Environmental Variability on the Population Structure of the Eastern Oyster (crassostrea Virginia) by : Margaret McManus Dekshenieks
Download or read book The Effects of Environmental Variability on the Population Structure of the Eastern Oyster (crassostrea Virginia) written by Margaret McManus Dekshenieks and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Gene Expression Variations in the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) from Three Locations in Mississippi by : Christopher David Johns
Download or read book Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Gene Expression Variations in the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) from Three Locations in Mississippi written by Christopher David Johns and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of the contribution of genetics to variations in gene expression has not been well studied. Studies on gene expression often attribute variation in gene expression to differences in environmental parameters while ignoring that population structure or random genetic variation could also be associated with the differential expression. To address this, 25 Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were sampled from each of three sites in Mississippi. Two of the sites were located within urban watersheds, while the other was located within a forested watershed. Water quality parameters were measured at each sampling site. The expression of 5,573 oyster genes derived from an expressed sequence tag (EST) library was measured in each oyster using a long oligo microarray. Genetic data were collected using eight previously described microsatellites. A machine-learning method, Artificial Neural Networks, with sensitivity analysis was used to determine the percent contributions of the environmental and genetic input factors toward variations in gene expression. Genetic variation was found to explain 12.22% of the gene expression variation across the 5,573 genes surveyed. Further cluster analysis revealed a small group of 28 genes that had a genetic contribution toward variation in gene expression as high as 38.72%. These results support the premise that genetic variation affects gene expression and should be taken into account in future environmental genetics studies. This study has also identified a group of potential genes for the development of biosensors.
Book Synopsis Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay by : National Research Council
Download or read book Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-03-09 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nonnative Oysters in the Chesapeake Bay discusses the proposed plan to offset the dramatic decline in the bay's native oysters by introducing disease-resistant reproductive Suminoe oysters from Asia. It suggests this move should be delayed until more is known about the environmental risks, even though carefully regulated cultivation of sterile Asian oysters in contained areas could help the local industry and researchers. It is also noted that even though these oysters eat the excess algae caused by pollution, it could take decades before there are enough of them to improve water quality.
Book Synopsis The Eastern Oyster by : Victor S. Kennedy
Download or read book The Eastern Oyster written by Victor S. Kennedy and published by University of Maryland Sea Grant Publications. This book was released on 1996 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1966 Congress passed the National Sea Grant College Program Act to promote marine research, education, and extension services in institutions along the nation's ocean and Great Lakes coasts. In Maryland a Sea Grant Program -- a partnership among federal and state governments, universities, and industries -- began in 1977, and in 1982 the University of Maryland was named the nation's seventeenth Sea Grant College. The Maryland Sea Grant College focuses its efforts on the Chesapeake Bay, with emphasis on the marine concerns of fisheries, seafood technology, and environmental quality. The first comprehensive review of the biology of the eastern oyster in more than thirty years. The twenty-one chapters synthesize every aspect of oyster biology -- for instance, general anatomy, physiology, the circulatory system, reproduction, genetics, diseases -- and issues related to management and aquaculture.
Book Synopsis Assessment of Nuclear DNA Variation and Population Structure in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica, Through Discovery and Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) by :
Download or read book Assessment of Nuclear DNA Variation and Population Structure in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica, Through Discovery and Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is a commercially and ecologically important inhabitant of estuaries along the east coast of North America. Declining numbers of C. virginica due to overfishing, loss of habitat, and disease have led to increased efforts to explore disease resistance and genetic diversity in this species, an essential step in understanding disease resistance and restoring oyster populations. The recent increase in genomic research in C. virginica has provided resources for investigating genetic differences among natural populations. Typical of many intertidal marine invertebrates, C. virginica has a life cycle with a long larval dispersal period and a sedentary adult stage. Because larval dispersal of C. virginica allows for potential gene flow, the extent of subdivision of this species into genetically distinct subpopulations remains unclear. Previous studies on the geographic variation of C. virginica populations along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America have employed allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, and a limited number of anonymous and nonanonymous nuclear loci to examine population structure. However, markers utilized in these studies have produced discordant results in oyster population genetic data. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) constitute a class of genetic markers that are highly abundant and widespread in genomic sequences of many species. Because the number of loci is virtually unlimited and they are amenable to robust high-throughput genotyping methods that are easily standardized among laboratories, SNPs are rapidly becoming the standard tools for the analysis of population structure, genetic mapping, and taxonomic identification. In an effort to further investigate geographic variation among C. virginica populations, we examined SNPs identified in nuclear loci for use as genetic markers. The overall goal of this research study was to assess genetic variation among natural populations of C. virginica and utilize this information in the development of genetic markers to elucidate population structure throughout the natural range of this species. This dissertation is divided into four research components. In the first part, I developed PCR primers to amplify 60 oyster nuclear loci in order to identify loci exhibiting variation among natural populations. Sequencing 36 nuclear loci in a set of oysters collected from different geographical locations, I observed a high level of DNA polymorphism among natural oyster populations. Analysis of genetic variation among geographically separated populations of C. virginica revealed regional separation of North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico individuals. In the second part, I mined the sequence data to identify SNPs to use as genetic markers in a more extensive investigation of geographic variation among C. virginica populations. I developed a set of 12 SNP markers in 10 C. virginica nuclear loci, and implemented three cost-efficient, moderate-throughput methods of SNP genotyping. In the third part, I utilized the set of 12 SNP markers to conduct a comprehensive analysis of geographic variation in SNP frequencies throughout the species range to identify genetically distinct subpopulations of C. virginica . Analysis of the 12 SNPs supported the sequence analysis findings of significant genetic differentiation between Atlantic and Gulf coast oyster populations as well as moderate genetic differentiation between North and South Atlantic populations. The last component was an intensive genetic analysis of Gulf coast oyster populations utilizing both mitochondrial and nuclear markers in an effort to better understand the differences in what the different types of markers can tell us about population differentiation in this region.
Book Synopsis Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Populations and Their Relationships to Dermo (Perkinsus Marinus) Infection and Freshwater Inflows in West Matagorda Bay, Texas by : Jan C. Culbertson
Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Populations and Their Relationships to Dermo (Perkinsus Marinus) Infection and Freshwater Inflows in West Matagorda Bay, Texas written by Jan C. Culbertson and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present study explored the spatial and temporal demographic trends in oyster population dynamics and their relationships to freshwater inflows and the pathogen Dermo (Perkinsus marinus) on three reefs (Shell, Mad Island, and Sammy's) in West Matagorda Bay, Texas. The objectives were to design and link three population models that simulate oyster population dynamics and integrate the environmental factors that influence growth, reproduction and settlement of larvae among these three reefs. The following variables were evaluated: relative abundance of oyster spat, submarket- and market-size oysters, average weighted incidence of Dermo and percent Dermo infection (prevalence) in submarket- and market-size oysters and their relationships to environmental variables of salinity, temperature, flow and distance from freshwater sources. Using a 30-month continuous dataset, environmental variables accounted for 36% of the variation in Dermo-related variables among the three reefs, and were also positively correlated with distance from freshwater sources. The relative abundance of spat and dead oysters was related to peaks in freshwater inflows occurring 30 days prior to larval settlement. Using these spatial and temporal relationships among biological and environmental variables, and data from five years of monitoring three reefs in Matagorda Bay, an integrated Stella model was developed that simulated oyster population responses to stochastic environmental changes over a 50-year period. Although the geological and structural complexity of each reef appeared to be similar, the model showed the relationship of growth, spawning and spat set were related to hydrologic variation between different reefs and time periods. The model revealed that up-estuary reefs relied on the distribution of larvae from down-estuary reefs following mortality related to freshwater inflow. The model also indicated that loss of freshwater inflows to down-estuary reefs resulted in higher sustained Dermo infections, thus loss of spawning potential and subsequent distribution of larvae to up-estuary reefs. The three oyster populations in West Matagorda Bay provide spawning connectivity and function as an integrated resource for sustaining all oyster reef populations in this bay system. The model presented in this research provides a basis for understanding the population dynamics of WMB as well as a better understanding of the interaction among the reefs that sustain these populations. The model developed in this investigation provides a basis for developing oyster population models for other bay systems and for future research regarding hydrologic influences on oyster population dynamics.
Book Synopsis Genetic Admixture of Aquaculture Stocks Into Wild Remnant Populations of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica by : Yuka Kutsumi
Download or read book Genetic Admixture of Aquaculture Stocks Into Wild Remnant Populations of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica written by Yuka Kutsumi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oyster reefs are one of eleven unique habitats prioritized for restoration in the Hudson River Estuary to improve overall environmental quality and provide society with new and increased benefits from the estuary environment (Miller 2013). This goal is shared by many coastal states and has inspired many supportive breeding programs to revitalize native oyster reefs (Crassostrea virginica) in estuaries across the Eastern United States. In some cases, these programs rely on domesticated aquaculture oyster broodstock to supplement populations with hatchery-produced oysters. However, little is known about the long-term efficacy of supportive breeding using domesticated-strain broodstock vs. adults collected from nature. One basic question is about the degree of genetic difference between these two types of oyster compared with spatial differences among natural stocks. In this study, we collected samples from different life stages (juveniles and adults) of eastern oysters from 10 different sites (N=24 per site) in the Hudson River Estuary and compared them with an aquaculture oyster strain recently used for supportive breeding. Population differentiation was tested at a genomic scale with double digest RADseq data. Among natural population samples there was subtle population structure between the Hudson and East Rivers despite the high dispersal potential present during the 2-3 week pelagic larval stage. This contrast between rivers was seen in both spat and adults, and was consistent across two sampling years. The pattern was most strongly manifest in the highest among-population Fst loci, and became recognizable as a spatially discreet pattern of introgression when the aquaculture strain was included in the analysis. The aquaculture strain showed lower genetic variation relative to wild populations. Until fitness consequences of introgression, and relative fitness of wild and aquaculture oysters can be evaluated over the full oyster life cycle, I recommend stricter adherence to published recommendations that wild broodstock be used for generating oyster restoration seed and to avoid mixed plantings that could facilitate interbreeding.
Book Synopsis Invertebrate Immunity by : Kenneth Söderhäll
Download or read book Invertebrate Immunity written by Kenneth Söderhäll and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-28 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It can be seen that the insects are the still attracting most research and researchers. However, an increasing interest is emerging to study new invertebrate groups, especially those where the genome is known. Even though Drosophila has been and still is an excellent model for immune studies, it is now clear that there are great differences between immune responses in Drosophila and that of several other invertebrates, which indeed calls for more research on other invertebrates
Book Synopsis Fine-scale Spatial and Temporal Variation in Genetic Structure of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica by : Claire E. Lack
Download or read book Fine-scale Spatial and Temporal Variation in Genetic Structure of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea Virginica written by Claire E. Lack and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis POPULATION GENETICS OF EASTERN OYSTER Crassostrea Virginica RESTORATION IN THE CHESPEAKE BAY by :
Download or read book POPULATION GENETICS OF EASTERN OYSTER Crassostrea Virginica RESTORATION IN THE CHESPEAKE BAY written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The strategic release of captive-bred organisms is one of the most popular methods to restore species, but concerns exist regarding genetic impacts on natural populations over the long-term. Slow recovery of depleted eastern oyster C. virginica populations in the Chesapeake Bay prompted a large-scale hatchery-based restoration program consisting of the mass-release of hatchery-produced juveniles from local, wild broodstock. This dissertation characterized the genetic impact of this program, with the overall goal of understanding how characteristics of species life-history interact with hatchery practices to shape genetic variation in populations over short and long-time scales. In Chapter 2, analysis of genetic diversity changes resulting from hatchery production under two spawning designs (mass- and controlled-spawns) revealed substantial reductions in diversity and the number of breeders from parents to offspring, due primarily to high variance in reproductive success among adults in hatchery culture. In Chapter 3, high-resolution genomic data was used in a population genetic analysis comparing diversity of restored reefs in Harris Creek with variable planting histories and husbandry practices to 'wild' Chesapeake Bay oyster reefs. While restored reefs showed similar levels of diversity as wild reefs, strong positive relationships between planting frequency or broodstock numbers and genetic diversity were found, suggesting that hatchery practices can significantly impact diversity in natural populations. These genomic data also permitted the investigation of local adaptation and genotype by environment associations which revealed that salinity was correlated with loci putatively under selection, suggesting potential fitness tradeoffs for sourcing non-local broodstock. In Chapter 4, an individual-based model was created using biological and demographic data from Chesapeake Bay oysters to simultaneously evaluate the impact of multiple hatchery practices on natural p
Book Synopsis Modeling Environmental Effects on MSX Prevalence and Intensity in Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Populations by : Michelle Christine Paraso
Download or read book Modeling Environmental Effects on MSX Prevalence and Intensity in Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) Populations written by Michelle Christine Paraso and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ecosystem Concepts for Sustainable Bivalve Mariculture by : National Research Council
Download or read book Ecosystem Concepts for Sustainable Bivalve Mariculture written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-03-18 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: U.S. mariculture production of bivalve molluscs-those cultivated in the marine environment-has roughly doubled over the last 25 years. Although mariculture operations may expand the production of seafood without additional exploitation of wild populations, they still depend upon and affect natural ecosystems and ecosystem services. Every additional animal has an incremental effect arising from food extraction and waste excretion. Increasing domestic seafood production in the United States in an environmentally and socially responsible way will likely require the use of policy tools, such as best management practices (BMPs) and performance standards. BMPs represent one approach to protecting against undesirable consequences of mariculture. An alternative approach to voluntary or mandatory BMPs is the establishment of performance standards for mariculture. Variability in environmental conditions makes it difficult to develop BMPs that are sufficiently flexible and adaptable to protect ecosystem integrity across a broad range of locations and conditions. An alternative that measures performance in sustaining key indicators of ecosystem state and function may be more effective. Because BMPs address mariculture methods rather than monitoring actual ecosystem responses, they do not guarantee that detrimental ecosystem impacts will be controlled or that unacceptable impact will be avoided. Ecosystem Concepts for Sustainable Bivalve Mariculture finds that while performance standards can be applied for some broad ecosystem indicators, BMPs may be more appropriate for addressing parameters that change from site to site, such as the species being cultured, different culture methods, and various environmental conditions. This book takes an in-depth look at the environmental, social, and economic issues to present recommendations for sustainable bivalve mariculture.
Book Synopsis Cumulative Risks to Eastern Oysters, Crassostrea Virginica in the James River, Virginia by : Vrushali K. Lele
Download or read book Cumulative Risks to Eastern Oysters, Crassostrea Virginica in the James River, Virginia written by Vrushali K. Lele and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an effort to apply Cumulative Risk Assessment (CRA) as developed by the U.S. EPA, the present study investigates the cumulative risks to Eastern oysters due to multiple stressors such as salinity, temperature and oxygen and carbon dioxide. I also compared the effectiveness of the Hazard Quotient Method (HQ) in CRA. Ambient conditions in the James River, VA were obtained from the Virginia DEQ database and respiratory responses were estimated using values from the literature. The multiple environmental stresses are evaluated using a probabilistic analysis that combines the environmental conditions. It was concluded that salinity was the most influential stressor in the model. Other risks were identified contributing to the vulnerability of the oysters. Crystal Ball simulations yielded that the oxygen uptake of oysters reduced by more than 29%. The HQ method was found to be inappropriate in analyzing cumulative risks for CRA. Oyster populations are dramatically declining in the James River and the Chesapeake Bay. Hence, effective oyster restoration activities are underway to rebuild oyster populations in the James River and throughout the Bay area.
Book Synopsis Population Biology, Ecology, and Ecosystem Contributions of the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) from Natural and Artificial Habitats in Tampa Bay, Florida by : Michael Drexler
Download or read book Population Biology, Ecology, and Ecosystem Contributions of the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea Virginica) from Natural and Artificial Habitats in Tampa Bay, Florida written by Michael Drexler and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this project was to document the status of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, from non-reef habitats throughout Tampa Bay, Florida, and assess the ecosystem contributions of those populations relative to reef-dwelling oysters. The aspects of oyster ecology studied here include condition, prevalence and intensity of disease (Perkinsus marinus - dermo), reproductive activity (including stage, fecundity, and juvenile recruitment), adult oyster density, and the faunal community associated with the oysters. The predominant source of variation was seasonal, with lesser contributions among sites, and in most cases, little or no effect of the habitat type. Oysters populations from each habitat recruit juvenile oysters, produce mature individuals, and contribute viable gametes at the same magnitude with similar seasonality. The associated faunal communities were also largely similar between habitats at any given site. Measures of oyster density, combined with estimates of the total available habitat, suggest that natural oyster reefs may represent only a small portion of the total oyster community in Tampa Bay, while oysters associated with mangrove habitats and seawalls are probably the most abundant in the bay. Additional mapping and quantification of these habitats would help to define their bay-wide ecosystem-services value. Restoration projects, though small in size relative to other habitats, do provide alternative and additional habitat with comparable value to other oyster-bearing habitats.
Book Synopsis Evaluating the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginia Juvenile Shellfish, a Commercially Important Species by : Clanece Bryan-Samuda
Download or read book Evaluating the Effects of Ocean Acidification on Eastern Oyster Crassostrea Virginia Juvenile Shellfish, a Commercially Important Species written by Clanece Bryan-Samuda and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Characterization of North Carolina Crassostrea Virginica Population Structure Based on MTDNA Haplotype Variation by : Rachel E. Sackett
Download or read book Characterization of North Carolina Crassostrea Virginica Population Structure Based on MTDNA Haplotype Variation written by Rachel E. Sackett and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Journal of Shellfish Research written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
