The Effect Of Descriptive Representation On Latinos Views Of Government And Of Themselves

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The Effect of Descriptive Representation on Latinos' Views of Government and of Themselves

Author : Gabriel Sanchez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 26 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect of Descriptive Representation on Latinos' Views of Government and of Themselves by : Gabriel Sanchez

Download or read book The Effect of Descriptive Representation on Latinos' Views of Government and of Themselves written by Gabriel Sanchez and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This article investigates the relationship between descriptive representation and the political attitudes of Latino citizens in the United States. We specifically test the impact of both panethnic and national-origin specific representation on Latino citizens' attitudes toward government and their individual level identity. Original data on the ethnicity and national origin of Latino mayors in 2005 and 2006 was merged with the Latino National Survey (2006) to analyze the impact of descriptive representation on four specific outcomes: perceptions of political alienation, efficacy, political commonality, and linked fate. We find a meaningful relationship between descriptive representation and the political attitudes of Latino citizens. However, the impact of representation varies by level (panethnic vs. national origin) and the particular outcome of interest. By developing a Latino-specific model of descriptive representation, this investigation improves our knowledge of how recent increases in the number of Latinos elected to public office have impacted the Latino electorate.

Latino Politics

Author : Rodolfo Espino
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780813926520
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis Latino Politics by : Rodolfo Espino

Download or read book Latino Politics written by Rodolfo Espino and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Latino identity politics research : problems and opportunities / Benjamin Márquez -- Latino public opinion : does it exist? / David L. Leal -- Fuzzy distinctions and blurred boundaries : transnational, ethnic, and immigrant politics / Michael Jones-Correa -- The role of Latino candidates in mobilizing Latino voters : revisiting Latino vote choice / Matt A. Barreto -- Residential mobility and the political mobilization of Latinos in Houston / Ricardo Ramírez -- Puerto Rican exceptionalism? : a comparative analysis of Puerto Rican, Mexican, Salvadoran, and Dominican transnational civic and political ties / Louis DeSipio and Adrian D. Pantoja -- Bonding and bridging : Latinos and social capital / Sylvia Manzano -- A place at the lunch counter : Latinos, African Americans, and the dynamics of American race politics / Helena Alves Rodrigues and Gary M. Segura -- Cooperation and conflict in multiracial school districts / René R. Rocha -- Latinas in Latino politics / Luis Ricardo Fraga and Sharon A. Navarro -- Is there a Latino dimension to voting in Congress? / Rodolfo Espino -- Latino representation in Congress : to what extent are Latinos substantively represented? / Jason P. Casellas -- Delegation or political mobilization? : Latino access to the bureaucracy / Eric Gonzalez Juenke -- "Muéstreme el dinero" : assessing the linkage between Latino school superintendents and English-language learner program resources / Nick A. Theobald -- We've come a long way, but not far enough : assessing the status of Latinos and Latino politics in political science / Valerie Martinez-Ebers and Manuel Avalos -- What don't we know and why don't we know it : one research agenda in Latino politics / Kenneth J. Meier

The Politics of Being Afro-Latino/Latina

Author : Isreal G. Mallard
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1666908185
Total Pages : 125 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (669 download)

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Book Synopsis The Politics of Being Afro-Latino/Latina by : Isreal G. Mallard

Download or read book The Politics of Being Afro-Latino/Latina written by Isreal G. Mallard and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-08-08 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically, Afro-Latinos/as have been underrepresented in political offices in the District of Columbia. Isreal G. Mallard explores the social/racial factors that influence the political attitudes of Afro-Latino/a voters, the Latino voting community at-large, and political representatives. Also, the author examines factors such as ethnicity and “pigmentocracy” (skin color) which play a role in electing an Afro-Latino/a to political office in Washington, D.C. Furthermore, he provides answers to address the social/racial factors that influence the electability of light-skin and dark-skin, self-identified Afro-Latinos/as running for political office in Washington, D.C. In addition, he discusses how social/racial factors influence the pathway to political office for self-identified Afro-Latinos/as. He uses a qualitative methodological approach which includes interview participants to provide answers to this study.

Race, Gender, and Political Representation

Author : Beth Reingold
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197502199
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis Race, Gender, and Political Representation by : Beth Reingold

Download or read book Race, Gender, and Political Representation written by Beth Reingold and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-10-16 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well established that the race and gender of elected representatives influence the ways in which they legislate, but surprisingly little research exists on how race and gender interact to affect who is elected and how they behave once in office. How do race and gender affect who gets elected, as well as who is represented? What issues do elected representatives prioritize? Does diversity in representation make a difference? Race, Gender, and Political Representation takes up the call to think about representation in the United States as intersectional, and it measures the extent to which political representation is simultaneously gendered and raced. Specifically, the book examines how race and gender interact to affect the election, behavior, and impact of all individuals. By putting women of color at the center of their analysis and re-evaluating traditional, "single-axis" approaches to studying the politics of race or gender, the authors demonstrate what an intersectional approach to identity politics can reveal. Drawing on original data on the presence, policy leadership, and policy impact of Black women and men, Latinas and Latinos, and White women and men in state legislative office in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, each chapter shows how the politics of race, gender, and representation are far more complex than recurring "Year of the Woman" frameworks suggest. An array of race-gender similarities and differences are evident in the experiences, activities, and accomplishments of these state legislators. Yet one thing is clear: the representation of those marginalized by multiple, intersecting systems of power and inequality is intricately bound to the representation of women of color.

Latino Politics in America

Author : John A. Garcia
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442259906
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Latino Politics in America by : John A. Garcia

Download or read book Latino Politics in America written by John A. Garcia and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2016-08-11 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Latinos constitute the fastest-growing population in the United States today, and Latino political participation is growing rapidly. Still, Latino political power is not commensurate with the numbers, and much potential remains to be tapped. In Latino Politics in America, author John A. García examines the development of this vibrant community and points the way toward a future of shared interests and coalitions among the diverse Latino subgroups. This newly revised edition discusses what it means to be a Latino American culturally and politically. It provides an in-depth examination of the individual communities that comprise the Latino culture, and how those bonds affect political development and decisions. With a look at voting, immigration, political engagement, and the critical public policies that constitute a Latino agenda, Garcia expands upon his previous two editions to create a comprehensive portrait of the Latino community.

The Effect of Minority Districts and Minority Representation on Political Participation in California

Author : Claudine Gay
Publisher : Public Policy Instit. of CA
ISBN 13 : 1582130302
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (821 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effect of Minority Districts and Minority Representation on Political Participation in California by : Claudine Gay

Download or read book The Effect of Minority Districts and Minority Representation on Political Participation in California written by Claudine Gay and published by Public Policy Instit. of CA. This book was released on 2001 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

At the Core and in the Margins

Author : Julia Albarracín
Publisher : MSU Press
ISBN 13 : 1628952652
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (289 download)

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Book Synopsis At the Core and in the Margins by : Julia Albarracín

Download or read book At the Core and in the Margins written by Julia Albarracín and published by MSU Press. This book was released on 2016-05-01 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beardstown and Monmouth, Illinois, two rural Midwestern towns, have been transformed by immigration in the last three decades. This book examines how Mexican immigrants who have made these towns their homes have integrated legally, culturally, and institutionally. What accounts for the massive growth in the Mexican immigrant populations in these two small towns, and what does the future hold for them? Based on 260 surveys and 47 in-depth interviews, this study combines quantitative and qualitative research to explore the level and characteristics of immigrant incorporation in Beardstown and Monmouth. It assesses the advancement of immigrants in the immigration/ residency/citizenship process, the immigrants’ level of cultural integration (via language, their connectedness with other members of society, and their relationships with neighbors), the degree and characteristics of discrimination against immigrants in these two towns, and the extent to which immigrants participate in different social and political activities and trust government institutions. Immigrants in new destinations are likely to be poorer, to be less educated, and to have weaker English-language skills than immigrants in traditional destinations. Studying how this population negotiates the obstacles to and opportunities for incorporation is crucial.

Body Politics

Author : Nadia E. Brown
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000682986
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Body Politics by : Nadia E. Brown

Download or read book Body Politics written by Nadia E. Brown and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-05-21 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The politics of the body is often highly contested, culturally specific, and controlled, and this book calls our attention to how bodies are included or excluded in the polity. With governments regulating bodies in ways that mark the political boundaries of who is a citizen, worthy of protection and rights, as well as those who transgress socially proscribed norms, the contributors to this volume offer a systematic investigation of both theoretical and empirical account of bodily differences broadly defined. These chapters, diverse in both the populations and the political behaviours examined, as well as the methodological approaches employed, showcase the significance of body politics in a way few edited works in political science currently do. Arguing that the body is an important site to understand power relations, this book will be of interest to those studying the unequal application of rights to women, racial and ethnic minorities, the LGBTQ community, and people with disabilities. This book was originally published as a special issue of Politics, Groups, and Identities.

After Civil Rights

Author : John D. Skrentny
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691168121
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis After Civil Rights by : John D. Skrentny

Download or read book After Civil Rights written by John D. Skrentny and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2015-11-24 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A provocative new approach to race in the workplace What role should racial difference play in the American workplace? As a nation, we rely on civil rights law to address this question, and the monumental Civil Rights Act of 1964 seemingly answered it: race must not be a factor in workplace decisions. In After Civil Rights, John Skrentny contends that after decades of mass immigration, many employers, Democratic and Republican political leaders, and advocates have adopted a new strategy to manage race and work. Race is now relevant not only in negative cases of discrimination, but in more positive ways as well. In today's workplace, employers routinely practice "racial realism," where they view race as real—as a job qualification. Many believe employee racial differences, and sometimes immigrant status, correspond to unique abilities or evoke desirable reactions from clients or citizens. They also see racial diversity as a way to increase workplace dynamism. The problem is that when employers see race as useful for organizational effectiveness, they are often in violation of civil rights law. After Civil Rights examines this emerging strategy in a wide range of employment situations, including the low-skilled sector, professional and white-collar jobs, and entertainment and media. In this important book, Skrentny urges us to acknowledge the racial realism already occurring, and lays out a series of reforms that, if enacted, would bring the law and lived experience more in line, yet still remain respectful of the need to protect the civil rights of all workers.

Communities in Action

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309452961
Total Pages : 583 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Communities in Action by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

American Government 3e

Author : Glen Krutz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781738998470
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (984 download)

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Book Synopsis American Government 3e by : Glen Krutz

Download or read book American Government 3e written by Glen Krutz and published by . This book was released on 2023-05-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black & white print. American Government 3e aligns with the topics and objectives of many government courses. Faculty involved in the project have endeavored to make government workings, issues, debates, and impacts meaningful and memorable to students while maintaining the conceptual coverage and rigor inherent in the subject. With this objective in mind, the content of this textbook has been developed and arranged to provide a logical progression from the fundamental principles of institutional design at the founding, to avenues of political participation, to thorough coverage of the political structures that constitute American government. The book builds upon what students have already learned and emphasizes connections between topics as well as between theory and applications. The goal of each section is to enable students not just to recognize concepts, but to work with them in ways that will be useful in later courses, future careers, and as engaged citizens. In order to help students understand the ways that government, society, and individuals interconnect, the revision includes more examples and details regarding the lived experiences of diverse groups and communities within the United States. The authors and reviewers sought to strike a balance between confronting the negative and harmful elements of American government, history, and current events, while demonstrating progress in overcoming them. In doing so, the approach seeks to provide instructors with ample opportunities to open discussions, extend and update concepts, and drive deeper engagement.

Partners or Rivals?

Author : Betina Cutaia Wilkinson
Publisher : University of Virginia Press
ISBN 13 : 0813937744
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Partners or Rivals? by : Betina Cutaia Wilkinson

Download or read book Partners or Rivals? written by Betina Cutaia Wilkinson and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2015-11-30 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emerging demographic and political presence of Latinos in the United States has moved the discussion of race relations beyond the terms of black and white. Using a variety of theoretical approaches, Betina Cutaia Wilkinson assesses Latinos', blacks', and whites' perceptions of commonality and opposition in order to reach a more nuanced understanding of the factors affecting political competition versus cooperation among these groups. In the most comprehensive analysis of Latino, black, and white relations to date, Wilkinson explores the extent to which these groups regard each other as partners or rivals and uncovers the motivations that contribute to those views. Relying on national survey and focus group data, the author examines how social interaction; feelings of identification with members of their own group and others; and individuals’ sense of power as established by their racial, economic, and political surroundings impact interracial attitudes. Her findings, like the complex racial dynamics she studies, are not easily reducible to simple formulae, yet they have strong implications for the formation of interracial coalitions. For example, even if social contact generally decreases racial and ethnic hostility, the disadvantaged status of Latinos and blacks tends to impede cooperation and ramp up rivalry, leaving members of both groups more inclined to form coalitions with whites than with each other. Yet contextual factors in particular jurisdictions, such as the availability of quality education and higher wages overall, can mitigate antagonism and increase the likelihood of cooperation. Ultimately, Partners or Rivals? provides a timely account of contemporary race relations and the prospects for interracial and interethnic cooperation, pinpointing the sometimes surprising factors that have a realistic chance of improving those prospects.

Race, Redistricting, and Representation

Author : David T. Canon
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226092706
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Race, Redistricting, and Representation by : David T. Canon

Download or read book Race, Redistricting, and Representation written by David T. Canon and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1999-10 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: List of Tables and FiguresPrefaceIntroduction: Race, Redistricting, and Representation in the U.S. House of RepresentativesChapter One: Black Interests, Difference, Commonality, and RepresentationChapter Two: A Legal Primer on Race and RedistrictingChapter Three: The Supply-Side Theory of Racial Redistricting, with Matthew M. Schousen and Patrick J. SellersChapter Four: Race and Representation in the U.S. House of RepresentativesChapter Five: Links to the ConstituencyChapter Six: Black Majority Districts: Failed Experiment or Catalyst for a Politics of Commonality?Appendix A. Data SourcesAppendix B. Procedures for Coding the Newspaper StoriesNotesReferencesIndex Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved.

The Concept of Representation

Author : Hanna F. Pitkin
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520340507
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis The Concept of Representation by : Hanna F. Pitkin

Download or read book The Concept of Representation written by Hanna F. Pitkin and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2023-04-28 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Being concerned with representation, this book is about an idea, a concept, a word. It is primarily a conceptual analysis, not a historical study of the way in which representative government has evolved, nor yet an empirical investigation of the behavior of contemporary representatives or the expectations voters have about them. Yet, although the book is about a word, it is not about mere words, not merely about words. For the social philosopher, for the social scientist, words are not "mere"; they are the tools of his trade and a vital part of his subject matter. Since human beings are not merely political animals but also language-using animals, their behavior is shaped by their ideas. What they do and how they do it depends upon how they see themselves and their world, and this in turn depends upon the concepts through which they see. Learning what "representation" means and learning how to represent are intimately connected. But even beyond this, the social theorist sees the world through a network of concepts. Our words define and delimit our world in important ways, and this is particularly true of the world of human and social things. For a zoologist may capture a rare specimen and simply observe it; but who can capture an instance of representation (or of power, or of interest)? Such things, too, can be observed, but the observation always presupposes at least a rudimentary conception of what representation (or power, or interest) is, what counts as representation, where it leaves off and some other phenomenon begins. Questions about what representation is, or is like, are not fully separable from the question of what "representation" means. This book approaches the former questions by way of the latter. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1972. Being concerned with representation, this book is about an idea, a concept, a word. It is primarily a conceptual analysis, not a historical study of the way in which representative government has evolved, nor yet an empirical investigation of the behavior

The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress

Author : Eric Schickler
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191628255
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress by : Eric Schickler

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress written by Eric Schickler and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No legislature in the world has a greater influence over its nation's public affairs than the US Congress. The Congress's centrality in the US system of government has placed research on Congress at the heart of scholarship on American politics. Generations of American government scholars working in a wide range of methodological traditions have focused their analysis on understanding Congress, both as a lawmaking and a representative institution. The purpose of this volume is to take stock of this impressive and diverse literature, identifying areas of accomplishment and promising directions for future work. The editors have commissioned 37 chapters by leading scholars in the field, each chapter critically engages the scholarship focusing on a particular aspect of congressional politics, including the institution's responsiveness to the American public, its procedures and capacities for policymaking, its internal procedures and development, relationships between the branches of government, and the scholarly methodologies for approaching these topics. The Handbook also includes chapters addressing timely questions, including partisan polarization, congressional war powers, and the supermajoritarian procedures of the contemporary Senate. Beyond simply bringing readers up to speed on the current state of research, the volume offers critical assessments of how each literature has progressed - or failed to progress - in recent decades. The chapters identify the major questions posed by each line of research and assess the degree to which the answers developed in the literature are persuasive. The goal is not simply to tell us where we have been as a field, but to set an agenda for research on Congress for the next decade. The Oxford Handbooks of American Politics are a set of reference books offering authoritative and engaging critical overviews of the state of scholarship on American politics. Each volume focuses on a particular aspect of the field. The project is under the General Editorship of George C. Edwards III, and distinguished specialists in their respective fields edit each volume. The Handbooks aim not just to report on the discipline, but also to shape it as scholars critically assess the scholarship on a topic and propose directions in which it needs to move. The series is an indispensable reference for anyone working in American politics. General Editor for The Oxford Handbooks of American Politics: George C. Edwards III

Latino Politics

Author : Lisa Garc¿a Bedolla
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0745686427
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Latino Politics by : Lisa Garc¿a Bedolla

Download or read book Latino Politics written by Lisa Garc¿a Bedolla and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-05-19 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully revised and updated, the second edition of this popular text provides students with a comprehensive introduction to Latino participation in US politics. Focusing on six Latino groups - Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Dominicans, Salvadorans, and Guatemalans - the book explores the migration history of each group and shows how that experience has been affected by US foreign policy and economic interests in each country of origin. The political status of Latinos on arrival in the United States, including their civil rights, employment opportunities, and political incorporation, is then examined. Finally, the analysis follows each group’s history of collective mobilization and political activity, drawing out the varied ways they have engaged in the US political system. Using the tension between individual agency and structural constraints as its central organizing theme, the discussion situates Latino migrants, and their children, within larger macro economic and geo-political structures that influence their decisions to migrate and their ability to adapt socially, economically, and politically to their new country. It also demonstrates how Latinos continually have shown that through political action they can significantly improve their channels of opportunity. Thus, the book encourages students to think critically about what it means to be a racialized minority group within a majoritarian US political system, and how that position structures Latinos’ ability to achieve their social, economic, and political goals.

Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309092116
Total Pages : 753 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life by : National Research Council

Download or read book Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-10-16 with total page 753 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In their later years, Americans of different racial and ethnic backgrounds are not in equally good-or equally poor-health. There is wide variation, but on average older Whites are healthier than older Blacks and tend to outlive them. But Whites tend to be in poorer health than Hispanics and Asian Americans. This volume documents the differentials and considers possible explanations. Selection processes play a role: selective migration, for instance, or selective survival to advanced ages. Health differentials originate early in life, possibly even before birth, and are affected by events and experiences throughout the life course. Differences in socioeconomic status, risk behavior, social relations, and health care all play a role. Separate chapters consider the contribution of such factors and the biopsychosocial mechanisms that link them to health. This volume provides the empirical evidence for the research agenda provided in the separate report of the Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life.