The Distributional Impact of Taxes and Transfers

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Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464810923
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis The Distributional Impact of Taxes and Transfers by : Gabriela Inchauste

Download or read book The Distributional Impact of Taxes and Transfers written by Gabriela Inchauste and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-09-19 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World Bank has partnered with the Commitment to Equity Institute at Tulane University to implement their diagnostic tool—the Commitment to Equity (CEQ) Assessment—designed to assess how taxation and public expenditures affect income inequality, poverty, and different economic groups. The approach relies on comprehensive fiscal incidence analysis, which measures the contribution of each individual intervention to poverty and inequality reduction as well as the combined impact of taxes and social spending. The CEQ Assessment provide an evidence base upon which alternative reform options can be analyzed. The use of a common methodology makes the results comparable across countries. This volume presents eight country studies that examine the distributional effects of individual programs and policy measures—and the net effect of each country’s mix of policies and programs. These case studies were produced in the context of Bank policy dialogue and have since been used to propose alternative reform options.

Understanding Changes in Poverty

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464802998
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Changes in Poverty by : Gabriela Inchauste

Download or read book Understanding Changes in Poverty written by Gabriela Inchauste and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2014-08-29 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2015 Millennium Development Goal to reduce by 50 percent the share of the world's population living in extreme poverty was met early. The number of individuals in developing countries who live in extreme poverty had decreased from 43 percent in 1990 to 21 percent by 2010. Yet, with 1.2 billion people still struggling today, we have a long way to go. What can we learn from the recent success of reducing extreme poverty? Understanding Changes in Poverty brings together different methods to decompose the contributions to poverty reduction. A simple approach quantifies the contribution of changes in demographics, employment, earnings, public transfers, and remittances to poverty reduction. A more complex approach quantifies the contributions to poverty reduction from changes in individual and household characteristics, including changes in the sectoral, occupational, and educational structure of the workforce, as well as changes in the returns to individual and household characteristics. Understanding Changes in Poverty implements these approaches and finds that labor income growth--that is, growth in income per worker rather than an increase in the number of employed workers--was the largest contributor to moderate poverty reduction in 21 countries experiencing substantial reductions in poverty over the past decade. Changes in demographics, public transfers, and remittances helped, but made relatively smaller contributions to poverty reduction. Further decompositions in three countries find that labor income grew mainly because of higher returns to human capital endowments, signaling increases in productivity, higher relative price of labor, or both. Understanding Changes in Poverty will be of particular relevance to development practitioners interested in better understanding distributional changes over time. The methods and tools presented in this book can also be applied to better understand changes in inequality or any other distributional change.

Fiscal Redistribution and Social Welfare

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484398084
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)

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Book Synopsis Fiscal Redistribution and Social Welfare by : Mr.David Coady

Download or read book Fiscal Redistribution and Social Welfare written by Mr.David Coady and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-03-08 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fiscal policy is a key tool for achieving distributional objectives in advanced economies. This paper embeds the discussion of fiscal redistribution within the standard social welfare framework, which lends itself to a transparent and practical evaluation of the extent and determinants of fiscal redistribution. Differences in fiscal redistribution are decomposed into differences in the magnitude of transfers (fiscal effort) and in the progressivity of transfers (fiscal progressivity). Fiscal progressivity is further decomposed into differences in the distribution of transfers across income groups (targeting performance) and in the social welfare returns to targeting due to varying initial levels of income inequality (targeting returns). This decomposition provides a clear distinction between the concepts of progressivity and targeting, and clarifies the relationship between them. For illustrative purposes, the framework is applied to data for 28 EU countries to determine the factors explaining differences in their fiscal redistribution and to discuss patterns in fiscal redistribution highlighted in the literature.

Economic Transfers in the United States

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Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226535061
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis Economic Transfers in the United States by : Marilyn Moon

Download or read book Economic Transfers in the United States written by Marilyn Moon and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-12-01 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years the definition of an economic transfer—a payment to an individual or institution that does not arise out of current productive activity—has been subject to even wider interpretation. This volume addresses that trend and introduces new methods of measuring transfers in the American economy. Social security, private pension benefits, housing, and health care are traditional kinds of transfers. Accurate measurements of the degree and effect of these and of other, newly interpreted transfers are vital to economic policy making. Though this volume is not directly concerned with policy-making issues, it does impinge on many areas of current public concern; methods of transfer valuation, for example, may affect how we view the status of the aged. Researchers, policy analysts, and those who compile statistics on which social programs are based on will value the diverse approaches of these ten papers and their accompanying comments. Taken together the essays give great insight into the complexities of defining transfers and provide a wealth of new analytic methods. They were developed from material presented at the Income and Wealth Conference on Social Accounting for Transfers held at Madison, Wisconsin, in 1982.

The Poverty and Distributional Impacts of Carbon Pricing: Channels and Policy Implications

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 151357339X
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis The Poverty and Distributional Impacts of Carbon Pricing: Channels and Policy Implications by : Baoping Shang

Download or read book The Poverty and Distributional Impacts of Carbon Pricing: Channels and Policy Implications written by Baoping Shang and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-06-25 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Addressing the poverty and distributional impacts of carbon pricing reforms is critical for the success of ambitious actions in the fight against climate change. This paper uses a simple framework to systematically review the channels through which carbon pricing can potentially affect poverty and inequality. It finds that the channels differ in important ways along several dimensions. The paper also identifies several key gaps in the current literature and discusses some considerations on how policy designs could take into account the attributes of the channels in mitigating the impacts of carbon pricing reforms on households.

Designing Fiscal Redistribution: The Role of Universal and Targeted Transfers

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513547046
Total Pages : 27 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Designing Fiscal Redistribution: The Role of Universal and Targeted Transfers by : Mr.David Coady

Download or read book Designing Fiscal Redistribution: The Role of Universal and Targeted Transfers written by Mr.David Coady and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-06-26 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a growing debate on the relative merits of universal and targeted social assistance transfers in achieving income redistribution objectives. While the benefits of targeting are clear, i.e., a larger poverty impact for a given transfer budget or lower fiscal cost for a given poverty impact, in practice targeting also comes with various costs, including incentive, administrative, social and political costs. The appropriate balance between targeted and universal transfers will therefore depend on how countries decide to trade-off these costs and benefits as well as on the potential for redistribution through taxes. This paper discusses the trade-offs that arise in different country contexts and the potential for strengthening fiscal redistribution in advanced and developing countries, including through expanding transfer coverage and progressive tax financing.

Commitment to Equity Handbook

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Author :
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815740476
Total Pages : 1437 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Commitment to Equity Handbook by : Nora Lustig

Download or read book Commitment to Equity Handbook written by Nora Lustig and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2023-05-01 with total page 1437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited by Nora Lustig, the Commitment to Equity Handbook: Estimating the Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inequality and Poverty (Brookings Institution Press and CEQ Institute-Tulane University, 2nd edition, 2022) is a unique manual on the theory and practical methods to estimate the impact of taxation and public spending on inequality and poverty. In addition, the second edition covers frontier topics such as alternative approaches to measure the redistributive effect of education, health, and infrastructure spending. Policymakers, social planners, and economists are provided with a step-by-step guide to applying fiscal incidence analysis, illustrated by country studies. The 2nd edition of the Handbook has two volumes. Volume 1 is comprised of Part I, Methodology, describes what a CEQ Assessment© is and presents the theoretical underpinnings of fiscal incidence analysis and the indicators used to assess the distributive impact and effectiveness of fiscal policy. Part II, Implementation, presents the methodology on how taxes, subsidies, and social spending should be allocated. It includes a step-by step guide to completing the CEQ Master Workbook©, a multi-sheet Excel file that houses detailed information on the country’s fiscal system and the results used as inputs for policy discussions, academic papers, and policy reports. Part III, “Applications,” presents applications of the CEQ framework to low- and middle-income countries and includes simulations of policy reforms. In this 2nd edition, chapters 1, 6, and 8 have been significantly updated and two new country studies have been added to Part III. Parts IV (updated), V (new), and VI (new) are available online only. Part IV contains the CEQ Assessment’s main tools. Part V includes the databases housed in the CEQ Data Center on Fiscal Redistribution. Part VI contains the CEQ Institute’s microsimulation tools. Volume 2 (new) includes a collection of chapters whose purpose is to expand the knowledge and methodological frontiers to sharpen even further the analysis of fiscal policy’s redistributive impact. Topics include: alternative approaches to value in-kind education and health services; alternative methods to evaluate spending on infrastructure; corporate taxes and taxation on capital incomes; inter-temporal fiscal incidence and the redistributive consequences of social insurance pensions; fiscal redistribution, macroeconomic stability and growth; and, the political economy of fiscal redistribution.

Fiscal Policy and Income Inequality

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498343678
Total Pages : 69 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Fiscal Policy and Income Inequality by : International Monetary Fund

Download or read book Fiscal Policy and Income Inequality written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2014-07-03 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NULL

Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean

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Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821377469
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean by : Ricardo Paes de Barros

Download or read book Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean written by Ricardo Paes de Barros and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008-11-12 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Equality of opportunity is about leveling the playing field so that circumstances such as gender, ethnicity, place of birth, or family background do not influence a person s life chances. Success in life should depend on people s choices, effort and talents, not to their circumstances at birth. 'Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean' introduces new methods for measuring inequality of opportunities and makes an assessment of its evolution in Latin America over a decade. An innovative Human Opportunity Index and other parametric and non-parametric techniques are presented for quantifying inequality based on circumstances exogenous to individual efforts. These methods are applied to gauge inequality of opportunities in access to basic services for children, learning achievement for youth, and income and consumption for adults.

Handbook of Income Inequality Measurement

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401144133
Total Pages : 669 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Income Inequality Measurement by : Jacques Silber

Download or read book Handbook of Income Inequality Measurement written by Jacques Silber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 669 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amartya Sen "Equality," I spoke the word As if a wedding vow Ah, but I was so much older then, I am younger than that now. Thus sang Bob Dylan in 1964. Approbation of equality varies not only with our age (though it is not absolutely clear in which direction the values may shift over one's life time), but also with the spirit of the times. The 1960s were good years for singing in praise of equality. The spirit of the present times would probably be better reflected by melodies in admiration of the Federal Reserve System. And yet the technical literature on the evaluation and measurement of economic inequality has grown remarkably over the last three decades. Even as actual economic policies (especially in North America and Europe) have tended to move towards focusing on virtues other than the avoidance of economic inequality, the professional literature on assessing and gauging economic inequality has taken quite a jump forward. A great many different problems have been addressed and effectively sorted out, and new problems continue to be posed and analyzed. The Contents: A Review Jacques Silber has done a great service to the subject by producing this collection of admirablyhelpful and illuminating papers on different aspects of the measurement of income inequality. The reach of this collection is quite remarkable. Along with a thorough overview from the editor himself, the major areas in this complex field have been carefully examined and accessibly discussed.

Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484397657
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)

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Book Synopsis Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth by : Mr.Jonathan David Ostry

Download or read book Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth written by Mr.Jonathan David Ostry and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2014-02-17 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fund has recognized in recent years that one cannot separate issues of economic growth and stability on one hand and equality on the other. Indeed, there is a strong case for considering inequality and an inability to sustain economic growth as two sides of the same coin. Central to the Fund’s mandate is providing advice that will enable members’ economies to grow on a sustained basis. But the Fund has rightly been cautious about recommending the use of redistributive policies given that such policies may themselves undercut economic efficiency and the prospects for sustained growth (the so-called “leaky bucket” hypothesis written about by the famous Yale economist Arthur Okun in the 1970s). This SDN follows up the previous SDN on inequality and growth by focusing on the role of redistribution. It finds that, from the perspective of the best available macroeconomic data, there is not a lot of evidence that redistribution has in fact undercut economic growth (except in extreme cases). One should be careful not to assume therefore—as Okun and others have—that there is a big tradeoff between redistribution and growth. The best available macroeconomic data do not support such a conclusion.

Die Gesellschaftsordnung und Ihre Natürlichen Grundlagen

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (794 download)

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Book Synopsis Die Gesellschaftsordnung und Ihre Natürlichen Grundlagen by : Otto Ammon

Download or read book Die Gesellschaftsordnung und Ihre Natürlichen Grundlagen written by Otto Ammon and published by . This book was released on 1900 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Top Incomes

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199286892
Total Pages : 799 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis Top Incomes by : A. B. Atkinson

Download or read book Top Incomes written by A. B. Atkinson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-04 with total page 799 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together an exciting range of new studies of top incomes in a wide range of countries from around the world. The studies use data from income tax records to cast light on the dramatic changes that have taken place at the top of the income distribution. The results cover 22 countries and have a long time span, going back to 1875.

Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513547437
Total Pages : 39 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality by : Ms.Era Dabla-Norris

Download or read book Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality written by Ms.Era Dabla-Norris and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-06-15 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.

Tax Policy and the Economy

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Tax Policy and the Economy by :

Download or read book Tax Policy and the Economy written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (327 download)

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Book Synopsis Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures by : United States. Department of the Treasury

Download or read book Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures written by United States. Department of the Treasury and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Income Inequality and Poverty

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Author :
Publisher : New York : Published for the World Bank [by] Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Income Inequality and Poverty by : Nanak Kakwani

Download or read book Income Inequality and Poverty written by Nanak Kakwani and published by New York : Published for the World Bank [by] Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1980 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deals with income distribution methods and their economic applications.