The Devulcanization Of Unfilled And Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Vulcanizates By High Power Ultrasound

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The Devulcanization of Unfilled and Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Vulcanizates by High Power Ultrasound

Author : Ximei Sun
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (217 download)

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Book Synopsis The Devulcanization of Unfilled and Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Vulcanizates by High Power Ultrasound by : Ximei Sun

Download or read book The Devulcanization of Unfilled and Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Vulcanizates by High Power Ultrasound written by Ximei Sun and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The effects of ultrasound on virgin gum isoprene rubber (IR) and on the devulcanization of unfilled and carbon black (CB) filled IR were studied. Ultrasonic treatment altered the structure and properties of gum IR by creating low molecular weight tails which broadened the molecular weight distribution and improved processability. Ultrasonic devulcanization of IR vulcanizates resulted in a reduction of gel fraction and crosslink density. Increasing the ultrasonic amplitude yielded a further reduction, regardless of CB loading, in the IR vulcanizates. This is contrary to the previous work on natural rubber (NR), the natural counterpart of IR which showed a minimum gel fraction and crosslink density at an intermediate ultrasonic amplitude. The devulcanization of filled IR resulted in more main chain scission than in unfilled IR due to the immobility of bound rubber at the filler surface which leads to lower properties in revulcanized rubbers than in virgin rubber. Upon blending the devulcanized IR with virgin IR, properties comparable to those of virgin rubber were obtained at certain blending ratios. A cure kinetics model with reversion adequately predicted the evolution of state of cure in curing and reversion stages under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The higher reversion observed in filled IR than in unfilled IR was consistant with the difference of reversion rate constant obtained in simulation. NMR proton transverse relaxation technique was unable to differentiate the contribution of short component mobility between physically entangled (heavy sol) and chemically crosslinked (gel) networks. Ultrasound severed both the chemical crosslinks and the main chain, creating dangling chain ends, with no generation of additional fragments of oligomeric species. Simulation of network structures using the Dobson-Gordon theory of network statistics indicated crosslinks were easier to break than main chains under ultrasonic exposure. Unfilled IR and NR had similar rate constant ratios of main chain scission and crosslink rupture. An increase of CB loading increased this ratio for both IR and NR with higher ratio in IR. The addition of processing oil in the filled IR compounds reduced this ratio."--Abstract.

Rubber Products

Author : Bireswar Banerjee
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 311066853X
Total Pages : 518 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Rubber Products by : Bireswar Banerjee

Download or read book Rubber Products written by Bireswar Banerjee and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-04-22 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rubber Products describes cost-effective and environmentally friendly technologies in the field of rubber. The book covers rubber compounding, innovations in rubber-based products, devulcanisation of cured rubber and provides lean management techniques. It explains the commercial advantages of graphene-rubber nanocomposites, details the morphology of most common reinforcing carbon blacks and explores innovative applications of rubber in automotive and Defence sectors. The title is also discussing potential alternative technologies which could disrupt the rubber industry in the future. All chapters are written by prominent rubber scientists from both the industry and academia.

Continuous Ultrasonic Devulcanization of Unfilled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Author : Mayuresh Tapale
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (957 download)

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Book Synopsis Continuous Ultrasonic Devulcanization of Unfilled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Mayuresh Tapale

Download or read book Continuous Ultrasonic Devulcanization of Unfilled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Mayuresh Tapale and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Natural Rubber Materials

Author : Sabu Thomas
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1849737657
Total Pages : 855 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis Natural Rubber Materials by : Sabu Thomas

Download or read book Natural Rubber Materials written by Sabu Thomas and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2013-12-05 with total page 855 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The combination of its unique morphology, physical properties, cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness make natural rubber an appealing constituent for many materials and applications. This comprehensive two volume set covers the synthesis, characterization and applications of natural rubber based blends, interpenetrating polymer networks, composites and nanocomposites. Volume 1 covers different types of natural rubber-based blends and IPNs as well as manufacturing methods, thermo mechanical characterization techniques, life cycle analysis and their applications. Volume 2 focuses on natural rubber-based composites and Nanocomposites including the different types of fillers, the filler-matrix reinforcement mechanisms, manufacturing techniques, and applications. This is the first book to consolidate the current state of the art information on natural rubber based materials with contributions from established international experts in the field. The book provides a "one stop" reference resource for professionals, researchers, industrial practitioners, graduate students, and senior undergraduates in the fields of polymer science and engineering, materials science, surface science, bioengineering and chemical engineering.

Molecular Mobility of Unfilled and Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Studied by Proton NMR Transverse Relaxation and Diffusion

Author : Tirtha Raj Joshi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 63 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Mobility of Unfilled and Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Studied by Proton NMR Transverse Relaxation and Diffusion by : Tirtha Raj Joshi

Download or read book Molecular Mobility of Unfilled and Carbon Black Filled Isoprene Rubber Studied by Proton NMR Transverse Relaxation and Diffusion written by Tirtha Raj Joshi and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an attempt to understand the effect of intense ultrasound on the devulcanization of unfilled and filled isoprene rubber (IR), melts and networks, non spectroscopic solid state NMR proton transverse relaxation (T2) and pulsed gradient diffusion measurements were performed. At 70.5°C, the T2 relaxation decay of the unfilled and 35phr carbon black filled was successfully described by two-component four-parameter model. The long component mainly arose from the unentangled sol, dangling ends and oligomers, and the short component was due to the entangled sol and crosslinked network. Sonication increased intermolecular mobilities, while curing reversed this effect. The long and short T2 components in CB filled IR without processing oil increased with increasing sol generated, while no such increase was observed in the IR extended with oil. Thus, processing oil significantly altered the dependence of both T2 components on the sol fraction. The high melt molecular weight (M) without a low M tail precluded diffusion measurements. The IR melts were then degraded ultrasonically with and without subsequent vulcanization. It lowered and broadened the molecular weight distribution. This made it possible to conduct pulsed gradient diffusion experiments; the diffusion spectrum is bimodal. Here the T2 decays are consistent with a three- component model with six parameters. The additional component here is the intermediate T2 component. The results obtained were quantitatively related to earlier work in natural rubber

Tearing of Black-filled (N660) Synthetic Polyisoprene Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures

Author : Tianxiang Xue
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (913 download)

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Book Synopsis Tearing of Black-filled (N660) Synthetic Polyisoprene Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures by : Tianxiang Xue

Download or read book Tearing of Black-filled (N660) Synthetic Polyisoprene Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures written by Tianxiang Xue and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural rubber (NR) has outstanding tack and strength in the unvulcanized state and high tensile and tear strength when vulcanized. These features are attributed to its ability to crystallize rapidly on straining. Synthetic isoprene rubber (IR), synthesized employing a stereospecific catalyst, although close to natural rubber in chemical composition, has reported to be inferior in strength compared to NR. This occurs because IR crystallizes more slowly than NR. Edge-cut tensile specimens of gum natural rubber vulcanizates show an abrupt drop in strength at a critical cut size and normal (no cut) tensile specimens show a sharp decrease in strength at a critical temperature. These two effects are due to bulk strain crystallization at small cut sizes or low temperatures, but the lack thereof at large cut depth or high temperature. The addition of carbon black affects tearing; this depends on the type and concentration of black. Tearing behavior of IR with various amount of N660 carbon black at various temperatures was investigated, and the results are compared to those obtained with natural rubber. The addition of low concentrations of carbon black decrease cut resistance. When temperature or carbon black content increase, anisotropy in strength increases, while critical cut size and exclusion zone decrease. There is a critical level of black needed for reinforcement of IR; this level is higher than that needed for natural rubber. When containing the same amount of black, NR compounds have at least the tear strength of the corresponding IR compounds, and in some cases the NR compounds are much stronger.

Basic Study of Continuous Ultrasonic Devulcanization of Unfilled Silicone Rubber

Author : Bing Diao
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (957 download)

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Book Synopsis Basic Study of Continuous Ultrasonic Devulcanization of Unfilled Silicone Rubber by : Bing Diao

Download or read book Basic Study of Continuous Ultrasonic Devulcanization of Unfilled Silicone Rubber written by Bing Diao and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Continuous Ultrasonic Devulcanizatiion of Used Tire Rubbers Suitable for Incorporation in New Tires

Author : Yingmin Guo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 67 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Continuous Ultrasonic Devulcanizatiion of Used Tire Rubbers Suitable for Incorporation in New Tires by : Yingmin Guo

Download or read book Continuous Ultrasonic Devulcanizatiion of Used Tire Rubbers Suitable for Incorporation in New Tires written by Yingmin Guo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultrasonic devulcanization of ground tire rubber (GTR) of 40 meshes using an ultrasonic twin-screw extruder was studied. The die pressure and ultrasonic power consumption were recorded during the process of devulcanization. Devulcanization was carried out at a frequency of 40 kHz and ultrasonic amplitudes at 0 [micrometers] and 8 [micrometers]. The gel fraction, crosslink density, and revulcanization behavior were studied to investigate the degree of devulcanization. After devulcanization, untreated ground tire rubber (UTR) powder, ground tire rubbers devulcanized at 0 [micrometers] (DTR 0 [micrometers]) and 8 [micrometers] (DTR 8 [micrometers]) were blended with natural rubber (NR) at ratios of 100/0, 50/50, 35/65, 20/80, 10/90, and 0/100. In order to reinforce these blends, carbon black (CB) was added to GTR/NR to the CB content in NR equals to GTR. Rheological properties, curing behavior, mechanical properties and abrasion loss of revulcanized rubbers were measured. Revulcanized tire rubber at 8 [micrometers] with natural rubber (RTR 8 [micrometers]/NR) had better mechanical properties and lower abrasion loss than revulcanized tire rubber at 0 [micrometers] with natural rubber (RTR 0 [micrometers]/NR) at all blending ratios. Lower gel fraction of DTR 0 [micrometers] and DTR 8 [micrometers] compared with UTR indicated devulcanization of GTR at 0 [micrometers] and 8 [micrometers]. RTR 0 [micrometers]/NR and RTR 8 [micrometers]/NR vulcanizates exhibited higher tensile strength and elongation at break than those vulcanizates presence from mixture of UTR and NR (RUTR/NR), but lower modulus at 100% elongation and lower abrasion loss. The addition of CB to blends improved modulus at 100% elongation, tensile strength and abrasion properties significantly, but decreased elongation at break compared with blends without CB. The differences in rheological and mechanical properties of RUTR/NR/CB, RTR 0 [micrometers]/NR/CB and RTR 8 [micrometers]/NR/CB blends decreased compared to those of RUTR/NR, RTR 0 [micrometers]/NR and RTR 8 [micrometers]/NR blends.

Mechanical Properties of Carbon-black-filled Rubber Vulcanizates

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (924 download)

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Book Synopsis Mechanical Properties of Carbon-black-filled Rubber Vulcanizates by :

Download or read book Mechanical Properties of Carbon-black-filled Rubber Vulcanizates written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Tearing of Black-filled (N115) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures

Author : Guangzhuo Rong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis Tearing of Black-filled (N115) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures by : Guangzhuo Rong

Download or read book Tearing of Black-filled (N115) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates at Various Temperatures written by Guangzhuo Rong and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural rubber vulcanizates (NR) have high tear resistance, excellent flexibility and high resilience. All tires contain black-filled natural rubber compounds in the location (belt region) of maximum stress concentration. Edge-cut tensile specimens of gum natural rubber vulcanizates show an abrupt drop in strength at a critical cut size and an abrupt decrease of normal (no cut) tensile strength at a critical temperature. These effects are due to changes in bulk strain crystallization at small cut sizes or low temperatures. The addition of carbon black affects tearing; this depends on the type and concentration of black. Natural rubber vulcanizates filled with high concentrations carbon black have very high tear resistance. This is due to a high degree of crystallization around a cut tip. A series of natural rubber vulcanizates containing a very fine carbon black (N115, surface area: 123 m2/g) were torn at 25, 60 and 100°C. Amazingly, the addition of low concentrations of carbon black decreases the tear resistance at 25 and 60°C. Thus, there is a critical level of black needed for "reinforcement". This amount of carbon black is also the concentration for incipient bound rubber formation; a continuous filler network seems to be necessary for the onset of reinforcement. Tearing in the transition zone depends on temperature. At 100°C, black-filled natural rubber vulcanizates behave like amorphous vulcanizates; they show a steady increase in strength as carbon black content increases.

Tearing of Carbon Black-filled and Gum Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Cured with Dicumyl Perioxide (DCP)

Author : Yu Sun
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (883 download)

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Book Synopsis Tearing of Carbon Black-filled and Gum Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Cured with Dicumyl Perioxide (DCP) by : Yu Sun

Download or read book Tearing of Carbon Black-filled and Gum Natural Rubber Vulcanizates Cured with Dicumyl Perioxide (DCP) written by Yu Sun and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tear and tensile strengths of a series of carbon black-filled N115, dicumyl peroxide (DCP)-cured natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were determined. At all black levels, sulfur-cured vulcanizates (prepared by previous researchers) have higher normal (uncut) tensile strength than DCP-cured ones. Both types of vulcanizates reach maximum strengths at about 15 vol. % black. For edge-cut specimens, DCP-cured vulcanizates with low black content (0-6 phr) exhibit a region of marked instability, where specimens of similar cut depth show high scattering of strengths [sigma][subscript b][subscript c]. DCP-cured vulcanizates show a decrease of [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] from 3 phr to 12 phr black, then [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] increases with increasing black content. The lowest concentration where knotty tear is seen and reinforcement begins is 38 phr of black. The onset of knotty tear depends not only on crosslink density and crosslink type, but also on carbon black type and molecular weight of the NR. Incipient bound rubber, i.e., a carbon black continuous network, takes place at 15 phr black. Percolation for electric resistivity also has a threshold of 15 phr. Strengths [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] of DCP-cured specimens were compared with those of sulfur-cured specimens. DCP-cured vulcanizates are 2X weaker than S-cured ones, when both are below or above percolation, otherwise the difference in [sigma][subscript b][subscript c] is 10X. Finally, a series of DCP-cured gum NR with different crosslink densities were compared. Strength and critical values of c, both indicative of strain crystallization, were maximized at moderate crosslink density. At high crosslink density, no critical cut size was seen and samples were weak for all cut sizes. Highly crosslinked gum NR samples, even if not precut, do not strain-crystallize prior to fracture.

Tearing of Black-filled (N330) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Author : Yang Hong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (914 download)

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Book Synopsis Tearing of Black-filled (N330) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates by : Yang Hong

Download or read book Tearing of Black-filled (N330) Natural Rubber Vulcanizates written by Yang Hong and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural rubber (NR) is widely used in the tire industry. It has high tensile strength, high resilience, good low temperature flexibility and excellent dynamic properties.1 Tires can be damaged when subjected to large forces. Learning how vulcanizates fracture and how they resist failure are the motivations for this research. Edge-cut tensile dumbbells were employed. Speciments of sulfur-cured NR vulcanizates containing 0-40 phr of carbon black N330 were prepared. Tear resistance, bound rubber, crosslink density and crack patterns were studied at room temperature. Normal (uncut) tensile strength is weakly dependent on the amount of carbon black N330. Edge-cut tensile dumbbells of the gum show an abrupt drop in strength at a critical cut size. Unexpectedly, with less than 15 phr of N330, NR vulcanizates were weaker than the gum, and tensile strength decreased as the amount of N330 increased. With 15 phr-17 phr of N330, a fraction of specimens had larger strength than the gum, and multiple cracks occurred before rupture. With 18 phr-40 phr of N330, NR vulcanizates were stronger than the gum. Tensile strength increased as the amount of N330 increased. The different results of cut growth resistance of filled vulcanizates with low and high concentrations of carbon black can be explained by competing effects of carbon black on cut growth.2 N330 sulfur-cured vulcanizates form a coherent gel when the carbon black concentration is higher than 16 phr. Overall reinforcement is in the range of 17 phr-18 phr. Results are compared with a previous study for similar vulcanizates filled with carbon black N660. N330 sulfur-cured vulcanizates have a lower onset concentration for reinforcement, bound rubber formation, and they have larger 100% modulus and tensile strength for both uncut and edge-cut specimens.

Hyperelastic Constants for Carbon-black-filled Rubber Vulcanizates

Author : Per-Erik Austrell
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 75 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Hyperelastic Constants for Carbon-black-filled Rubber Vulcanizates by : Per-Erik Austrell

Download or read book Hyperelastic Constants for Carbon-black-filled Rubber Vulcanizates written by Per-Erik Austrell and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber

Author : Shinzo Kohjiya
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128188448
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber by : Shinzo Kohjiya

Download or read book Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber written by Shinzo Kohjiya and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-03-24 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber, Second Edition presents the latest advances in the processing, properties and advanced applications of natural rubber (NR), drawing on state-of-the-art research in the field. Chapters cover manufacturing, processing and properties of natural rubber, describing biosynthesis, vulcanization for improved performance, strain-induced crystallization, self-reinforcement, rheology and mechanochemistry for processing, computer simulation of properties, scattering techniques and stabilizing agents. Applications covered include natural rubber, carbon allotropes, eco-friendly soft bio-composites using NR matrices and marine products, the use of NR for high functionality such as shape memory, NR for the tire industry, and natural rubber latex with advanced applications. This is an essential resource for academic researchers, scientists and (post)graduate students in rubber science, polymer science, materials science and engineering, and chemistry. In industry, this book enables professionals, R&D, and producers across the natural rubber, tire, rubber and elastomer industries, as well as across industries looking to use natural rubber products, to understand and utilize natural rubber for cutting-edge applications. Explains the latest manufacture and processing techniques for natural rubber (NR) with enhanced properties Explores novel applications of natural rubber across a range of industries, including current and potential uses Discusses resources and utilization, and considers sustainable future development of natural rubber

Silane Coupling Agents

Author : Edwin P. Plueddemann
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1489903429
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis Silane Coupling Agents by : Edwin P. Plueddemann

Download or read book Silane Coupling Agents written by Edwin P. Plueddemann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: * It has been rumored that a bumble bee has such aerodynamic deficiencies that it should be incapable of flight. Fiberglass-reinforced polymer com posites, similarly, have two (apparently) insurmountable obstacles to per formance: 1) Water can hydrolyze any conceivable bond between organic and inorganic phase, and 2) Stresses across the interface during temperature cycling (resulting from a mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients) may exceed the strength of one of the phases. Organofunctional silanes are hybrid organic-inorganic compounds that are used as coupling agents across the organic-inorganic interface to help overcome these two obstacles to composite performance. One of their functions is to use the hydrolytic action of water under equilibrium condi tions to relieve thermally induced stresses across the interface. If equilib rium conditions can be maintained, the two problems act to cancel each other out. Coupling agents are defined primarily as materials that improve the practical adhesive bond of polymer to mineral. This may involve an increase in true adhesion, but it may also involve improved wetting, rheology, and other handling properties. The coupling agent may also modify the inter phase region to strengthen the organic and inorganic boundary layers.

Starch-Based Polymeric Materials and Nanocomposites

Author : Jasim Ahmed
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439851174
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Starch-Based Polymeric Materials and Nanocomposites by : Jasim Ahmed

Download or read book Starch-Based Polymeric Materials and Nanocomposites written by Jasim Ahmed and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-04-04 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, much attention has been focused on biodegradable polymers from renewable resources. Due to its availability and low cost, starch is a promising candidate among biopolymers for use in biodegradable packaging materials and for other purposes. Starch-Based Polymeric Materials and Nanocomposites: Chemistry, Processing, and Applications

The Complete Book On Rubber Processing And Compounding Technology

Author : Niir Board Of Consultants And Engineers
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788178330051
Total Pages : 712 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis The Complete Book On Rubber Processing And Compounding Technology by : Niir Board Of Consultants And Engineers

Download or read book The Complete Book On Rubber Processing And Compounding Technology written by Niir Board Of Consultants And Engineers and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rubber products industry is an important resource based industry sector in India. Over the last decade the rubber industry has witnessed a steady and strong growth. Rubber can be deformed to a high degree of strain in a reversible manner and this special property finds use in fields as diverse as transportation, material handling, health care, and sport and leisure activities. The book covers manufacturing processes of rubber products, compounding of rubber, quality assurance, applications etc. Thus book is very useful for new entrepreneurs, existing units, technical institutions, technocrats etc.