The Detroit Electric Scheme

Download The Detroit Electric Scheme PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Minotaur Books
ISBN 13 : 142994028X
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Detroit Electric Scheme by : D. E. Johnson

Download or read book The Detroit Electric Scheme written by D. E. Johnson and published by Minotaur Books. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Will Anderson is a drunk, heartbroken over the breakup with his fiancée, Elizabeth. He's barely kept his job at his father's company---Detroit Electric, 1910's leading electric automobile manufacturer. Late one night, Elizabeth's new fiancé and Will's one-time friend, John Cooper, asks Will to meet him at the car factory. He finds Cooper dead, crushed in a huge hydraulic roof press. Surprised by the police, Will panics and runs, leaving behind his cap and automobile, and buries his blood-spattered clothing in a garbage can. What follows is a fast-paced, detail-filled ride through early-1900s Detroit, involving murder, blackmail, organized crime, the development of a wonderful friendship, and the inside story on early electric automobiles. Through it all, Will learns that clearing himself of the crime he was framed for is only the beginning. To survive, and for his loved ones to survive, he must also become a man. The Detroit Electric Scheme is populated with fascinating characters, both real and fictional, from a then-flourishing Detroit: The Dodge brothers and Edsel Ford come to life, interacting with denizens of the sordid underbelly of the Motor City, such as Vito Adamo, Detroit's first Mob boss, and Big Boy, the bouncer at a saloon so notorious the newspapers called it "The Bucket of Blood." This expertly plotted debut delivers with great research, wonderfully flawed yet likable characters, and a shattering climax.

Detroit Shuffle

Download Detroit Shuffle PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 1250036488
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Detroit Shuffle by : D. E. Johnson

Download or read book Detroit Shuffle written by D. E. Johnson and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2013-09-03 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Will Anderson and Elizabeth Hume get caught up in the political turmoil over women's suffrage in Detroit Shuffle, the fourth book in D. E. Johnson's critically acclaimed 1910s Detroit series Will Anderson inadvertently breaks up a key suffrage rally when he thwarts a gunman set on killing his lover, Elizabeth Hume. No one else saw the man, and Elizabeth believes he hallucinated the entire incident, a side effect of the radium "treatment" he received at Eloise Hospital. She asks him to sit on the sidelines while she and her companions try to get the women's suffrage amendment passed by Michigan voters. Instead, Will sets out to protect Elizabeth and prove his sanity. Will's nemesis, Sapphira Xanakis, contacts him with news of a conspiracy to defeat the amendment, led by Andrew Murphy, head of the Michigan Licensed Beverage Association. Against his better judgment, Will believes she is trying to help. The man she directs him to dies under suspicious circumstances. An old acquaintance of Will's, who is working for the MLBA, is shot and killed in front of him. Still, no one believes Will, including his former ally, Detective Riordan, who not only is unwilling to help, but seems to have secrets of his own. With new death threats against Elizabeth and the next rally only a few days away, Will has to unravel a complicated tapestry of blackmail, double-dealing, conspiracy, and murder—before the killer has his next chance to strike. Johnson's immaculate plotting and high-tension writing make for a spellbinding read set in early twentieth-century Detroit.

The Electric Car in America, 1890-1922

Download The Electric Car in America, 1890-1922 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 1476676712
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (766 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Electric Car in America, 1890-1922 by : Kerry Segrave

Download or read book The Electric Car in America, 1890-1922 written by Kerry Segrave and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2019-04-11 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electric vehicle seemed poised in 1900 to be a leader in automotive production. Clean, odorless, noiseless and mechanically simple, electrics rarely broke down and were easy to operate. An electric car could be started instantly from the driver's seat; no other machine could claim that advantage. But then it all went wrong. As this history details, the hope and confidence of 1900 collapsed and just two decades later electric cars were effectively dead. They had remained expensive even as gasoline cars saw dramatic price reductions, and the storage battery was an endless source of problems. An increasingly frantic public relations campaign of lies and deceptive advertising could not turn the tide.

In the Shadow of Gotham

Download In the Shadow of Gotham PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Minotaur Books
ISBN 13 : 1429937335
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis In the Shadow of Gotham by : Stefanie Pintoff

Download or read book In the Shadow of Gotham written by Stefanie Pintoff and published by Minotaur Books. This book was released on 2009-04-28 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the Shadow of Gotham is the winner of the 2010 Edgar Award for Best First Novel. Dobson, New York, 1905. Detective Simon Ziele lost his fiancée in the General Slocum ferry disaster—a thousand perished on that summer day in 1904 when an onboard fire burned the boat down in the waters of the East River. Still reeling from the tragedy, Ziele transferred to a police department north of New York, to escape the city and all the memories it conjured. But only a few months into his new life in a quiet country town, he's faced with the most shocking homicide of his career to date: Young Sarah Wingate has been brutally murdered in her own bedroom in the middle of an otherwise calm and quiet winter afternoon. After just one day of investigation, Simon's contacted by Columbia University's noted criminologist Alistair Sinclair, who offers a startling claim about one of his patients, Michael Fromley—that the facts of the murder bear an uncanny resemblance to Fromley's deranged mutterings. But what would have led Fromley, with his history of violent behavior and brutal fantasies, to seek out Sarah, a notable mathematics student and a proper young lady who has little in common with his previous targets? Is Fromley really a murderer, or is someone mimicking him? This is what Simon Ziele must find out, with the help of the brilliant but self-interested Alistair Sinclair—before the killer strikes again. With this taut, atmospheric, and original story of a haunted man who must search for a killer while on the run from his own demons, Stefanie Pintoff's In the Shadow of Gotham marks the debut of an outstanding new talent, the inaugural winner of the Minotaur Books/Mystery Writers of America Best First Crime Novel Competition.

London Street

Download London Street PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1725267551
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (252 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis London Street by : Jane E. Griffioen

Download or read book London Street written by Jane E. Griffioen and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2020-05-25 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within a Dutch enclave already removed from the larger world, Janie’s family is further isolated and odd. Janie struggles within the tight-knit community to understand the secrets and events involving her family. She knows the line her father draws between the holy and the sinful. His boundaries and rigid belief system nearly destroy the very family they were meant to protect. Persistent rumors and shunning by church members add to Janie’s heartache and confusion. Her endurance to preserve a loving relationship with her family is an intimate story of triumph over community bigotry and religious zeal gone too far.

Electric City

Download Electric City PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Abrams
ISBN 13 : 1647000440
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electric City by : Thomas Hager

Download or read book Electric City written by Thomas Hager and published by Abrams. This book was released on 2021-05-18 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The extraordinary, unknown story of two giants of American history—Henry Ford and Thomas Edison—and their attempt to create an electric-powered city of tomorrow on the Tennessee River During the roaring twenties, two of the most revered and influential men in American business proposed to transform one of the country’s poorest regions into a dream technological metropolis, a shining paradise of small farms, giant factories, and sparkling laboratories. Henry Ford and Thomas Edison’s “Detroit of the South” would be ten times the size of Manhattan, powered by renewable energy, and free of air pollution. And it would reshape American society, introducing mass commuting by car, use a new kind of currency called “energy dollars,” and have the added benefit (from Ford and Edison's view) of crippling the growth of socialism. The whole audacious scheme almost came off, with Southerners rallying to support what became known as the Ford Plan. But while some saw it as a way to conjure the future and reinvent the South, others saw it as one of the biggest land swindles of all time. They were all true. Electric City is a rich chronicle of the time and the social backdrop, and offers a fresh look at the lives of the two men who almost saw the project to fruition, the forces that came to oppose them, and what rose in its stead: a new kind of public corporation called the Tennessee Valley Authority, one of the greatest achievements of the New Deal. This is a history for a wide audience, including readers interested in American history, technology, politics, and the future.

Annie's Ghosts

Download Annie's Ghosts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hachette Books
ISBN 13 : 1401394426
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Annie's Ghosts by : Steve Luxenberg

Download or read book Annie's Ghosts written by Steve Luxenberg and published by Hachette Books. This book was released on 2009-05-05 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beth Luxenberg was an only child. Or so everyone thought. Six months after Beth's death, her secret emerged. It had a name: Annie. Praise for Annie's Ghosts "Annie's Ghosts is one of the most remarkable books I have ever read . . . From mental institutions to the Holocaust, from mothers and fathers to children and childhood, with its mysteries, sadness, and joy--this book is one emotional ride."--Bob Woodward, author of The War Within and State of Denial "Steve Luxenberg sleuths his family's hidden history with the skills of an investigative reporter, the instincts of a mystery writer, and the sympathy of a loving son. His rediscovery of one lost woman illuminates the shocking fate of thousands of Americans who disappeared just a generation ago."--Tony Horwitz, author of A Voyage Long and Strange and Confederates in the Attic "I started reading within minutes of picking up this book, and was instantly mesmerized. It's a riveting detective story, a moving family saga, an enlightening if heartbreaking chapter in the history of America's treatment of people born with what we now call special needs." -- Deborah Tannen, author of You Just Don't Understand and You're Wearing That "This is a memoir that pushes the journalistic envelope . . . Luxenberg has written a fascinating personal story as well as a report on our communal response to the mentally ill." -- Helen Epstein, author of Where She Came From and Children of the Holocaust "A wise, affecting new memoir of family secrets and posthumous absolution." -- The Washington Post "Annie's Ghosts will resonate for many, whether the chords have to do with family secrets, the Depression, memories of a thriving Detroit, the Holocaust's horrors, or the immigrant experience." -- The Detroit Free Press

Detroit City Is the Place to Be

Download Detroit City Is the Place to Be PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Macmillan
ISBN 13 : 1250039231
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Detroit City Is the Place to Be by : Mark Binelli

Download or read book Detroit City Is the Place to Be written by Mark Binelli and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2013-11-05 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The fall and maybe rise of Detroit, America's most epic urban failure, from local native and Rolling Stone reporter Mark BinelliOnce America's capitalist dream town, Detroit is our country's greatest urban failure, having fallen the longest and the farthest. But the city's worst crisis yet (and that's saying something) has managed to do the unthinkable: turn the end of days into a laboratory for the future. Urban planners, land speculators, neo-pastoral agriculturalists, and utopian environmentalists--all have been drawn to Detroit's baroquely decaying, nothing-left-to-lose frontier. With an eye for both the darkly absurd and the radically new, Detroit-area native and Rolling Stone writer Mark Binelli has chronicled this convergence. Throughout the city's "museum of neglect"--its swaths of abandoned buildings, its miles of urban prairie--he tracks the signs of blight repurposed, from the school for pregnant teenagers to the killer ex-con turned street patroller, from the organic farming on empty lots to GM's wager on the Volt electric car and the mayor's realignment plan (the most ambitious on record) to move residents of half-empty neighborhoods into a viable, new urban center.Sharp and impassioned, Detroit City Is the Place to Be is alive with the sense of possibility that comes when a city hits rock bottom. Beyond the usual portrait of crime, poverty, and ruin, we glimpse a future Detroit that is smaller, less segregated, greener, economically diverse, and better functioning--what might just be the first post-industrial city of our new century"--

Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System

Download Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309114047
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System by : National Research Council

Download or read book Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-11-25 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electric power delivery system that carries electricity from large central generators to customers could be severely damaged by a small number of well-informed attackers. The system is inherently vulnerable because transmission lines may span hundreds of miles, and many key facilities are unguarded. This vulnerability is exacerbated by the fact that the power grid, most of which was originally designed to meet the needs of individual vertically integrated utilities, is being used to move power between regions to support the needs of competitive markets for power generation. Primarily because of ambiguities introduced as a result of recent restricting the of the industry and cost pressures from consumers and regulators, investment to strengthen and upgrade the grid has lagged, with the result that many parts of the bulk high-voltage system are heavily stressed. Electric systems are not designed to withstand or quickly recover from damage inflicted simultaneously on multiple components. Such an attack could be carried out by knowledgeable attackers with little risk of detection or interdiction. Further well-planned and coordinated attacks by terrorists could leave the electric power system in a large region of the country at least partially disabled for a very long time. Although there are many examples of terrorist and military attacks on power systems elsewhere in the world, at the time of this study international terrorists have shown limited interest in attacking the U.S. power grid. However, that should not be a basis for complacency. Because all parts of the economy, as well as human health and welfare, depend on electricity, the results could be devastating. Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System focuses on measures that could make the power delivery system less vulnerable to attacks, restore power faster after an attack, and make critical services less vulnerable while the delivery of conventional electric power has been disrupted.

Strong Towns

Download Strong Towns PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119564816
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Strong Towns by : Charles L. Marohn, Jr.

Download or read book Strong Towns written by Charles L. Marohn, Jr. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new way forward for sustainable quality of life in cities of all sizes Strong Towns: A Bottom-Up Revolution to Build American Prosperity is a book of forward-thinking ideas that breaks with modern wisdom to present a new vision of urban development in the United States. Presenting the foundational ideas of the Strong Towns movement he co-founded, Charles Marohn explains why cities of all sizes continue to struggle to meet their basic needs, and reveals the new paradigm that can solve this longstanding problem. Inside, you’ll learn why inducing growth and development has been the conventional response to urban financial struggles—and why it just doesn’t work. New development and high-risk investing don’t generate enough wealth to support itself, and cities continue to struggle. Read this book to find out how cities large and small can focus on bottom-up investments to minimize risk and maximize their ability to strengthen the community financially and improve citizens’ quality of life. Develop in-depth knowledge of the underlying logic behind the “traditional” search for never-ending urban growth Learn practical solutions for ameliorating financial struggles through low-risk investment and a grassroots focus Gain insights and tools that can stop the vicious cycle of budget shortfalls and unexpected downturns Become a part of the Strong Towns revolution by shifting the focus away from top-down growth toward rebuilding American prosperity Strong Towns acknowledges that there is a problem with the American approach to growth and shows community leaders a new way forward. The Strong Towns response is a revolution in how we assemble the places we live.

Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States

Download Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309142393
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States by : National Research Council

Download or read book Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-07-29 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scores of talented and dedicated people serve the forensic science community, performing vitally important work. However, they are often constrained by lack of adequate resources, sound policies, and national support. It is clear that change and advancements, both systematic and scientific, are needed in a number of forensic science disciplines to ensure the reliability of work, establish enforceable standards, and promote best practices with consistent application. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward provides a detailed plan for addressing these needs and suggests the creation of a new government entity, the National Institute of Forensic Science, to establish and enforce standards within the forensic science community. The benefits of improving and regulating the forensic science disciplines are clear: assisting law enforcement officials, enhancing homeland security, and reducing the risk of wrongful conviction and exoneration. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States gives a full account of what is needed to advance the forensic science disciplines, including upgrading of systems and organizational structures, better training, widespread adoption of uniform and enforceable best practices, and mandatory certification and accreditation programs. While this book provides an essential call-to-action for congress and policy makers, it also serves as a vital tool for law enforcement agencies, criminal prosecutors and attorneys, and forensic science educators.

Electric and Hybrid Cars

Download Electric and Hybrid Cars PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 0786457422
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (864 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electric and Hybrid Cars by : Curtis D. Anderson

Download or read book Electric and Hybrid Cars written by Curtis D. Anderson and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2010-03-30 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This illustrated history chronicles electric and hybrid cars from the late 19th century to today's fuel cell and plug-in automobiles. It describes the politics, technology, marketing strategies, and environmental issues that have impacted electric and hybrid cars' research and development. The important marketing shift from a "woman's car" to "going green" is discussed. Milestone projects and technologies such as early batteries, hydrogen and bio-mass fuel cells, the upsurge of hybrid vehicles, and the various regulations and market forces that have shaped the industry are also covered.

Murder in Battle Creek

Download Murder in Battle Creek PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Arcadia Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1625845898
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (258 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Murder in Battle Creek by : Blaine L. Pardoe

Download or read book Murder in Battle Creek written by Blaine L. Pardoe and published by Arcadia Publishing. This book was released on 2013-06-18 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1963, Daisy Zick was stabbed twenty-seven times at her home in Battle Creek, Michigan—and locals are still talking about the unsolved case today. On a bitterly cold morning in January 1963, Daisy Zick was brutally murdered in her Battle Creek, Michigan, home. No fewer than three witnesses caught a glimpse of the killer, yet today, it remains one of the state’s most sensational unsolved crimes. The act of pure savagery rocked the community, as well as the Kellogg Company where Zick worked. Here, Blaine Pardoe offers a detailed chronicle of this shocking and mysterious crime. With long-sealed police files and interviews with the surviving investigators, the true story of the investigation can finally be told. Who were the key suspects? What evidence do the police still have on this cold case more than fifty years later? Just how close did this murder come to being solved? Is the killer still alive? These questions and more are masterfully brought to the forefront for true crime fans and armchair detectives.

Putin's People

Download Putin's People PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
ISBN 13 : 0374712786
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (747 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Putin's People by : Catherine Belton

Download or read book Putin's People written by Catherine Belton and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This book was released on 2020-06-23 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New York Times and Sunday Times bestseller | A New York Times Book Review Editors' Choice Named a best book of the year by The Economist | Financial Times | New Statesman | The Telegraph "[Putin's People] will surely now become the definitive account of the rise of Putin and Putinism." —Anne Applebaum, The Atlantic "This riveting, immaculately researched book is arguably the best single volume written about Putin, the people around him and perhaps even about contemporary Russia itself in the past three decades." —Peter Frankopan, Financial Times Interference in American elections. The sponsorship of extremist politics in Europe. War in Ukraine. In recent years, Vladimir Putin’s Russia has waged a concerted campaign to expand its influence and undermine Western institutions. But how and why did all this come about, and who has orchestrated it? In Putin’s People, the investigative journalist and former Moscow correspondent Catherine Belton reveals the untold story of how Vladimir Putin and the small group of KGB men surrounding him rose to power and looted their country. Delving deep into the workings of Putin’s Kremlin, Belton accesses key inside players to reveal how Putin replaced the freewheeling tycoons of the Yeltsin era with a new generation of loyal oligarchs, who in turn subverted Russia’s economy and legal system and extended the Kremlin's reach into the United States and Europe. The result is a chilling and revelatory exposé of the KGB’s revanche—a story that begins in the murk of the Soviet collapse, when networks of operatives were able to siphon billions of dollars out of state enterprises and move their spoils into the West. Putin and his allies subsequently completed the agenda, reasserting Russian power while taking control of the economy for themselves, suppressing independent voices, and launching covert influence operations abroad. Ranging from Moscow and London to Switzerland and Brooklyn’s Brighton Beach—and assembling a colorful cast of characters to match—Putin’s People is the definitive account of how hopes for the new Russia went astray, with stark consequences for its inhabitants and, increasingly, the world.

Detroit, I Do Mind Dying

Download Detroit, I Do Mind Dying PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : South End Press
ISBN 13 : 9780896085718
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (857 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Detroit, I Do Mind Dying by : Dan Georgakas

Download or read book Detroit, I Do Mind Dying written by Dan Georgakas and published by South End Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new South End Press edition makes available the full text of this out-of-print classic--along with a new foreword by Manning Marable, interviews with participants in DRUM, and reflections on political developments over the past threee decades by Georgakas and Surkin.

The Indigo Book

Download The Indigo Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1892628023
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Indigo Book by : Christopher Jon Sprigman

Download or read book The Indigo Book written by Christopher Jon Sprigman and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2017-07-11 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This public domain book is an open and compatible implementation of the Uniform System of Citation.

A Text Book of Medical Instruments

Download A Text Book of Medical Instruments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New Age International
ISBN 13 : 8122415725
Total Pages : 15 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (224 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Text Book of Medical Instruments by : S. Ananthi

Download or read book A Text Book of Medical Instruments written by S. Ananthi and published by New Age International. This book was released on 2006 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: About the Book: This book has therefore subdivided the realm of medical instruments into the same sections like a text on physiology and introduces the basic early day methods well, before dealing with the details of present day instruments currently in