The Determinants of Empowerment and Food Security Among Smallholder Farmers in Kenya

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Determinants of Empowerment and Food Security Among Smallholder Farmers in Kenya by : Annie Hilda Ong'ayo

Download or read book The Determinants of Empowerment and Food Security Among Smallholder Farmers in Kenya written by Annie Hilda Ong'ayo and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Climate Variability and Water Resources Degradation in Kenya

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821365185
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Variability and Water Resources Degradation in Kenya by :

Download or read book Climate Variability and Water Resources Degradation in Kenya written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report, based on a complex analytical methodology, provides a clear economic rationale for investing in improved water resources development and management in Kenya. It is part of the World Bank's policy dialogue on water resources management reforms and investment planning in Kenya. It focuses on the economic implications of two key factors that make the economy and people of Kenya highly vulnerablethe effects of climate variability and the steady degradation of the nation's water resources. The 1997-2000 El Nio-La Nia episodes cost the country Ksh 290 billion, about 14 percent of GDP.

Women’s empowerment in agriculture and nutritional outcomes: Evidence from six countries in Africa and Asia

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Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 70 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Women’s empowerment in agriculture and nutritional outcomes: Evidence from six countries in Africa and Asia by : Quisumbing, Agnes R.

Download or read book Women’s empowerment in agriculture and nutritional outcomes: Evidence from six countries in Africa and Asia written by Quisumbing, Agnes R. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2020-05-14 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although women’s empowerment and gender equality are associated with better maternal and child nutrition outcomes, recent systematic reviews find inconclusive evidence. This paper applies a comparable methodology to data on the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), a recent internationally-validated measure based on interviews of women and men within the same household, from six countries in Africa and Asia to identify which dimensions of women’s empowerment are related to household-, women-, and child-level dietary and nutrition outcomes. We examine the relationship between women’s empowerment and household-level food security and dietary diversity; women’s dietary diversity and BMI; and child-related outcomes, controlling for woman, child, and household characteristics. We also test whether women’s empowerment has differential associations for boys and girls. We do not find consistent associations between dimensions of empowerment and food security and nutrition outcomes across countries, but some patterns emerge. Overall empowerment scores are more strongly associated with nutritional outcomes in the South Asian countries in our sample compared to the African ones. Where significant, greater intrahousehold gender equality is associated with better nutritional outcomes. However, different domains have different associations with nutritional outcomes, suggesting that tradeoffs exist: higher workloads are associated with more diverse diets but lower women’s BMI and child anthropometric outcomes. Identifying the overlap between the top contributors to disempowerment and those most strongly related to nutrition outcomes can inform the design and implementation of nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs.

Women and Food Security in Kenya

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Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Women and Food Security in Kenya by : Nadine R. Horenstein

Download or read book Women and Food Security in Kenya written by Nadine R. Horenstein and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1989 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018

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Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251305722
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018 by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018 written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-09-14 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New evidence this year corroborates the rise in world hunger observed in this report last year, sending a warning that more action is needed if we aspire to end world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. Updated estimates show the number of people who suffer from hunger has been growing over the past three years, returning to prevailing levels from almost a decade ago. Although progress continues to be made in reducing child stunting, over 22 percent of children under five years of age are still affected. Other forms of malnutrition are also growing: adult obesity continues to increase in countries irrespective of their income levels, and many countries are coping with multiple forms of malnutrition at the same time – overweight and obesity, as well as anaemia in women, and child stunting and wasting.

Women’s empowerment in agriculture: Lessons from qualitative research

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Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Women’s empowerment in agriculture: Lessons from qualitative research by : Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela

Download or read book Women’s empowerment in agriculture: Lessons from qualitative research written by Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2019-01-18 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is growing recognition of the importance of women’s empowerment in its own right and for a range of development outcomes, but less understanding of what empowerment means to rural women and men. The challenge of measuring empowerment, particularly across cultures and contexts, is also garnering attention. This paper synthesizes qualitative research conducted conjointly with quantitative surveys, working with eight agricultural development projects in eight countries, to develop a project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI). The qualitative research sought to identify emic meanings of “empowerment,” validate the domains and indicators of the quantitative index, provide greater understanding of the context of each project and of strategies for facilitating empowerment, and test a methodology for integrating emic perspectives of empowerment with standardized etic measures that allow for comparability across contexts.

Women’s Empowerment and Nutrition

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Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Women’s Empowerment and Nutrition by : Mara van den Bold

Download or read book Women’s Empowerment and Nutrition written by Mara van den Bold and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2013-11-01 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many development programs that aim to alleviate poverty and improve investments in human capital consider women’s empowerment a key pathway by which to achieve impact and often target women as their main beneficiaries. Despite this, women’s empowerment dimensions are often not rigorously measured and are at times merely assumed. This paper starts by reflecting on the concept and measurement of women’s empowerment and then reviews some of the structural interventions that aim to influence underlying gender norms in society and eradicate gender discrimination. It then proceeds to review the evidence of the impact of three types of interventions—cash transfer programs, agricultural interventions, and microfinance programs—on women’s empowerment, nutrition, or both. Qualitative evidence on conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs generally points to positive impacts on women’s empowerment, although quantitative research findings are more heterogenous. CCT programs produce mixed results on long-term nutritional status, and very limited evidence exists of their impacts on micronutrient status. The little evidence available on unconditional cash transters (UCT) indicates mixed impacts on women’s empowerment and positive impacts on nutrition; however, recent reviews comparing CCT and UCT programs have found little difference in terms of their effects on stunting and they have found that conditionality is less important than other factors, such as access to healthcare and child age and sex. Evidence of cash transfer program impacts depending on the gender of the transfer recipient or on the conditionality is also mixed, although CCTs with non-health conditionalities seem to have negative impacts on nutritional status. The impacts of programs based on the gender of the transfer recipient show mixed results, but almost no experimental evidence exists of testing gender-differentiated impacts of a single program. Agricultural interventions—specifically home gardening and dairy projects—show mixed impacts on women’s empowerment measures such as time, workload, and control over income; but they demonstrate very little impact on nutrition. Implementation modalities are shown to determine differential impacts in terms of empowerment and nutrition outcomes. With regard to the impact of microfinance on women’s empowerment, evidence is also mixed, although more recent reviews do not find any impact on women’s empowerment. The impact of microfinance on nutritional status is mixed, with no evidence of impact on micronutrient status. Across all three types of programs (cash transfer programs, agricultural interventions, and microfinance programs), very little evidence exists on pathways of impact, and evidence is often biased toward a particular region. The paper ends with a discussion of the findings and remaining evidence gaps and an outline of recommendations for research.

Food Security and Poverty Nexus

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Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783844326338
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (263 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Security and Poverty Nexus by : Alice Oluoko-Odingo

Download or read book Food Security and Poverty Nexus written by Alice Oluoko-Odingo and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011-12 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book in a result of research carried out in Nyando District of Kenya, and discusses Food Security and Poverty Issues with special reference to Small-scale Farmers. The objectives of the research concentrated on establishing the influence of drought and floods on household food security, examining the socio-economic factors, population and health issues and; investigating the significance of poverty as an important aspect of food security among the small-scale farmers. The formulated null hypotheses assumed no relationship between household food security and the occurrence of droughts and floods, land availability, household size and labour, family health and, distance to market, among other factors. The hypotheses were tested using various statistical techniques to establish what explains the rampant food insecurity and the prevalence of rural poverty in the study area.The techniques of analysis included Multiple Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis, Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis.

The Role of Smallholder Farms in Food and Nutrition Security

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030421481
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of Smallholder Farms in Food and Nutrition Security by : Sergio Gomez y Paloma

Download or read book The Role of Smallholder Farms in Food and Nutrition Security written by Sergio Gomez y Paloma and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book discusses the current role of smallholders in connection with food security and poverty reduction in developing countries. It addresses the opportunities they enjoy, and the constraints they face, by analysing the availability, access to and utilization of production factors. Due to the relevance of smallholder farms, enhancing their production capacities and economic and social resilience could produce positive impacts on food security and nutrition at a number of levels. In addition to the role of small farmers as food suppliers, the book considers their role as consumers and their level of nutrition security. It investigates the link between agriculture and nutrition in order to better understand how agriculture affects human health and dietary patterns. Given the importance of smallholdings, strategies to increase their productivity are essential to improving food and nutrition security, as well as food diversity.

Empowering Smallholder Farmers Through Farmer Organizations

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (117 download)

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Book Synopsis Empowering Smallholder Farmers Through Farmer Organizations by : Eli Wortmann-Kolundžija

Download or read book Empowering Smallholder Farmers Through Farmer Organizations written by Eli Wortmann-Kolundžija and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The market-driven agricultural transformation of the global food system requires all, directly and indirectly, participating actors to compete efficiently and to adapt to changes in consumer demand and buyer requirements. Regarding product quantity and quality, smallholders, in particular, have to increase their reliability in order to be able to compete within the agricultural markets. Thus, innovative institutions are needed that integrate and strengthen the sustainability and linkage of and between each technological, economic, social, or political component of the value chain in order to (further) include smallholder farmers within the transforming food system. By adapting their approach and service portfolio both to changing market requirements and to scientific findings from empowerment research, farmer organizations (FO) could become one of the innovative key actors, increasing the competitiveness of their members SMEs’ and reducing poverty, its impacts and its costs. The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to empirically test the previously constructed theoretical concept of empowerment and the applicability of the developed measuring scale. On the other hand, the study compares the current empowerment approaches of the surveyed FOs, in order to show by means of best practices, but also weak points, how applied empowerment approaches can be transferred and improved in the future. Theory-wise, the term “empowerment” is placed between the discussions of “repositioning” according to Bourdieu, the question of distribution and exercising economic, social, and political power according to Sen and recent findings from behavioral science on the changeability of mental models and thus behavior. By putting the theoretical findings into relation and into the context of agricultural development, the results are integrated into the broader discourse of reducing poverty and hunger. Thus, the overall objective of this study is to support the applied empowerment research and the interdisciplinary discourse on poverty and hunger reduction with some impulses for its further advancement.

Determinants and Impact of Smallholder Collection Action in Kenya

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Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736941447
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Determinants and Impact of Smallholder Collection Action in Kenya by : Elisabeth Marija Fischer

Download or read book Determinants and Impact of Smallholder Collection Action in Kenya written by Elisabeth Marija Fischer and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2012-10-22 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary Smallholders face numerous constraints that keep them from taking advantage of market opportunities. Because they often live in poverty and remoteness, on less than a hectare of land with poor road and market infrastructure, they face high costs of market exchange. In order for smallholders to compete with large-scale farms and benefit from the observed and ongoing transformation of the agri-food sector, institutional solutions are necessary that address the small scale problem. One potential option is through farmer collective action. However, the existing literature has not yet sufficiently identified the explicit mechanisms and dynamics by which collective action generates benefits for men and women. In three related articles, this research investigates how farmer groups facilitate access to input and output markets by reducing transaction costs, thereby promoting intensification and commercialization of small farms. It addresses the existing research gap by analyzing determinants, participation dynamics and impacts of farmer groups, using the case of small-scale banana producers in Kenya. For the analysis cross-sectional data from 444 farm households was collected in the central highlands region of Kenya, where bananas provide an important source of food and income. Recently established farmer groups initiated by two local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), TechnoServe and Africa Harvest, introduced institutional change in the national banana market chain. Within such groups, farmers can more easily access clean tissue culture (TC) banana planting material, get agronomic and market information, negotiate better prices and gain access to urban, high-value markets through collective selling. However, the marketing performance of these groups is unclear, and commitment varies greatly between members. Gender issues are partly left unaddressed by NGOs and group leadership. These issues pose serious threats to the groups’ viability in the long run. The first chapter focuses on the determinants and impacts of smallholder organization. Farmer groups are generally inclusive of the poor, although wealthier households are more likely to join. Access to credit plays a role, as the adoption of relatively costly TC planting material is technically encouraged among group members. Distance to paved roads and mobile phone ownership facilitate participation and thus have a positive effect on the likelihood of group membership. Employing a propensity score matching method to reduce possible selection bias in impact assessment, we show positive income effects for group members. However, the magnitude of the economic benefits correlates with the mode of participation, since we find positive income effects only for members selling through the group. A considerable number of members are not participating in collective marketing. Yet, price advantages of collective marketing are small, as highvalue market potentials have not yet been tapped. Increases in income therefore stem from specialization effects and the expansion of banana plantations, facilitated by the improved access to TC planting material. In addition, group members are more likely to follow good agricultural practices in banana cultivation. Hence, beyond prices, farmer groups function as important catalysts for innovation adoption through promoting efficient information flows. In conclusion, some of the motivations for collective action do not seem to apply in the case of banana in Kenya. With significant improvements in road infrastructure, supply chains have become relatively short over the past years. Nor do farmers suffer from monopsonic power of up- and downstream actors that could render collective bargaining beneficial. In terms of price benefits, farmer collective action may thus make more sense in high-value and export markets, which are more difficult to access for individual smallholders. The fact that the magnitude of benefits from group membership is linked to the degree of participation motivates the thematic focus in the second chapter. Within farmer groups, the commitment of individual members to achieve shared objectives can vary, because the expected net benefits are not the same for all, and opportunities to free-ride exist. Since the benefits of collective action emerge primarily through the exploitation of economies of scale, and services are financed through collective marketing, low participation rates in joint activities may jeopardize the performance and viability of farmer groups. The second chapter therefore investigates commitment to collective action in terms of participation intensity and free-riding. Sequential probit and doublehurdle regression models are used to explain participation in group meetings and collective marketing. The results suggest that family labor availability and previous benefits that members received through the groups positively influence their intensity of participation in group meetings and collective marketing. There is evidence that hints at a middle size effect. That is, those with very small and very large banana plantations are less likely to participate intensively in group activities, as their cost-benefit ratio is negative. Free-riding is mostly attributed to structural and institutional conditions, such as group size and the timing of payments. Furthermore, more diversified farmers are less likely to sell collectively. Since smallholders are often highly diversified in their agricultural activities, farmer groups should also diversify their activities to include more than one crop. These findings underline that it is important to go beyond considering participation in collective action as a binary variable. Commitment is not only influenced by opportunistic behavior but also by member constraints, which contribute to lower than optimal supply of collective goods and services. The knowledge of individual behavior and constraints allows policy makers to design and implement more successful and viable forms of collective action. Based on experiences from data collection in the field, men increasingly become involved in banana production, although banana traditionally belongs to the women’s sphere of control because of its importance as a semi-subsistence food crop. Although agricultural intensification and commercialization can have diverse effects on men and women, gender mainstreaming in farmer groups does not exist. The third chapter therefore investigates changes in gender relations due to group membership and related effects on household food security and nutrition. With membership in farmer groups, new economic opportunities emerge, which transform gender relations and may affect household welfare. Descriptive statistics are used to show that men increasingly become involved in banana production and revenue decisions when market and technology access improves. Controlling for possible selection bias, regression analysis suggests that dietary quality deteriorates when men seize control over revenues from banana production, although no effect on calorie supply can be observed. Finally, it is shown that female membership in farmer groups enables women to sustain their claims on banana output. Particularly the poorest women are thus able to increase their contribution to household income and strengthen their position within the household. Female membership enables women to better negotiate and sustain their claims on banana output within the family. These results emphasize the potential of farmer groups for the empowerment of women as farmers and as wives. The three chapters provide important insights into the distinct mechanisms of collective action by which benefits for smallholders emerge. In the case of staple foods, economic benefits emerge primarily through access to improved technology and information, since the motivation for market-oriented collective action may not hold as strongly as in high-value or export markets. Positive income effects in this concrete case can therefore mostly be attributed to specialization and intensification, which are important preconditions for smallholder commercialization. The binary definition of group membership used in most empirical studies may be misleading, as the costs and benefits of active participation may differ across individual members, so that different participation intensities are often observed. Knowledge of these differences allows policy makers to tackle some of the problems of farmer groups regarding market performance and viability in the longer term. Finally, farmer groups can be an important pro-poor tool for the empowerment of women. Yet, this potential has not yet been sufficiently explored by researchers and policy makers. Zusammenfassung Im Zugang zu Märkten stehen kleinbäuerliche Familien in Entwicklungsländern vor immensen Herausforderungen. Oft leben sie in Armut, müssen mit weniger als einem Hektar Land auskommen, haben kaum Anschluss an alljährlich befahrbare Straßen und leiden unter mangelndem Zugang zu Information über Märkte und verbesserte Anbaumethoden. Diese Faktoren erhöhen die Kosten des Marktaustausches und verhindern so ein profitables Wirtschaften. Wenn Kleinbauern konkurrenzfähig sein wollen, um von neuen Entwicklungen auf den Agrarmärkten zu profitieren, muss das Problem der geringen Skalenenerträge gelöst werden. Ein institutioneller Lösungsansatz hierfür ist kollektives Handeln, z.B. in Produzentengruppen, in denen Kleinbauern die nötigen Skalenvorteile erlangen, um Transaktionskosten zu reduzieren. Die Literatur hat die Mechanismen und Dynamiken aus denen die Vorteile kollektiven Handelns für Männer und Frauen hervorgehen, bisher nur unzureichend beschrieben. Daher wird hier in drei zusammenhängenden Beiträgen der Frage nachgegangen, ob und wie Produzentengruppen den Zugang zu Input- und Outputmärkten verbessern und zu einer Intensivierung und Kommerzialisierung der kleinbäuerlichen Landwirtschaft beitragen können. Um die verschiedenen Mechanismen zu beschreiben aus denen Vorteile entstehen, werden die Determinanten, Dynamiken und Auswirkungen von Produzentengruppen am Beispiel von Kleinbauern in Kenia analysiert. Für die Analyse wurden Querschnittsdaten von 444 Kleinbauern in der zentralen Hochlandregion Kenias erhoben, wo der Anbau von Bananen eine wichtige Nahrungs- und Einkommensquelle darstellt. Kürzlich gegründete Produzentengruppen, initiiert und unterstützt von zwei lokalen Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NROs), TechnoServe und Africa Harvest, stellen eine institutionelle Innovation in der nationalen Lieferkette für Bananen dar. Über die Gruppen können Kleinbauern verbesserte Gewebekulturpflanzen beziehen, erhalten Informationen über gute landwirtschaftliche Praxis und Märkte, sowie höhere Preise durch kollektives Verhandeln. Jedoch ist die tatsächliche Effektivität dieser Gruppen unklar. Zudem variiert das Engagement der einzelnen Mitglieder stark, und Genderaspekte werden nur unzureichend berücksichtigt. Diese Faktoren sind wichtig für den Erfolg und die wirtschaftliche Überlebensfähigkeit der Gruppen. Der erste Beitrag dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Determinanten und Auswirkungen der kleinbäuerlichen Organisation. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Produzentengruppen prinzipiell für ärmere Bevölkerungsgruppen zugänglich sind, aber besser gestellte Bauern tendenziell eher beitreten. Desweiteren spielt der Zugang zu Krediten, Straßeninfrastruktur und Kommunikationstechnologie eine Rolle für die Mitgliedschaft, da sie die Adoption von kostenintensivem Pflanzmaterial erleichtern, was über die Gruppen technisch unterstützt wird. Mittels der Propensity Score Matching Methode wird eine Wirkungsanalyse durchgeführt und dabei ein möglicher Selektionsbias reduziert. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf positive Einkommenseffekte der Produzentengruppen hin. Der Grad des Nutzens korreliert jedoch stark mit der Art der Partizipation, da sich positive Effekte nur für solche Bauern abzeichnen, die Bananen auch tatsächlich über die Gruppe verkaufen. Eine signifikante Anzahl an Mitgliedern tut dies nicht. Die Preisvorteile der kollektiven Vermarktung sind allerdings eher gering, da Potentiale in höherwertigen Lieferketten bisher kaum erschlossen sind. Einkommenszuwächse sind daher mehrheitlich auf Spezialisierungseffekte und Ausweitung der Bananenproduktion zurückzuführen, die durch den verbesserten Zugang zu Pflanzmaterial ermöglicht wurden. Außerdem wenden Gruppenmitglieder häufiger verbesserte Anbaumethoden in der Bananenproduktion an, was darauf hindeutet dass Produzentengruppen ein wichtiger Katalysator für Innovationsadoption und effiziente Informationsflüsse sind. Es wird abschließend festgestellt, dass einige der Motivationen für kollektives Handeln im Falle von Bananen in Kenia nicht gegeben sind. Mit einer bemerkenswerten Verbesserung der kenianischen Straßeninfrastruktur in den letzten Jahren sind auch alternative Lieferketten kürzer und somit effizienter geworden. Zudem sind Kleinbauern in der Untersuchungsregion kaum monopsonistischer Marktmacht ausgesetzt, da die Händler selbst klein und zahlreich sind. In Bezug auf Preisvorteile ist kleinbäuerliches kollektives Handeln somit eher in höherwertigen Märkten und Exportsegmenten sinnvoll. Die Tatsache, dass die Vorteile kollektiven Handelns mit dem Grad der Partizipation zusammenhängen, motiviert die Fragestellung im zweiten Beitrag. Der Einsatz Einzelner innerhalb der Gruppe ein gemeinsames Ziel zu erreichen kann stark variieren, da Nutzen und Kosten der aktiven Teilnahme unterschiedlich sind und Möglichkeiten zum Trittbrettfahren existieren. Da jedoch die Vorteile kollektiven Handelns hauptsächlich durch die Erzeugung von Skalenvorteilen entstehen und Dienstleistungen oft über die kollektive Vermarktung finanziert werden, kann geringe Beteiligung der Mitglieder in Gruppenaktivitäten den Erfolg und Überlebensfähigkeit der Gruppe langfristig gefährden. Der zweite Beitrag untersucht daher den individuellen Beitrag in der Gruppe im Sinne von Partizipationsintensität und Trittbrettfahrerverhalten. Sequentielle probit Modelle und Double-Hurdle Regression werden angewendet, um die Partizipation in Gruppensitzungen und kollektiver Vermarktung zu erklären. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass sich die Verfügbarkeit von familiären Arbeitskräften und frühere positive Erfahrungen mit der Gruppe positiv auf die Partizipationsintensität auswirken. Desweiterin gibt es einen Mittelgrösse-Effekt, bei dem sehr kleine Bauern und sehr große Bauern weniger geneigt sind intensiv an Gruppenaktivitäten teilzunehmen. Trittbrettfahrerverhalten kann hauptsächlich strukturellen und institutionellen Bedingungen zugeschrieben werden, wie zum Beispiel der Gruppengröße und dem Zeitpunkt der Bezahlung. Stark diversifizierte Bauern tragen ebenfalls weniger zum Gruppenmarketing bei. Die Ergebnisse zeigen insgesamt auf, wie wichtig es ist, das in der Literatur gängige Verständnis von Gruppenpartizipation in Form einer einfachen binären Variable zu erweitern. Engagement in Situationen kollektiven Handelns wird nicht nur durch opportunistisches Verhalten, sondern auch von individuellen Gegebenheiten bestimmt. Beides kann dazu führen, dass das kollektive Gut nicht in der optimalen Menge produziert werden kann. Kenntnisse darüber erlauben die Entwicklung und Einführung langfristig überlebensfähigerer Formen von kollektivem Handeln. Erfahrungen bei der Datenerhebung vor Ort haben gezeigt, dass sich zunehmend Männer in die Bananenproduktion einbringen, obwohl Bananen aufgrund ihrer Bedeutung als Subsistenzeinkommensquelle traditionell eher in den Bereich der Frauen fallen. Obwohl Intensivierung und Kommerzialisierung der Landwirtschaft unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf Männer und Frauen haben können und durch marktorientiertes kollektives Handeln gefördert werden, wurden Genderaspekte in Bauerngruppen bisher kaum berücksichtigt. Der dritte Artikel untersucht daher Veränderungen im Geschlechterverhältnis, die durch die Mitgliedschaft in marktorientierten Gruppen entstehen können und die daraus resultierenden Auswirkungen auf Nahrungsmittelsicherheit und Ernährung. Deskriptive Analysen deuten darauf hin, dass sich Männer tatsächlich zunehmend an Entscheidungen über Bananenproduktion und -einnahmen beteiligen. Ergebnisse von Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass sich die Qualität der Ernährung verschlechtern kann, wenn Männer über die Einnahmen verfügen; es gibt jedoch keinen Effekt auf die Kalorienverfügbarkeit insgesamt. Schließlich wird gezeigt, dass Frauen eher ihr Recht auf Einnahmen verteidigen können, wenn die Mitgliedschaft in der Gruppe auf ihren Namen läuft. Insbesondere sehr armen Frauen wird so ermöglicht, ihren Anteil am Haushaltseinkommen zu erhöhen, was wiederum ihre Position innerhalb der Familie stärkt. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass Produzentengruppen sich positiv auf die Situation der Frauen in landwirtschaftlichen Regionen auswirken können. Die drei Artikel geben einen wichtigen Einblick in die Mechanismen kollektiven Handelns, durch die spezifische Vorteile für Kleinbauern entstehen. Im Falle von Grundnahrungsmitteln entstehen ökonomische Vorteile insbesondere dadurch, dass der Zugang zu neuen Technologien und Information verbessert wird. Die Notwendigkeit für kollektive Vermarktung, wie zum Beispiel in höherwertigen Märkten und Exportsegmenten, muss jedoch nicht unbedingt gegeben sein. Einkommenseffekte im konkreten Beispiel sind eher auf Spezialisierung und Intensivierung der Produktion zurückzuführen, die jedoch letztlich wichtige Voraussetzungen für die Kommerzialisierung von Kleinbauern sind. Die gängige binäre Definition von Mitgliedschaft in Bauerngruppen kann irreführend sein, da die tatsächlichen Kosten und Vorteile von Individuum zu Individuum unterschiedlich sind und somit unterschiedliche Partizipationsintensitäten üblich sind. Kenntnisse über diese Unterschiede erlauben die Probleme kollektiven Handelns, vor allem im Hinblick auf die Trittbrettfahrerproblematik, zu reduzieren. Schließlich können Produzentengruppen dazu beitragen, die Position armer Frauen in ländlichen Regionen zu stärken. Dieses Potenzial ist jedoch bisher kaum erschlossen.

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020

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Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 925132901X
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020 written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2020-07-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Updates for many countries have made it possible to estimate hunger in the world with greater accuracy this year. In particular, newly accessible data enabled the revision of the entire series of undernourishment estimates for China back to 2000, resulting in a substantial downward shift of the series of the number of undernourished in the world. Nevertheless, the revision confirms the trend reported in past editions: the number of people affected by hunger globally has been slowly on the rise since 2014. The report also shows that the burden of malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a challenge. There has been some progress for child stunting, low birthweight and exclusive breastfeeding, but at a pace that is still too slow. Childhood overweight is not improving and adult obesity is on the rise in all regions. The report complements the usual assessment of food security and nutrition with projections of what the world may look like in 2030, if trends of the last decade continue. Projections show that the world is not on track to achieve Zero Hunger by 2030 and, despite some progress, most indicators are also not on track to meet global nutrition targets. The food security and nutritional status of the most vulnerable population groups is likely to deteriorate further due to the health and socio economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The report puts a spotlight on diet quality as a critical link between food security and nutrition. Meeting SDG 2 targets will only be possible if people have enough food to eat and if what they are eating is nutritious and affordable. The report also introduces new analysis of the cost and affordability of healthy diets around the world, by region and in different development contexts. It presents valuations of the health and climate-change costs associated with current food consumption patterns, as well as the potential cost savings if food consumption patterns were to shift towards healthy diets that include sustainability considerations. The report then concludes with a discussion of the policies and strategies to transform food systems to ensure affordable healthy diets, as part of the required efforts to end both hunger and all forms of malnutrition.

Farming Systems and Poverty

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Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9789251046272
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis Farming Systems and Poverty by : John A. Dixon

Download or read book Farming Systems and Poverty written by John A. Dixon and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2001 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A joint FAO and World Bank study which shows how the farming systems approach can be used to identify priorities for the reduction of hunger and poverty in the main farming systems of the six major developing regions of the world.

Gender transformative approaches for food security, improved nutrition and sustainable agriculture – A compendium of fifteen good practices

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Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251333971
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender transformative approaches for food security, improved nutrition and sustainable agriculture – A compendium of fifteen good practices by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Gender transformative approaches for food security, improved nutrition and sustainable agriculture – A compendium of fifteen good practices written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2020-12-09 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Compendium is a product of the Joint Programme on Gender Transformative Approaches for Food Security and Nutrition implemented by FAO, IFAD and WFP and funded by the European Union. The compendium of 15 good practices of gender transformative approaches (GTAs) includes the individual templates of the 15 good practices, provides a synthesis of the main features of the 15 GTAs presenting the core characteristics of 15 GTAs and describing the implementation arrangements, implementation cycle, the potential results of GTAs and their key success factors and challenges. It also includes ideas as to how GTAs could be taken to scale. The purpose of the Compendium is fourfold: (i) to take stock and draw lessons from experiences from existing practices of GTAs; (ii) to be a resource for agencies already working with GTAs to identify opportunities for strengthening their GTA work or to link up with complementary interventions; (iii) to provide guidance on how to apply GTAs in any organization or institution working for enhanced food security, nutrition and sustainable agriculture; and (iv) to raise awareness of and advocate for GTAs by showcasing examples of good practices or successful approaches that contribute to positive gender-related and non-gender-related changes towards food security, improved nutrition and sustainable agriculture and rural development.

Patterns, Determinants, and Welfare Effects of Agricultural and Livelihood Diversification Among Smallholder Farmers in Rural Kenya

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ISBN 13 : 9781339313276
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Patterns, Determinants, and Welfare Effects of Agricultural and Livelihood Diversification Among Smallholder Farmers in Rural Kenya by : Miltone Were Ayieko

Download or read book Patterns, Determinants, and Welfare Effects of Agricultural and Livelihood Diversification Among Smallholder Farmers in Rural Kenya written by Miltone Were Ayieko and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Agriculture, Food and Nutrition for Africa

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Agriculture, Food and Nutrition for Africa by :

Download or read book Agriculture, Food and Nutrition for Africa written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Food Security, Income Generation and Expenditure of Smallholder Farmers in Western Kenya

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ISBN 13 : 9783823616283
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (162 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Security, Income Generation and Expenditure of Smallholder Farmers in Western Kenya by : Jumba Idalinya

Download or read book Food Security, Income Generation and Expenditure of Smallholder Farmers in Western Kenya written by Jumba Idalinya and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: