The Concepts Of Human Freedom And Radical Questioning In The Works Of Plato Rene Descartes And Albert Camus

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The concepts of human freedom and radical questioning in the works of Plato, René Descartes, and Albert Camus

Author : Ulrich Roschitsch
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668240280
Total Pages : 8 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (682 download)

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Book Synopsis The concepts of human freedom and radical questioning in the works of Plato, René Descartes, and Albert Camus by : Ulrich Roschitsch

Download or read book The concepts of human freedom and radical questioning in the works of Plato, René Descartes, and Albert Camus written by Ulrich Roschitsch and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2016-06-13 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2015 in the subject Philosophy - General Essays, Eras, grade: 1,3, , course: Introduction to western Philosophy, language: English, abstract: The human freedom and the human capability to reflect about the circumstances of our existence are phenomenons that have puzzled philosophers, anthropologists and other scientists alike, since we can think. Over the course of history, especially the art of philosophy has seen many great thinkers reflecting on the nature of human freedom: Three of them – Plato, René Descartes, and Albert Camus – are the material on which this paper will retrace the development of the interpretation of human freedom. In doing so, it is very important to, first of all, define how Plato, Descartes, and Camus saw human freedom. After that, we can have a look at the key differences that are – or maybe are not – findable when comparing Plato's “Republic” and Descartes’ “Meditations on First Philosophy”, as well as when comparing Descartes' work and Camus' “The Myth of Sisyphus”. The goal of this analysis is to examine how the conception of human freedom changed from Plato over Descartes to Camus. This is crucial to completing the third and last part of this paper. That will be determining which thinker was most thoroughly committed to the radical questioning of things, that we nowadays hold to be the core value of philosophy. However, the goal of this paper is not to determine, who was the “best” philosopher, but rather to show how different their conceptions of human freedom and the human capacity to ask questions truly were.

Scepticism, Freedom and Autonomy

Author : Marcelo de Araujo
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110910950
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Scepticism, Freedom and Autonomy by : Marcelo de Araujo

Download or read book Scepticism, Freedom and Autonomy written by Marcelo de Araujo and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2012-10-24 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How much does what we think depend on what we want? Descartes' much-discussed position has often been interpreted to mean that we hold an opinion as the result of a decision. In Scepticism, Freedom and Autonomy, Araujo argues against this interpretation, asserting that we retain control over our opinions only through selective attention. Even for this limited control, however, Cartesian Scepticism implies the possibility of self-delusion, symbolized in the writings of Descartes by the figure of the evil god. Hence, the existence of an evil god would not only cast doubt on our claims to knowledge but also jeopardize our freedom. In this new interpretation, the Cartesian Scepticism, which is usually ascribed only epistemic significance, proves relevant for a fundamental moral question, that of human autonomy in general.

The Science of Modern Virtue

Author : Peter Lawler
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1609090977
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis The Science of Modern Virtue by : Peter Lawler

Download or read book The Science of Modern Virtue written by Peter Lawler and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2013-11-01 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Science of Modern Virtue examines the influence that the philosopher Rene Descartes, the political theorist John Locke, and the biologist Charles Darwin have had on our modern understanding of human beings and human virtue. Written by leading thinkers from a variety of fields, the volume is a study of the complex relation between modern science and modern virtue, between a kind of modern thought and a kind of modern action. Offering more than a series of substantive introductions to Descartes', Locke's, and Darwin's accounts of who we are and the kind of virtue to which we can aspire, the book invites readers to think about the ways in which the writings of these seminal thinkers shaped the democratic and technological world in which modern human beings live. Thirteen scholars in this volume learnedly explore questions drawn from the diverse disciplines of political science, philosophy, theology, biology, and metaphysics. Let the reader be warned: The authors of these essays are anything but consensual in their analysis. Considered together, the chapters in this volume carry on a lively internal debate that mirrors theoretical modernity's ongoing discussion about the true nature of human beings and the science of virtue. Some authors powerfully argue that Locke's and Darwin's thought is amenable to the claims made about human beings and human virtue by classical philosophers such as Aristotle and classical Christian theologians such as Thomas Aquinas. Others make the opposite case, drawing attention to the ways in which Descartes, Locke, and Darwin knowingly and dialectically depart from central teachings of both classical philosophy and classical Christian theology.

Descartes’ Treatise on Man and its Reception

Author : Delphine Antoine-Mahut
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319469894
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Descartes’ Treatise on Man and its Reception by : Delphine Antoine-Mahut

Download or read book Descartes’ Treatise on Man and its Reception written by Delphine Antoine-Mahut and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-16 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume features 20 essays written by leading scholars that provide a detailed examination of L’Homme by René Descartes. It explores the way in which this work developed themes not just on questions such as the circulation of the blood, but also on central questions of perception and our knowledge of the world. Coverage first offers a critical discussion on the different versions of L'Homme, including the Latin, French, and English translations and the 1664 editions. Next, the authors examine the early reception of the work, from the connection of L'Homme to early-modern Dutch Cartesianism to Nicolas Steno's criticism of the work and how Descartes' clock analogy is used to defend two different conceptions of the articulation between anatomical observations and functional hypotheses. The book then goes on to explore L'Homme and early-modern anthropology as well as the how the work has been understood and incorporated into the works of scientists, physicians, and philosophers over the last 150 years. Overall, readers will discover how the trend over the last few decades to understand human cognition in neuro-physiological terms can be seen to be not something unprecedented, but rather a revival of a way of dealing with these fundamental questions that was pioneered by Descartes.

The Will to Reason

Author : C. P. Ragland
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190264462
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The Will to Reason by : C. P. Ragland

Download or read book The Will to Reason written by C. P. Ragland and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-01 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering an original perspective on the central project of Descartes' Meditations, this book argues that Descartes' free will theodicy is crucial to his refutation of skepticism. A common thread runs through Descartes' radical First Meditation doubts, his Fourth Meditation discussion of error, and his pious reconciliation of providence and freedom: each involves a clash of perspectives-thinking of God seems to force conclusions diametrically opposed to those we reach when thinking only of ourselves. Descartes fears that a skeptic could exploit this clash of perspectives to argue that Reason is not trustworthy because self-contradictory. To refute the skeptic and vindicate the consistency of Reason, it is not enough for Descartes to demonstrate (in the Third Meditation) that our Creator is perfect; he must also show (in the Fourth) that our errors cannot prove God's imperfection. To do this, Descartes invokes the idea that we err freely. However, prospects initially seem dim for this free will theodicy, because Descartes appears to lack any consistent or coherent understanding of human freedom. In an extremely in-depth analysis spanning four chapters, Ragland argues that despite initial appearances, Descartes consistently offered a coherent understanding of human freedom: for Descartes, freedom is most fundamentally the ability to do the right thing. Since we often do wrong, actual humans must therefore be able to do otherwise-our actions cannot be causally determined by God or our psychology. But freedom is in principle compatible with determinism: while leaving us free, God could have determined us to always do the good (or believe the true). Though this conception of freedom is both consistent and suitable to Descartes' purposes, when he attempts to reconcile it with divine providence, Descartes's strategy fails, running afoul of his infamous doctrine that God created the eternal truths.

René Descartes

Author : René Descartes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis René Descartes by : René Descartes

Download or read book René Descartes written by René Descartes and published by . This book was released on 1878 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Socrates Meets Descartes

Author : Peter Kreeft
Publisher : Ignatius Press
ISBN 13 : 9781586171889
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (718 download)

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Book Synopsis Socrates Meets Descartes by : Peter Kreeft

Download or read book Socrates Meets Descartes written by Peter Kreeft and published by Ignatius Press. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the 5th volume in the series of popular volumes by Peter Kreeft, in which the "Father of Philosophy," Socrates, cross-examines various other important philosophers and thinkers (in previous books he examined Marx, Sarte, Machiavelli, and Socrates himself.) Kreeft states that Socrates and Descartes are perhaps the two most important philosophers who have ever lived, because they are the two who made the most difference to all philosophy after them. These two fathers of philosophy stand at the beginning of the two basic philosophical options: the classical and the modern. Kreeft focuses on seven features that unite these two major philosophers and distinguish them from all others. So this dialog between Socrates and Descartes is a dialog between the fundamental stages in the history of philosophy, the history of consciousness, and the history of Western culture. Like his other works in this popular series, this book is profound and witty reading that makes for an entertaining and insightful exploration of modern philosophy. It will appeal to both the common reader as well as to those more philosophically inclined.

Descartes and Foucault

Author : C. G. Prado
Publisher : University of Ottawa Press
ISBN 13 : 0776602756
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (766 download)

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Book Synopsis Descartes and Foucault by : C. G. Prado

Download or read book Descartes and Foucault written by C. G. Prado and published by University of Ottawa Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an unconventional introduction to core philosophical issues by considering and contrasting two brief and accessible but highly influential and representative philosophical works: Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy and Michel Foucault's The History of Sexuality: works which, in their respective styles and methods offer the most widely divergent paradigms of philosophizing on questions of epistemology.

Descartes

Author : Richard Davies
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134530560
Total Pages : 646 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (345 download)

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Book Synopsis Descartes by : Richard Davies

Download or read book Descartes written by Richard Davies and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2002-09-26 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Descartes is often regarded as the founder of modern philosophy, and is credited with placing at centre stage the question of what we know and how we know it. Descartes: Belief, Scepticism and Virtue seeks to reinsert his work and thought in its contemporary ethical and theological context. Richard Davies explores the much neglected notion of intellectual virtue as it applies to Descartes' inquiry as a whole. He examines the textual dynamics of Descartes' most famous writings in relation to background debates about human endeavour from Plato down to Descartes' own contemporaries. Bringing these materials together in a novel format, Davies argues for a new approach to Descartes' ideas of scepticism and the sciences. The book also offers fresh interpretations of key passages of the Meditations . Descartes: Belief, Scepticism and Virtue offers an original reassessment of some of the most important bodies of work in Western Philosophy.

Descartes and the Ontology of Everyday Life

Author : Deborah J. Brown
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198836813
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Descartes and the Ontology of Everyday Life by : Deborah J. Brown

Download or read book Descartes and the Ontology of Everyday Life written by Deborah J. Brown and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019-10 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The seventeenth century was a period of extraordinary invention, discovery and revolutions in scientific, social and political orders. It was a time of expansive automation, biological discovery, rapid advances in medical knowledge, of animal trials and a questioning of the boundaries between species, human and non-human, between social classes, and of the assumed naturalness of political inequality. This book gives a tour through those objects, ordinary and extraordinary, which captivated the philosophical imagination of the single most important French philosopher of this period, Rene Descartes. Deborah J. Brown and Calvin G. Normore document Descartes' attempt to make sense of the complex, composite objects of human and divine invention, consistent with the fundamental tenets of his metaphysical system. Their central argument is that, far from reducing all the categories of ordinary experience to the two basic categories of substance, mind and body, Descartes' philosophy recognises irreducible composites that resist reduction, and require their own distinctive modes of explanation.

A Discourse on the Method

Author : René Descartes
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199540071
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)

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Book Synopsis A Discourse on the Method by : René Descartes

Download or read book A Discourse on the Method written by René Descartes and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-04-17 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the philosopher's most important work, one that proves the existence of the self and God, and explains the physical world.

Descartes' Philosophy of Science

Author : Desmond M. Clarke
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780719008689
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis Descartes' Philosophy of Science by : Desmond M. Clarke

Download or read book Descartes' Philosophy of Science written by Desmond M. Clarke and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 1982 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

An Essay on the Metaphysics of Descartes

Author : Marthinus Versfeld
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315532522
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis An Essay on the Metaphysics of Descartes by : Marthinus Versfeld

Download or read book An Essay on the Metaphysics of Descartes written by Marthinus Versfeld and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1940, this book provides a thorough discussion of René Descartes philosophy of metaphysics, examining the three major points of the mind and body, freedom of the will and religion and science. Specific chapters are devoted to the Cartesian theory and the Meditations, in particular the Sixth.

Descartes and His Contemporaries

Author : Roger Ariew
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 9780226026299
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Descartes and His Contemporaries by : Roger Ariew

Download or read book Descartes and His Contemporaries written by Roger Ariew and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1995-10-15 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Before publishing his landmark Meditations in 1641, Rene Descartes sent his manuscript to many leading thinkers to solicit their objections to his arguments. He included these objections, along with his own detailed replies, as part of the first edition. This unusual strategy gave Descartes a chance to address criticisms in advance and to demonstrate his willingness to consider diverse viewpoints—critical in an age when radical ideas could result in condemnation by church and state, or even death. Descartes and his Contemporaries recreates the tumultuous intellectual community of seventeenth-century Europe and provides a detailed, modern analysis of the Meditations in its historical context. The book's chapters examine the arguments and positions of each of the objectors—Hobbes, Gassendi, Arnauld, Morin, Caterus, Bourdin, and others whose views were compiled by Mersenne. They illuminate Descartes' relationships to the scholastics and particularly the Jesuits, to Mersenne's circle with its debates about the natural sciences, to the Epicurean movements of his day, and to the Augustinian tradition. Providing a glimpse of the interactions among leading 17th-century intellectuals as they grappled with major philosophical issues, this book sheds light on how Descartes' thought developed and was articulated in opposition to the ideas of his contemporaries.

Cartesian Nightmare

Author : Peter A. Redpath
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004458913
Total Pages : 197 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Cartesian Nightmare by : Peter A. Redpath

Download or read book Cartesian Nightmare written by Peter A. Redpath and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2022-06-08 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book challenges the presupposition among professional philosophers that René Descartes is the Father of Modern Philosophy. It demonstrates by intensive textual analysis of Descartes's Discourse and Meditations that he inaugurated a new type of sophistry rather than a new way of conducting philosophy. Transcendental Sophistry is a synthesis of Renaissance humanism and Christian theology, especially the theology of creation. This striking re-evaluation of the achievement of Descartes opens the history of Western philosophy to radical reinterpretation.

Descartes

Author : Marjorie Grene
Publisher : Hackett Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9780872204041
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Descartes by : Marjorie Grene

Download or read book Descartes written by Marjorie Grene and published by Hackett Publishing. This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This essential work is made up of eight interrelated essays grouped to elucidate two major themes -- Descartes's role in the dilemma of modern philosophy, and the relation of his thought to that of his contemporaries.

Radical Cartesianism

Author : Tad M. Schmaltz
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 113943425X
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Radical Cartesianism by : Tad M. Schmaltz

Download or read book Radical Cartesianism written by Tad M. Schmaltz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-08-22 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a book-length study of two of Descartes's most innovative successors, Robert Desgabets and Pierre-Sylvain Regis, and of their highly original contributions to Cartesianism. The focus of the book is an analysis of radical doctrines in the work of these thinkers that derive from arguments in Descartes: on the creation of eternal truths, on the intentionality of ideas, and on the soul-body union. As well as relating their work to that of fellow Cartesians such as Malebranche and Arnauld, the book also establishes the important though neglected role played by Desgabets and Regis in the theologically and politically charged reception of Descartes in early modern France. This is a major contribution to the history of Cartesianism that will be of special interest to historians of early modern philosophy and historians of ideas.