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The Community Reinvestment Act Of 1977
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Book Synopsis Community Reinvestment Act by : Walter W. Eubanks
Download or read book Community Reinvestment Act written by Walter W. Eubanks and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report begins with a brief outline of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (CRA) statute and the regulations. It also assesses the costs and the benefits of the 1977 act. The report then turns to regulatory agencies’ recent CRA compliance rules. The two last sections of the report briefly summarize the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Modernization Act of 2007 and conclude with some implications.
Book Synopsis The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 by : John P. Worsham
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 written by John P. Worsham and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Difficulties in Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Community Reinvestment Act Of 1977 by : United States Accounting Office (GAO)
Download or read book Difficulties in Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Community Reinvestment Act Of 1977 written by United States Accounting Office (GAO) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-18 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Difficulties in Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977
Download or read book Community Reinvestment Act written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), enacted by Congress in 1977 (12 U.S.C. 2901) and implemented by Regulations 12 CFR parts 25, 228, 345, and 563e, is intended to encourage depository institutions to help meet the credit needs of the communities in which they operate. In this section of the web site, you can find out more about the regulation and it's interpretation and information on CRA examinations. Currency (OCC).
Book Synopsis The Federal Reserve's Implementation of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 by : Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)
Download or read book The Federal Reserve's Implementation of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 written by Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 by : William T. Johnson
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 written by William T. Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 by : John P. Worsham
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 written by John P. Worsham and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Unfair Housing written by Mara S. Sidney and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why do most neighbourhoods in the United States continue to be racially divided? In this work, author Mara Sidney offers a fresh explanation for the persistent colour lines in America's cities by showing how weak national policy has silenced and splintered grassroots activists.
Book Synopsis Legislative and Rulemaking History of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 by : American Bankers Association
Download or read book Legislative and Rulemaking History of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 written by American Bankers Association and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 by : Susan Elizabeth Jaster
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 written by Susan Elizabeth Jaster and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Special Lending Programs by :
Download or read book Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Special Lending Programs written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Federal Reserve Board features the full text of the article entitled "Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Special Lending Programs," written by Robert B. Avery, Raphael W. Bostic, and Glenn B. Canner. The article was published in the November 2000 issue of the "Federal Reserve Bulletin." The text is available in PDF format. This paper discusses the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) of 1977, which is a lending program that is offered by federally insured banking institutions to lower-income households.
Book Synopsis After Redlining by : Rebecca K. Marchiel
Download or read book After Redlining written by Rebecca K. Marchiel and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2021-09-05 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The story of how American banks helped disenfranchise nonwhite urbanities and condemn to blight the very neighborhoods that needed the most investment is infuriating. And yet, by digging into the history of urban finance, Rebecca Marchiel here illuminates how urban activists changed some banks' behavior to support investment in communities that they had once abandoned. These developments, in turn, affected federal urban policy and reshaped banks' understanding of the role that urban communities play in the financial system. The legacy of reinvestment activism is clouded, but Marchiel's detailing of it transforms our understanding of the history and significance of community/bank relations"--Provided by publisher.
Book Synopsis The Community Reinvestment Act by : Roland E. Brandel
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act written by Roland E. Brandel and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Low-income Homeownership by : Nicolas Paul Retsinas
Download or read book Low-income Homeownership written by Nicolas Paul Retsinas and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume gathers the observations of housing experts on low-income homeownership and its effects on households and communities.
Book Synopsis Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 by : Community for Community Change
Download or read book Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 written by Community for Community Change and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994 by : United States
Download or read book Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994 written by United States and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Community Reinvestment Act by : Raymond H. Brescia
Download or read book The Community Reinvestment Act written by Raymond H. Brescia and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its passage in 1977, the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) has charged federal bank regulators with "encourag[ing]" certain financial institutions "to help meet the credit needs of the local communities in which they are chartered consistent with...safe and sound” banking practices. Even before the CRA became law -- and ever since -- it has become a flashpoint. Depending on your perspective, this simple and somewhat soft directive has led some to charge that it imposes unfair burdens on financial institutions and helped to fuel the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007 and the financial crisis that followed. According to this argument, the CRA forced banks to make risky loans to less-than creditworthy borrowers. Others defend the CRA, arguing that it had little to do with the riskiest subprime lending at the heart of the crisis.Research into the relationship between the mortgage crisis and the CRA generally vindicates those in the camp that believe the CRA had little to do with the risky lending that fueled these crises. At the same time, a recent study by researchers affiliated with the National Bureau of Economic Research attempts to show that the CRA led to riskier lending, particularly in the period 2004-2006, when the mortgage market was particularly overheated.This paper reviews this and other existing research on the subject of the impact of the CRA on subprime lending to assess the role the CRA played in the mortgage crisis of 2007 and the financial crisis that followed. This paper also takes the analysis a step further, asking what role the CRA played in failing to prevent these crises, particularly their impact on low- and moderate-income communities: i.e., the very communities the law was designed to protect. Based on a review of the best existing evidence, the initial verdict of not guilty -- that the CRA did not cause the financial crisis, as some argue -- still holds up on appeal. At the same time, as more fully described in this piece, an appreciation for the weaknesses inherent in the law's structure, when combined with an understanding of the manner in which it was enforced by regulators, lead one to a different conclusion; although the CRA did not cause the crisis, it failed to prevent the very harms it was designed to prevent from befalling the very communities it is supposed to protect.The defects in the CRA that emerge from this review, in total, suggest not that the CRA was too strong, but, rather, too weak. They also point to important reforms that should be put in place to strengthen and fine-tune the CRA to ensure that it can meet its important goal: ensuring that financial institutions meet the needs of low- and moderate-income communities, communities for which access to capital and banking services on fair terms is a necessary condition for economic development, let alone economic survival. Such reforms could include expanding the scope of the CRA to cover more financial institutions, creating a private right of action that would grant private and public litigants an opportunity to enforce the law through the courts, and having regulators enforce the CRA in such a way that would put more pressure on banks to modify more underwater mortgages.